The stratified charge engine

 The principle of stratified charge applies to direct

injection petrol engines.

 It involves concentrating spraying the fuel close to

the spark plug rather than throughout the whole of
the combustion chamber.

 This method of operation delivers a reduction in fuel

consumption that can reach 40% when the engine is
running at very low charge.
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Basic facts
The principle of the stratified charge engine is
to deliver a mixture that is sufficiently rich for
combustion in the immediate vicinity of the
spark plug and in the remainder of the
cylinder, a very lean mixture that is so low in
fuel which could not be used in traditional
engine.
On an engine with stratified charge, the
delivered power is no longer controlled by the
quantity of admitted air, but by the quantity of
petrol injected, as with a diesel engine.
Scan tool
An automotive scan tool (scanner) is an
electronic tool used to interface with,
diagnose and sometimes reprogram vehicle
control modules.
The scan tool is connected to the vehicle’s
data link connector (DLC) and depending on
the particular tool, may only read out
diagnostic trouble codes or DTC’s.
TBI fuel injection is a type of fuel injection
system where the fuel is injected into the
throttle body.

This system uses a single injector which is

used in GM vehicles.

The throttle looks like a carburetor without

the fuel bowl, the metering jets or the float.
 It is less expensive than using other types of fuel
injection systems.
 It is easier to clean, maintain and service because
there are fewer parts.
 It is cheaper to manufacture than a port injection
system and simpler to diagnose.
 You do not have to make any changes to the TBI
intake manifold.
 It is also capable of logging data and can be
programmed for ignition and fuel.
 The TBI system is that it learns and understands your
habits when driving so it can easily map out your
actions and the performance of the engine.
 It is almost the same as a carburetor wherein the
fuel is not equally distributed to all the cylinders.
 It can cool the manifold much faster causing the
fuel to puddle and condense in the manifold.
 The possibility of condensation is much higher
since the fuel travels longer from the throttle
body to the combustion chamber.
 Since the system needs to be mounted on top of
the combustion chamber, you are prevented from
modifying the manifold design to improve your
car performance.
 It is a wet a system and the mixture of fuel is still
based per cylinder.
 The engine plays a very crucial role in the whole
vehicle operation.
 An intake manifold, which is also called inlet
manifold, is a series of tube attached to several
engine parts as well as to the carburetor and
injection system.
 There are two kinds of manifolds that are part of
an engine breathing system: The intake manifold
and the exhaust manifold.
 Manifolds are carefully designed to provide a
uniform air-fuel mixture to all cylinders.
 If they are the wrong size or design, the engine
will not be able to breathe properly.
 The passages in an intake manifold are known as
runners.
 In engines that have TBI or carburetor, the intake
manifold is design to provide optimum flow for
the air-fuel mixture.
 Engines with port fuel injection (PFI) inject the
fuel directly above the intake valve, so the
manifold in designed for airflow only.
 When the manifold flows air only, the runners
can also have sharper bends because these
manifolds do not have to keep fuel suspended in
air.
Manifolds used in in-line engines are simple.
Sometimes one runner will feed two
neighboring cylinders. These are known as
siamese runners.
Manifolds for six – or eight-cylinder V-type
carbureted engines have two barrels, or feed
openings.
In a dual-plane manifold, each barrel is
independent of the other, although they share
the same float bowl.
On a V8 with a dual-plane two-barrel manifold,
each barrel supplies fuel to four cylinders.

The dual plane manifold has smaller runners and

is better suited to lower rpm use.

To keep the runners as much the same length as

possible, one barrel serves both the inner two
cylinders on the opposite side of the engine and
the outer two cylinders on its own side.
Intake manifold heating is done on TBI and
carbureted cars.

An exhaust gas passage in the bottom of the

intake manifold helps to vaporize the air-fuel
mixture when the engine is cold.
An intake manifold on a V-type engine with a
TBI or a carburetor usually has a coolant
crossover passage.

This passage connects the heads and provides

the water outlet where the thermostat is
found.

A crack in this passage can cause a leak

An air filter is an important part of a car’s
intake system, because it is through the air
filter that the engine breaths.
An engine needs an exact mixture of fuel and
air in order to run, and all the air enters the
system first through the air filter.
The air filter’s purpose is to filter out dirt and
other foreign particles in the air to prevent
from damaging the engine.
A clean air filter is important for your car’s
performance.
This means that your air filter should be
changed regularly, or your gas mileage will
suffer.
The car air filter should be changed at least
once a year.
However, an air filter may need to be changed
more frequently if you live in an area with dirt
roads or heavy pollution.
There are three types of air filters: paper,
gauze and foam.

A vehicle generally comes from the factory

with a paper air filter.

Paper filter made of paper offer filtration and

air flow.

They are generally cheaper but have to be

replaced every 8,000 km to 16,000 km.
Gauze air filters offer filtration and air flow.

There are two types: oil based and dry gauze

filters.

The biggest advantage of a gauze style air filter is

they are designed to last the life of our vehicle.

However this requires regular cleaning using

cleaning kit.
Oil based gauze filters tend to filter better then
dry but have to be oiled.

Foam air filters are gaining in popularity and

offer both filtration and air flow.

These foam style air filters are designed to last

the life of your vehicle.

These air filters need to be oiled, just like oil

based gauze filters.
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