21CV104

Elements of Civil Engineering & Engineering Mechanics

4.0 CENTROID
4.1 Centre of gravity (C.G or G)

Centre of gravity of a body is a point through which the whole weight of the body acts. It is
represented by C.G or simply G. there is only one centre of gravity for ANY portion of body,
it refers to the bodies with mass and weight.

Fig 4.1Centre of gravity (C.G or G)

Centroid

Centroid of an area is a point at which the whole area of the plane figure is assumed to be
concentrated. It is represented by C.G or G, the centroid and the centre of gravity are at the
same point G. it refers to the plane areas of the bodies.

The concept of the centroid is nearly the same as the center of gravity of an object in
two dimensions, as in a very thin plate. The center of gravity is obtained by breaking the
object into very small bits of mass dM, multiplying these bits of mass by the distance to the x
(and y) axis, summing over the entire object, and finally dividing by the total mass of the
object to obtain the Centroid - which may be considered to be the point at which the entire
area of the object may be considered to "act". See following Diagram .

Fig 4.2 Centre of gravity (C.G or G)

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Centroid of a plane figure

Following Figure shows a plane figure of total area A and unit thickness. Let G be the C.G.
of whole area with coordinates (𝑋, 𝑌)

Divide this area A into a number of small areas a1, a2, a3 and a4 with centroid g1, g2, g3and g4
respectively.

Then 𝐴 = Σ𝑎 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎4 … … … … … … … … … (1)

Let (x1,y1) ,(x2,y2), (x3,y3) and (x4,y4) be the coordinates respectively.

Moment of the total area A about OY axis = A𝑋 =(Σ𝑎)𝑋 … … … … … … … . . . (2)

Fig 4.3 plane figure

Sum of the moments of all the areas about OY axis

= Σ𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2 + 𝑎3 𝑥3 + 𝑎4 𝑥4 … … … . . (3)

Equating (2) and (3)

(Σ𝑎)𝑋 = Σ𝑎𝑥

Or

𝚺𝒂𝒙
𝑿=
𝚺𝒂 ………………….(I)

Similarly, if we equate the moments of areas about OX axis to the moment of total area about
OX. We get,

(Σ𝑎)𝑌 = Σ𝑎𝑦

Or 𝚺𝒂𝒚
𝒀=
𝚺𝒂
………………….(II)

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Hence, centroid of any plane figure is given by,

𝚺𝒂𝒙
𝑿=
𝚺𝒂
𝚺𝒂𝒚 ……………………. Remember
𝒀=
𝚺𝒂

4.2 Axis of reference

The centre of gravity of a body is always calculated with reference to some assumed axis
known as axis of reference. Let us assume the leftmost point and the lowermost point of the
given figure to find X and Y respectively as shown in figure. so that both X and Y are
positive.

Note: if the coordinates are on the left side and below or lower side of the reference axis,
then consider X and Y are negative for calculation.

Fig 4.4 Axis of reference

4.3 Centroid of regular figures

Rectangle and Square

The areas in shape of rectangle or square have two axis of symmetry and their intersection
locates the centroid

Fig 4.5 Rectangle and Square

𝐛 𝐝 𝐛
𝐗= , 𝐘= 𝐗=𝐘=
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

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Centroid of a circle is at its centre

𝐝
𝐗= 𝐘=𝐫=
𝟐

Fig 7.6 Centroid of a circle is at its centre

Centroid of a Triangle

Fig 4.7 Centroid of a Triangle

Figure shows a triangle of base ‘b’ and height ‘h’.

Consider an element strip EF thickness dy at a distance y from the bottom reference axis (1)-
(1)

∆ ABC and ∆ AEF are similar triangles

b1 h−y
∴ =
b h
h−y y
b1 = ( ) b = (1 − ) b
h h
Area of element EF da = b1dy
y
= {(1 − h) b} dy from (1)

y
Moment of this element area about (1)-(1) = (day) = {(1 − h) b}y

y2
= [y − h
] bdy

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∴ Moment of whole triangle about axis (1)-(1)

𝑏
y2
Σ𝑎𝑦 = ∫ (y − ) bdy
0 h

𝑦2 𝑦3 ℎ
=[ − ] 𝑏
2 3ℎ 0

ℎ2 ℎ3
= [ − ]𝑏
2 3ℎ

bh2
Σay = … … … . . (2)
6

Now area of whole triangle

1
A= Σa = 2 bh … … … … … (3)

Σay
Distance of centroid from base Y = Σa

𝑏ℎ2⁄
𝑌= 6
𝑏ℎ⁄
2
𝐡
𝐘= 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞 … … … … … … . . (𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫)
𝟑
𝐡 𝟐
Thus the centroid of a triangle of height h is at from base BC and 𝟑h from apex A
𝟑

