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Unit 2-Individual Behaviour

The document discusses models of human behavior and the factors that influence individual behavior. It describes behavior as being influenced by both internal individual factors like age, gender, and personality as well as external situational factors in the environment. It presents several models of human behavior including the stimulus-response model, stimulus-organism-response model, and stimulus-organism-behavior model which increasingly incorporate more psychological elements to explain behavior. Managers need to understand these individual differences in order to achieve desired work performance.

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Robin Varshney
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1K views11 pages

Unit 2-Individual Behaviour

The document discusses models of human behavior and the factors that influence individual behavior. It describes behavior as being influenced by both internal individual factors like age, gender, and personality as well as external situational factors in the environment. It presents several models of human behavior including the stimulus-response model, stimulus-organism-response model, and stimulus-organism-behavior model which increasingly incorporate more psychological elements to explain behavior. Managers need to understand these individual differences in order to achieve desired work performance.

Uploaded by

Robin Varshney
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Individual Behaviour

Behaviour is what a person does


Observable activities of human beings
•There may be differences in behaviour of an
i di id l over time
individual ti (intra-individual)
(i t i di id l)
•There may be differences in behaviour among
individuals at the same stimuli (inter
(inter-individual)
individual)
Factors/Causes of Individual Behaviour

Individual Variables/Factors
Physiological Variables
•Age
•Gender
•Physical
Ph i l Characteristics
Ch t i ti
•Heredity
Psychological Variables
•Aptitude
•Intelligence
•Personality
Personality
•Education
•Experience
•Value
V l systemt
•Cultural background
Factors/Causes of Individual Behaviour

Situational Variables/Factors
Organizational Variables
•Type of organization
•Type of supervision
•Training
T i i
•Type of incentives
•Social environment at workplace
Job Variables
•Method of work
•Design
Design of work
•Work equipment
•Physical conditions of work
Managerial Implications of Individual Behaviour

¾Differences in individual behavior give rise to


differences in performance
¾Managers can achieve the desired results by
taking individual differences into account
¾O theory
¾One th or assumption
ti may nott apply
l to
t all
ll
¾A successful manager is like a good
diagnostician
¾ Individual differences should be seen as an
opportunity because they infuse variety and
versatility
¾They help in allocation and specialization
Models of Man

Based on behaviour various models of man have


been proposed:

Edgar Schien
¾R ti
¾Rationall Economic
E i Man
M
¾Social Man
¾Self-actualizing Man
¾Complex Man

Whyte talked about


¾Organization Man
Who may be fitted in between social and self-
actualizing
t li i man
Human Behaviour: Caused or Autonomous?

Perspective I
Behaviour is orderly,
orderly systematic
Behaviour is caused ( cause-effect relationship)
Behaviour may be predicted based on cause
P
Perspective
ti II
Behaviour is random, arbitrary
Behaviour is autonomous (not caused)
Behaviour cannot be predicted
Yet managers may establish cause-effect
relationship to some extent and predict with
some efficacy. On the basis of this, some
generalizations may be drawn. A manager may
actt on theth basis
b i off pastt experiences
i andd
personal judgment.
Process of Human Behaviour

Behaviour (response) is caused by a situation or


force (stimulus).
(stimulus) This is the S-R Model.
Model

Stimulus Response

However, the S-R Model does not give a


complete picture since bahaviour is also caused
by internal/individual factors. Thus the role of
organism also comes in the model. This gives
the S
S-O-R
O R Model of behaviour.
behaviour
Stimulus Organism Response
Process of Human Behaviour

In the S-O-R Model, O is viewed as a mediating,


maintenance and adjustment function.
function
Mediating function: O is constantly active,
scanning its surrounding, overseeing its action.
M i t
Maintenance f
function:
ti O
Organs off O are
responsible for ensuring O’s normal activity.
‰Receptors (sense organs)
‰Connectors (nervous organs)
‰Effectors (muscles and glands)
Adjustment function: O monitors his activities to
overcome obstacles and satisfy his needs.
Though the insertion of O in the S-R Model gives
some importance to the human variables,
variables it still
remains a relatively mechanistic and simple idea.
Process of Human Behaviour
The S-O-B Model incorporates a more complex,
mechanism of human behaviour which modifies
and extends the S-O-R Model.
9In the S-O-B Model, S stands for the situation
and incorporates all aspects of the environment
viz. immediate stimulus, physical conditions and
socio-cultural environment.
9O isi the
th organism,
i b t it does
but d nott representt
only the physiological being but also the
psychological
p y g being.
g
9There is a double-headed arrow between S and
O and between O and R representing interaction
between the situation and the organism.
organism
Process of Human Behaviour
S-O-B Model

Stimulus Organism Behaviour

Organism

Stimulus Sensation Perce Cognitive Deci Response


ption Process
sion
Action
Input
p Information Central Info Output
receiving Processing

Feedback
Process of Human Behaviour
The S-O-B Model consists of various elements:
p
Stimulus/Input: Lecture byy teacher
Sensation/Receiving: Students listening to lecture
Info Processing: Interpreting lecture by students
¾Perception: One
One’ss way of viewing a stimuli
¾Cognition: Thinking, reasoning & problem-solving
¾Decision Making: Selecting an alternative
A ti
Action: St d t acts
Student t by
b noting
ti d
down l t
lecture or asking
ki
questions or looking out of the window etc.
Response:
p The notes/questions/reactions
q become the
output/response.
Feedback: The response of students serves as
feedback This may affect further course e.g.
feedback. e g teacher
may continue with the lecture or ask questions.

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