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Electronic Distance Measurement

Electronic distance measurement (EDM) instruments use light waves to measure distance. They send a light wave to a reflector and measure the phase difference between the transmitted and reflected waves to calculate distance. EDMs have a range of 750-1000 meters, accuracy of ±5mm + 5ppm, and can average repeated measurements. They operate by setting up the instrument and prism, aiming, measuring distance, and recording results. EDMs use prisms to reflect signals precisely back for measurement.

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59 views14 pages

Electronic Distance Measurement

Electronic distance measurement (EDM) instruments use light waves to measure distance. They send a light wave to a reflector and measure the phase difference between the transmitted and reflected waves to calculate distance. EDMs have a range of 750-1000 meters, accuracy of ±5mm + 5ppm, and can average repeated measurements. They operate by setting up the instrument and prism, aiming, measuring distance, and recording results. EDMs use prisms to reflect signals precisely back for measurement.

Uploaded by

Eyas Al-Dakheel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 3

Electronic Distance Measurement


(EDM)
CE 206 : Surveying Unit 3

Principles of Electronic Distance Measurement

EDM instruments send a light wave to a reflector and by measuring the phase
difference required in returning the reflected light wave to its source, it
computes the distance.
CE 206 : Surveying Unit 3

Principles of Electronic Distance Measurement

 λ=c/f
 λ = wavelength, in meters
 C = velocity in km/s
 F = frequency in hertz
(No. of cycle per second)

n  
L meters
2

The partial wave length Φ is


determined in the instrument by
noting the phase delay required
to match precisely the
transmitted and the reflected
waves
CE 206 : Surveying Unit 3

EDM Characteristics
• 750-1000 meters range ( New Model 1Km to 3Km)

• Accuracy ±(5mm + 5 ppm) ( New Model ±(15mm + 5 ppm)

• Operating temperature between -20 to +50 degrees centigrade

• 1.5 seconds typical for computing a distance, 1 second when tracking.

• Slope reduction either manual or automatic.

• Some Instruments average repeated measurements.

• Signal attenuation.

• battery operated and can perform between 350 and 1400 measurements.
CE 206 : Surveying Unit 3

Prisms Used with electro Optical EDM Instruments to reflect the transmitted
signal

• Made from cube glass corners

• Have the property of reflecting rays back precisely


in the same direction.

• They can be tribrach-mounted and centered with


an optical plummet, or they can be attached to a
range pole and held vertical on a point with the
aid of a bulls-eye level.
CE 206 : Surveying Unit 3
CE 206 : Surveying Unit 3

Two types of errors


Constant Instrumental Error : Error independent of distance measured

Measuring Error : Error dependent of distance measured

Typical accuracy ± 5 mm + 5ppm

D=L+a

D: Actual distance to be measured between the plumb lines through the tribrach centers of EDM and Prism

L : Distance Measured by the EDM a : Addition constant of the instrument = e – r


(Instrument constant)
e : Distance meter component of the addition constant
r : Reflection component of the addition constant
CE 206 : Surveying Unit 3

Determination of Instrument Constant

Both the prism and EDM should be corrected for off-center characteristics.

The prism/instrument constant (about 30 to 40 mm) can be measured by


measuring AC, AB, and BC

Then constant = AC-AB-BC

o-------------------------------o-------------o
A B C
CE 206 : Surveying Unit 3

EDM Operation
Operation is divided into the following four steps.

1. Set Up

2. Aim

3. Measure

4. Record
CE 206 : Surveying Unit 3

EDM Operation

1. Set Up
· EDM Mounted on a tribrach or to a theodolite.

· The prism is set up on a tribrach or a prism pole over the remote


point.

· The instrument is turned on to ensure it is in good working order.

· The height of the prism and instrument are measured and recorded.

The prism is often set to the height of the Instrument when it is mounted on an
adjustable prism pole
CE 206 : Surveying Unit 3

EDM Operation

2. Aim

· Aiming is done by built in optical devices on the EDM or by


the use of the theodolite telescope.

· If EDM is mounted on a sighting device, then the optical line


of sight will be lower than the electric signal.

· Fine tune sighting adjustments until an optimal signal is


achieved.
CE 206 : Surveying Unit 3

EDM Operation

3. Measure
• Slope distances are obtained by pressing a “measure” button.

• Horizontal and vertical distances can be computed by using built in


calculators or microprocessors, but will require further input.

• Most EDM’s have a tracking mode (for layouts)

• Hand-held radios help since long distances make communication


difficult.
(Some models of EDMs come with communications devices built in.)

• Some EDMs transmit the result as well so that the surveyor holding
the prism will be immediately aware of the results (useful when
tracking)
CE 206 : Surveying Unit 3

EDM Operation

4. Record
• Conventionally in field note book

• Manually in a data collection device.

• Automatically recorded by some total station devices.


CE 206 : Surveying Unit 3

Geometry of EDM Calculations

EDM H = S cos α
α
hi (Measured)
V= S sin α

STA “A” Prism


HR
(Measured)
GROUND

STA “B”

HR = Height of Reflector / Target hi : Height of Instrument

Case : Line of sight inclined downward

Elevation of station B = Elevation of station A + hi – V - HR

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