Centroid of Semicircle of Radius ‘r’

Fig 4.8 Centroid of Semicircle of Radius ‘r’

Figure shows a semicircle of radius r: consider an elemental area OMN at an angle θ making
an angle dθ

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1
Area of ∆ OMN = × MN × OM (MN = rdθ)
2
1
= (r dθ)r (OM = ON = r)
2

1 2
= 𝑟 dθ
2

𝟐
Let ‘C’ be the centroid of the element acting at distance of OC = 𝟑 r from 0

From figure

𝟐
𝐶𝐷 = OC sin θ = 𝒓 sinθ
𝟑
𝟐
𝐶𝐸 = OD = OC cos 𝜃 = 𝒓 cos 𝜃
𝟑
Σay
Height of C.G. above OB = CD = Y = Σa

𝜋1 2 2
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 × 3 𝑟𝑑 sin 𝜃
2
= ∫ 1 2
0
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
2

𝑟3 𝜋
3
∫0 sin 𝜃dθ
= 𝑟2 𝜋
2
∫0 dθ

2 𝜋
𝑟[− cos 𝜃]
=3 0
𝜋
[𝜃]
0
2
𝑟[− cos 𝜋 + cos 0]
3
=
[𝜋 − 0]

4r
Y= = 0.424r → from diameter … … … . (remember)
3π
𝟒𝐫
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐢𝐝𝐨𝐟𝐬𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐢𝐬𝐘 = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟒𝐫 → 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐬𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫
𝟑𝛑
2
Let C be the centroid of the element acting at a distance OC = 3 𝑟 from 0 (i.e. apex of ∆OMN)

𝟐
𝐶𝐷 = OC sin θ = 𝒓 sinθ
𝟑
𝟐
𝐶𝐸 = OD = OC cos 𝜃 = 𝒓 cos 𝜃
𝟑
𝚺𝒂𝒙
We know that horizontal distance of centroid from Y-axis is 𝑿 = 𝚺𝒂

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𝛼 1 2 𝟐
(2 𝑟 dθ) (𝟑 𝒓 cos 𝜃)
𝑿= ∫ 1
−𝛼
(2 𝑟 2 dθ)

𝑟3 𝛼
3
∫−𝛼 cos 𝜃 dθ
= 𝑟2 𝛼
2
∫−𝛼 dθ

2 𝛼
𝑟[sin 𝜃]
= 3 −𝛼
𝛼
[𝜃]
−𝛼
2
𝑟[sin 𝛼 + sin 𝛼]
3
=
[𝛼 + 𝛼]

4𝑟 sin 𝛼
=
6𝛼

2 sin 𝛼
𝑿= 𝑟 ……………………………… remember
3 𝛼

Centroid of sector of circle:

Fig 4.9 Centroid of sector of circle

Consider the sector of a circle of angle 2α as shown in Fig.

Since it is symmetrical about x-axis, centroid lies on x-axis.

Area of the element=r dθ dr.

Its moment about y-axis= r dθdr×rcosθ

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=r2cosθdrdθ

Total moment of area about y-axis

 R
  r cosdrd
2

 0

R
r3 
 sin   




3 0

R3
 2 sin
3
 R
Total area of the sector=   rdrd
 0
R
r2 

   d

2

0

 
2
R 

2 

=R2α
Momentofareaabouty axis
The distance of centroid from O 
totalarea

2R 3 1 2R 2R
 sin   2  sin 
3 R  3 sin 
3

4.4 PROBLEMS

Tips to solve problems

1. The centroid always lies on the symmetrical axis.
2. Identify the symmetrical axes, if any. Chose them as the reference axes. If no symmetrical
axis is available, choose the left-hand bottom corner of the given figure as the origin so that
the entire figure lies in the first quadrant (to avoid the negative centroid values).
3. Sub-divide the given figure into known geometrical shapes and identify their individual
centroids by denoting them with Ci where i is the number of the sub-divided shapes.
4. Enter the values in tabular columns as shown below:

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Problem 1: Locate the centroid of the shown in figure below

Solution:

Consider reference axis (1)-(1) and (2)-(2) as shown. Divide the given figure into simple
figure. The figure is symmetrical about YY-axis
Σ𝑎𝑦
Required to find 𝑌= Σ𝑎

Σ𝑎𝑥 120
𝑋= = = 60𝑚𝑚
Σ𝑎 20
Component Area a mm2 Distance of centroid of Moment off area about
component from (1)-(1) ay mm3
(1)-(1) y mm
g1(rectangle) b×d 120 144000
=60
2
120×20=2400
g2(rectangle) b×d 20 312000
120+ 2 =130
120×20=2400
Σ𝑎=4800 Σ𝑎𝑦=456000

Σ𝑎𝑦 456000
𝑌= =
Σ𝑎 4800

𝒀 = 𝟗𝟓𝒎𝒎

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Problem 2: locate the centroid of the I-section shown in figure.

Solution:

Consider reference axis (1)-(1) and (2)-(2) as shown. Divide the given figure into simple
figure. The figure is symmetrical about YY-axis

Σ𝑎𝑦
Required to find 𝑌= Σ𝑎

Σ𝑎𝑥 80
𝑋= = = 40𝑚𝑚
Σ𝑎 2
Component Area a mm2 Distance of centroid of Moment off area about
component from (1)-(1) ay mm3
(1)-(1) y mm
g1 (rectangle) b×d 24 7200
= 12
2
25×24=600
g2 (rectangle) b×d 40 26400
24+ 2 = 44
40×15=600
g2 (rectangle) b×d 10 55200
24+40 + =69
2
80×10=800
Σ𝑎=2000 Σ𝑎𝑦=88800

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Σ𝑎𝑦 88800
𝑌= = = 44.4𝑚𝑚
Σ𝑎 2000
Problem 3: locate the centroid of the C-section shown in figure

Solution:

Consider reference axis (1)-(1) and (2)-(2) as shown,

The figure is not symmetrical about any axis, required to find

𝚺𝒂𝒚 𝚺𝒂𝒙
𝒀= 𝒂𝒏𝒅𝑿 =
𝚺𝒂 𝚺𝒂

Divide the given figure into simple figure,

Component Area a mm2 Distance of Distance of Moment off Moment off

centroid of centroid of area about area about
component from component from (1)-(1) ay (2)-(2) ax
(1)-(1) y mm (2)-(2) x mm
g1 (rectangle) 75×10=750 10 75 3750 28125
=5 = 37.5
2 2

g2 (rectangle) 128 10 94720 6400

10+ = 74 =5
2 2
128×10=128
0
g2 (rectangle) 12 60 103680 21600
150 - = 144 = 30
2 2
60×12=720
Σ𝑎=2750 Σ𝑎𝑦=202150 Σ𝑎𝑥=56125

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Σ𝑎𝑦 202150
𝑌= = = 73.51 𝑚𝑚
Σ𝑎 2750
Σ𝑎𝑥 56125
𝑋= = = 20.41 𝑚𝑚
Σ𝑎 2750
Problem 4: locate the centroid of the area shown in figure with respect to the axis shown in
figure.

Solution:

Consider the given reference axis OX & OY shown in figure.

Figure is unsymmetrical, about both axes, required to find.

𝚺𝒂𝒚 𝚺𝒂𝒙
𝒀= 𝒂𝒏𝒅𝑿 =
𝚺𝒂 𝚺𝒂
Divide the figure into simple figures,

Note: how the coordinate of g1, g2& g3 are taken w.r.t. OX and OY.

Component Area a mm2 Distance of Distance of Moment off Moment off

centroid of centroid of area about area about
component from component from (1)-(1) ay (2)-(2) ax
(1)-(1) y mm (2)-(2) x mm
g1 (rectangle) 6×4.5=27 4.5 6 60.75 81.00
= 2.25 =3
2 2
g2 (Triangle) 1 ℎ 10.13 47.25
×𝑏×ℎ 3
2 3 6+ =7
1 4.5 3
× 3 × 4.5 =1.5
3
2
= 6.75
g2 (Semicircle) 𝜋𝑟 2
2 2.25 -0.424r2
𝜋 × 2.252 -0.424×2.252 17.89 -7.58
= = -0.954
2 (-Ve because g3is on
=7.95 left of ref. axis oy)
Σ𝑎=41.7 Σ𝑎𝑦=88.77 Σ𝑎𝑥=120.67

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Σ𝑎𝑦 88.77
𝑌= = = 2.13 𝑚𝑚
Σ𝑎 41.7
Σ𝑎𝑥 120.67
𝑋= = = 2.89 𝑚𝑚
Σ𝑎 41.7
7.5 C.G of cut out or punched-out Area

To find the C.G. of cut-out figure. First find the values for whole figure then deduct the
values for cut out figure

𝚺𝒂𝒚 − 𝚺𝒂𝟏 𝒚𝟏
𝒀=
𝚺𝒂 − 𝚺𝒂𝟏

𝚺𝒂𝒙 − 𝚺𝒂𝟏 𝒙𝟏
𝑿=
𝚺𝒂 − 𝚺𝒂𝟏

Problem 5. Locate the centroid of the shaded area shown in figure.

Solution:

Consider the reference axis (1)-(1) & (2)-(2)

Figure is symmetrical about X axis required to find out

Σ𝑎𝑦 Σ𝑎𝑥 20
𝑌= , 𝑋= = = 10𝑚𝑚
Σ𝑎 Σ𝑎 2

Divide the figure into simple figures:

Component Area a mm2 Distance of centroid of Moment off area about

component from (1)-(1) ay mm3
(1)-(1) y mm
g1 (rectangle) 50 25000
2
= 25
20×50=1000
Deductions:

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g2 (rectangle) 2000
5×10=50 10
50-5- = 40
2
Σ𝑎=950 Σ𝑎𝑦=23000

𝚺𝒂𝒚 𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒀= = = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟐𝟏𝒎𝒎
𝚺𝒂 𝟗𝟓𝟎

Problem 6. Find the coordinates of the centroid of the shaded area shown in figure (*radius
of inner circle = 5mm)

Solution:

Consider reference axis (1)-(1) & (2)-(2)

Σ𝑎𝑦 Σ𝑎𝑥
𝑌= , 𝑋=
Σ𝑎 Σ𝑎

Divide the figure into simple figures:

Component Area a mm2 Distance of Distance of Moment off Moment off

centroid of centroid of area about area about
component from component from (1)-(1) ay (2)-(2) ax
(1)-(1) y mm (2)-(2) x mm
g1 (Big circle) 𝜋𝑟 2
(r =50mm) 𝜋 × 502 50 50 392700 392700
=7964
Deductions:
g2(small circle) 𝜋𝑟 2
(r =5mm) 𝜋 × 52 50 50 3927 3927
=78.54
g3(Triangle) 1 27000 36000
×𝑏×ℎ 30 2
2 50 + =60 100 − × 30 =80
1 3 3
× 30 × 30= 450
2

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g4(Rectangle) 10
50 + 30 +
20×10 2 50 17000 10000
=200 =85

Σ𝑎=7125.46 Σ𝑎𝑦=344773 Σ𝑎𝑥=342773

𝚺𝒂𝒚 𝟑𝟒𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟑
𝒀= = = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟑𝟗𝒎𝒎
𝚺𝒂 𝟕𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟒𝟔
𝚺𝒂𝒙 𝟑𝟒𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟑
𝑿= = = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟏𝟏𝒎𝒎
𝚺𝒂 𝟕𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟒𝟔
Problem 7) Locate the centroid of the shaded area with reference to the corner point O.

Solution:

Consider reference axis (1)-(1) & (2)-(2) as shown w.r.to corner O.Figure is unsymmetrical,
Σ𝑎𝑦 Σ𝑎𝑥
required to find,𝑌 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑋 =
Σ𝑎 Σ𝑎

Divide the figure into simple figures

Component Area a mm2 Distance of Distance of Moment off Moment off

centroid of centroid of area about area about
component from component from (1)-(1) ay (2)-(2) ax
(1)-(1) y mm (2)-(2) x mm
g1 (Rectagle) 50×40 40 50
= 20 = 20
=2000 2 2 40000 50000

g2 (Triangle) 15 9 337.5 3577.5

=5 50 +
1 3 3
× 9 × 15 =53
2
= 67.5

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Deductions:
g3 𝜋𝑟 2 /2
(semi-circle) 𝜋 × 52 /2 20 0.424r 785.4 53.25
(r =5mm) =39.27 0.424×5
=2.12
g4
(isosceles 1 20 12 600 1230
× 12 × 5 50 − 5 −
Triangle) 2 3
= 30 = 41

g5 9
40 − 40
(Right angled 1 3 = 13.33 6660 2400
× 40 × 9 = 37 3
Triangle) 2
= 180
g6
(Quarter circle) 𝜋𝑟 2 /4 40-0.424×10 50-0.424×10 2808.6 3594
(r =10 mm) 𝜋 × 102 /4 =35.76 =45.76
=78.54
Σ𝑎=1739.69 Σ𝑎𝑦=24983.5 Σ𝑎𝑥=46270.25
𝚺𝒂𝒚 𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟖𝟑. 𝟓
𝒀= = = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟑𝟔𝒎𝒎
𝚺𝒂 𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟗. 𝟔𝟗
𝚺𝒂𝒙 𝟒𝟔𝟐𝟕𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝑿= = = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝒎𝒎
𝚺𝒂 𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟗. 𝟔𝟗

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8.0 MOMENT OF INERTIA

8.1 Moment of inertia

In general, Moment of moment of an area about an axis is called Moment of Inertia

Consider a plane lamina as shown in figure, whose moment of inertia is to be found out about
X-X axis and Y-Y axis.

Fig 8.1 plane lamina

Divide the whole area into number of strips. Consider one of the shaded strips
Let da=Area of the shaded strip
x and y = distance of C.G. of strip from YY and XX axis respectively.
Now, Moment of inertia of strip about Y-Y axis = dax2
Moment of inertia of strip about X-X axis = day2
Moment of inertia of whole lamina may be found by integrating the above equation.
∴Iyy= ∫ Σdax 2 = Σdax 2
Ixx= ∫ Σday 2 = Σday 2
Moment of inertia is expressed in mm4

8.1.1 Polar moment of inertia ( Izzor Ip)

If a plane lamina lies in the XY plane as shown in figure. Then the axis perpendicular to XY
plane is Z-axis. The polar moment of inertia of an area about an axis perpendicular to its
plane is known as polar moment of inertia.

Consider an area in the XY plane as shown in figure, then its moment of inertia about
perpendicular axis Z passing through the origin O is given by,

Izz = Σdar 2

= Σda(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) (∵ 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

= Σda𝑥 2 + Σda𝑦 2

Izz = Ixx + Iyy

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Fig 8.2 Polar moment of inertia ( Izzor Ip)

8.1.2 Radius of Gyration

Radius of Gyration Of a given area about an axis may be defined as the distance from the
reference axis where the whole area of the body is assumed to be squeezed and concentrated
so as not to alter the moment of inertia about the reference axis.

Mathematically,
𝐼
Radius of Gyration K = √𝐴
or I = AK2
𝐼
Kxx = √ 𝑋𝑋
𝐴

𝐼
Kyy = √ 𝑌𝑌
𝐴

𝐼 𝑜𝑟𝐼𝑃
Polar Radius of Gyration Kp = √ 𝑌𝑌𝐴

8.2 Theorems of moment of Inertia:

Parallel Axis Theorem

Statement: “ If the M.I of a plane area about an axis through its C.G. is denoted by Ixx, then
M.I. of the area about any reference axis (1)-(1) parallel to X-axis and at a distance of y
from C.G. is given by,
I1−1 = IXX + Ay̅ 2 ………….. (1)

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Proof:

Consider an elemental area da parallel to XX axis.

Let Ixx = M.I. about XX axis
I1−1 = M.I. about reference axis (1)-(1)
A = Area of body
y = Distance of C.G. of body from (1)-(1)
In figure Ixx,I1−1 and elemental area are parallel to each other. Hence it is called as parallel
axis theorem.
Moment of inertia of element about 1–1 = da ( y + y) 2
Moment of inertia of whole body 1–1, I1−1 =Σda ( y + y) 2
= Σda ( y 2 + y2 + 2y y )
= Σda y 2 + Σda y2 + 2 Σday y

I1−1 = y 2Σda+ Σda y2 + 2 y Σday

Now, Σda y2 = M.I. about XX = Ixx

Σday = 0 (i.e. Moment of area about centroid = 0)

∴ I1−1 = Ay̅ 2 + IXX + 0

orI1−1 = IXX + Ay̅ 2

̅ from centroid then

Similarly if I2−2 axis is parallel to yy axis at a distance X

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I2−2 = IYY + Ax̅ 2

Perpendicular axis Theorem

Statement:“ If Ixx and Iyy be the M.I. of the body about XX and YY axes respectively. Then
M.I. Izz about ZZ axis is given,
Iz-z = Ixx + Iyy

Proof:
Consider an elemental area ‘da’ at a distance ‘r’ from O shown in figure
M.I. of element about Z-Z axis = dar 2
Izz = ∫ dar 2
= ∫ 𝑑𝑎 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) (∵ 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
= ∫ da𝑥 2 + ∫ da𝑦 2 …… (1)
2
We know that ∫ da𝑥 = Iyy
∫ da𝑦 2 = Ixx………. (2)

From (1) and (2)

∴ Izz = Ixx + Iyy
Izz is also known as Polar moment of inertia Ip

8.3 Moment of inertia of regular Figures:

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Moment of inertia of Rectangle

Consider a rectangle of width b and depth d .Moment of inertia about centroid axis x-x
parallel to the short side is determined. Consider an elemental strip of width dy at a distance y
from the axis. Moment of inertia of the elemental strip about the centroidal axis xx is

= y2dA
= y2 b dy

d
2
I XX   y bdy
2

d

2

y  3 2

b 
 
3 
d
2

d3 d3 
 b  
 24 24 
bd 3
I XX 
12

Similarly,
db 3
I YY 
12

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Moment of inertia of Triangle

C

h
y
b1
A B
b

Consider a triangle of width b and height h

Consider an elemental strip at a distance y from the base AB.
Let dy be the thickness of the strip and da its area.
Width of the strip b1 
h  y  b
h

Moment of inertia of the strip about AB

=y2dA
= y2b1dy
 y2
h  y   b  dy
h
Moment of inertia of triangle about AB

y 2 h  y 
h
I AB  bdy
0
h
h
  y3  
   y 2    bdy
0  h 

h
 y3 y 2 
 b  
 3 4h  0

h h 
3 4
 b  
 3 4h 

bh 3
I Base 
12

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To find M.I of about the centroid

We know that

IA-B=IXX+Ay2
2
bh3 1 h
 I XX  bh 
12 2 3

bh 3 bh 3
I XX  
12 18

bh3
Ixx 
36

Moment of inertia of a Circle

Consider an element of sides rdθ and dr

Its moment of inertia about diametrical axis x-x=y2dA

=(r sinθ)2rdθdr
=r3sin2θdθ dr
R 2
Moment of inertia about x-x axis I xx    r 3 sin 2 ddr
0 0

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R 2
   r3
1  cos 2 ddr
0 0
2
2

r 
R
sin 2 
3

2
 
2 
dr
0
 0
R
r4 
  2  0  0  0
8 0

2 4
 R
8

R 4
I XX   Iyy
4 Or

d 4
If d = 2r
I XX   Iyy
64

M.I of Semi circle:

Figure shows a semicircle of radius r. the moment of inertia of the semicircle about the
1
diameter AB = 2 M.I. of circle.

1 𝜋𝑟 4
IA B = 2 × 4

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𝜋𝑟 4
IAB= …………….(1)
8

To find M.I. about the centroidal axis we know that,

IAB = IXX + Ay̅ 2

𝜋𝑟 4 𝜋𝑟 2 4𝑟 2
= IXX + ( ) (3𝜋)
8 2

𝜋𝑟 4 8𝑟 4
IXX = −
8 9𝜋

Ixx= 0.11r4

1
Iyy = 2 M.I. of circle.

1 𝜋𝑟 4
Iyy= ×
2 4

𝜋𝑟 4
Iyy=
8

Moment of inertia of Quarter circle

On the lines of semi-circle you can find the M.I of quarter circle

𝐼𝑋𝑋 = 𝐼𝑌𝑌 = 0.055𝑟 4

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PROBLEMS:

Problem 1. Find the M.I. along the horizontal axis passing through the centroid of the section
shown in figure.

Solution:

Consider the reference axes (1)-(1) & (2)-(2) as shown in figure

Figure is symmetrical about yy axis, required to find

Σ𝑎𝑦
𝑌= ,
Σ𝑎

Σ𝑎𝑥 400
𝑋= = = 200𝑚𝑚
Σ𝑎 2

Component Area a Dist. of Moment of Moment of

mm2 centroid of area about area about (1)- Igx

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component (1)-(1) ay (1) ay2 mm4 mm4

from mm3
(1)-(1) y mm
g1 (rectangle) 562500 21093750 𝑏𝑑3
200×75 75
= 37.5 12
2 200×753
=15000 = =7031250
12
g2 (rectangle) 𝑏𝑑 3
600×50 600 12
75 +
=30000 2 11250000 4.219×109 50 × 6003
=
12
=375 =9×108
g3 (rectangle) 𝑏𝑑 3
400×50 12
=20000 600 50 14000000 9.8×109 400 × 503
75 + + =
2 2 12
=4166667
= 700
Σ𝑎= Σ𝑎𝑦= Σ𝑎𝑦 2 = ΣIgx=
65000 25812500 1.40×1010 9.112×108

Σ𝑎𝑦 25812500
𝑌= = = 397.11𝑚𝑚
Σ𝑎 65000

I1−1 = ΣIgx + Σay 2

= 9.112×108+1.40×1010

= 1.495×1010mm4

We also know that,

I1−1 = ΣIgx + Σay̅ 2

Or Ixx = I1−1 − ΣAy̅ 2

= 1.495×1010- 65000×397.112

Ixx = 4.70×109mm4

Problems 2. find the M.I.of the figure shown, about the horizontal axis

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Solution:

Consider the reference axes (1)-(1) & (2)-(2) as shown in figure

Required to find
Σ𝑎𝑦
𝑌= ,
Σ𝑎

Divide the given figure into simple figures,

Component Area a mm2 Dist. of Moment of Moment of

centroid of area about area about (1)- Igx
component (1)-(1) ay (1) ay2 mm4 mm4
from mm3
(1)-(1) y mm
g1 (rectangle) 𝑏𝑑 3
20×30 30 9000 135000
= 15 12
2
=600 20 × 303
=
12
= 45000
g2 (Triangle) 𝑏ℎ3
1 30 36
×𝑏×ℎ
2 3 1500 15000 10 × 303
1 =
× 10 × 30 36
2 =10 =7500
= 150
g3 0.11r4
(Semi-circle) 𝜋𝑟 2 /2 =0.11×104
𝜋 × 102 /2 30+0.424r 5375.7 184063.3 =1100
=157 =30+0.424×10
= 34.34
Σ𝑎= Σ𝑎𝑦= Σ𝑎𝑦 2 = ΣIgx=
907 15875.7 334063.3 53600

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Σ𝑎𝑦 15875.7
𝑌= = = 17.5𝑚𝑚
Σ𝑎 907

I1−1 = ΣIgx + Σay 2

= 53600+334063.3

= 387663.3 mm4

We also know that,

I1−1 = ΣIgx + Σay̅ 2

Ixx = I1−1 − ΣAy̅ 2

= 387663.3 - 907×17.52

Ixx = 109894.55 mm4

Problems 3.Find the M.I. of the section shown in figure, both about horizontal and vertical
centriodal axis.

Solution:

Consider the reference axes (1)-(1) & (2)-(2) as shown, Figure is unsymmetrical. Since Ixx
and Iyy are to be calculated. Required to find𝑌 and𝑋.

Divide the given figure into simple figures.

Σ𝑎𝑦 31137.5
𝑌= = = 25.58 𝑚𝑚
Σ𝑎 1217.5

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Componen Area Dist. of Dist. of

t a centroi centroi
mm2 d of d of ay ay2 ax ax2 Igx Igy
from from
(1)-(1) y (2)-(2) x
mm mm
g1 𝑏𝑑3 𝑑𝑏 3
(rectangle) 50×10 10 50 2500 12500 1250 31250
=5 = 25 12 12
2 2
0 0 = =
= 500 50×103 10×503
=4166. =104166.
12 12
7 7
g2 𝑏𝑑3 𝑑𝑏 3
(rectangle) 10×65 65 12 12
10 +
2 10
=5 27625 117406 3250 16250 10 × 653 65 × 103
2 = =
=650 2 12 12
= 42.5 =228854.2 =5416.7
g3 𝑏ℎ3
1
× 10 +
15 9 36
2 2 10 +
(Triangle) 3 1012.5 15187.5 877.5 11407 9 × 153 15 × 93
9× =15 = =
=13 36 36
15 =
=843.8 =303.8
67.5

Σ𝑎= Σ𝑎𝑦= Σ𝑎𝑦 2 = Σ𝑎𝑥= Σ𝑎𝑥 2 = ΣIgx= ΣIgy=

31137. 120175 1662 34015 233864.7 109887.2
1217. 5 0 7 7
5

𝚺𝒂𝒙 16627
𝑿= = = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝒎𝒎
𝚺𝒂 1217.5
I1−1 = ΣIgx + Σay 2

= 233864.7+1201750

= 1435614.7mm4

We also know that,

I1−1 = Ixx + ΣAy̅ 2

Ixx = I1−1 − ΣAy̅ 2

= 1435614.7-1217.5×25.582

Ixx = 638960 mm4

I2−2 = ΣIgy + Σax 2

= 109887.2 + 340157

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= 450044.7 mm4

We also know that,

I2−2 = Iyy + ΣAx̅ 2

Iyy = I2−2 − ΣAx̅ 2

= 450044.7 - 1217.5× 13.662

Iyy =222864.56 mm4

Problems 4. find the radius of gyration of the area shown about the horizontal centroidal
axis.

Solution:

Consider reference axes (1)-(1) and (2)-(2) as shown, figure is unsymmetrical.

Σ𝑎𝑦
Required to find 𝑌 = , Divide the given figure into simple figures
Σ𝑎

Ixx
Radius of gyration Kxx = √ A

To find Ixx

Component Area a mm2 Dist. of Moment of Moment of

centroid of area about area about (1)- Igx
component (1)-(1) ay mm3 (1) ay2 mm4 mm4
from
(1)-(1) y mm
g1 𝑏𝑑 3
(Rectangle) 75×10 10 3750 18750
=5 12
2
=750 75 × 103
=
12

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= 6250

g2 𝑏𝑑 3
(Rectangle) 128×10 128 94720 7009280 12
10 +
=1280 2 10 × 1283
= 74 =
12
= 1747626.7
g3 𝑏𝑑 3
(Rectangle) 60×12 12 12
150 −
=720 2 103680 14929920 60 × 123
= 144 =
12
= 8640

Σ𝑎= Σ𝑎𝑦= Σ𝑎𝑦 2 = ΣIgx=

2750 202150 21957950 1762516.7

Σ𝑎𝑦 202150
𝑌= = = 73.5 𝑚𝑚
Σ𝑎 2750
I1−1 = ΣIgx + Σay 2

= 1762516.7 + 21957950

= 23720467mm4

We also know that,

I1−1 = Ixx + ΣAy̅ 2

Ixx = I1−1 − ΣAy̅ 2

= 23720467- 2750×73.52

Ixx = 8864279.2mm4

Ixx
Radius of gyration Kxx = √ A

8864279.2
=√ 2750

= 56.78mm

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Problem 5.Determine the second moment of area (M.I.) about horizontal centroidal axis for
shaded area shown. Also find the radius of gyration about the same axis take R1= 50mm and
R2= 20mm

Solution:

Consider reference axes (1)-(1) and (2)-(2) as shown, figure is unsymmetrical. Required to
Σ𝑎𝑦
find 𝑌 = and Ixx also Kxx.
Σ𝑎

Divide the given figure into simple figures.

Component Area a Dist. of Moment of Second

mm2 centroid of area about Moment of Igx
component (1)-(1) ay area about mm4
from mm 3 (1)-(1) ay2
(1)-(1) y mm4
mm
g1 0.11r 4
(semi- 𝜋 × 502 50- 113097.6 3257210.9 = 0.11× 504
circle) 2 0.424×50 =687500
=3927 = 28.8
g2 𝑏ℎ3
(Triangle) 100 416666.7 34720833 36
50 +
1 3 100 × 1003
× 100 = 83.33 =
2 36
× 100 =
= 5000 2777777.8
Deductions:

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g3 𝜋𝑟 4
(Circle) 𝜋 × 202 4
50 62831.9 3141592.7 𝜋×204
= 4
=1256.6
=125663.7

Σ𝑎= Σ𝑎𝑦= Σ𝑎𝑦 2 = ΣIgx=

7670.4 466932.4 34836451 3339614.1

Σ𝑎𝑦 466932.4
𝑌= = = 60.88 𝑚𝑚
Σ𝑎 7670.4
I1−1 = ΣIgx + Σay 2

= 3339614.1+ 34836451

= 38716065 mm4

We also know that,

I1−1 = Ixx + ΣAy̅ 2

Ixx = I1−1 − ΣAy̅ 2

= 38716065- 7670.4×60.882

Ixx = 9746690mm4

Ixx 9746690
Radius of gyration about xx, Kxx = √ A =√ = 35.65mm
7670.4

Problems 6. find the radius of gyration about xx axis of the shaded area shown in figure.

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Consider reference axes (1)-(1) and (2)-(2) as shown, figure is unsymmetrical. Required to
Σ𝑎𝑦
find 𝑌 = andKxx.
Σ𝑎

Divide the given figure into simple figures.

Component Area a mm2 Dist. of Moment of Moment of area

centroid of area about (1)- about (1)-(1) ay2 Igx
component (1) ay mm3 mm4 mm4
from
(1)-(1) y mm
g1 (Rectangle) 100×55 55
= 27.5
=5500 2 151250 4159375 𝑏𝑑 3
12
100 × 553
=
12
= 1386458.3
g2 (Right 𝑏ℎ3
angle triangle) 30 97500 6337500 36
55 +
1 3 100 × 303
× 100 × 30 = 65 =
2 36
= 1500 = 75000
Deductions:
g3 𝜋 × 252 0.11r 4
(semi-circle) 2 = 0.11× 254
0.425×25 10407.1 11035 =42968.8
=981.8 =10.6
g4 (Right 1 2
× 20 × 30 25 + × 30
angle triangle) 2 3 20 × 303
= 1500 =45 13500 607500 36
= 15000
Σ𝑎= Σ𝑎𝑦= Σ𝑎𝑦 2 = ΣIgx=
5718.2 224843.5 9779060 1403489.5

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Σ𝑎𝑦 224843.5
𝑌= = = 39.32 𝑚𝑚
Σ𝑎 5718.2
I1−1 = ΣIgx + Σay 2

= 1403489.5+ 9779060

= 11182550 mm4

We also know that,

I1−1 = Ixx + ΣAy̅ 2

Ixx = I1−1 − ΣAy̅ 2

= 11182550- 5718.2×39.322

Ixx = 2341855 mm4

Ixx 2341855
Radius of gyration about xx, Kxx = √ A =√ = 35.65mm
5718.2

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