CALAMBA DOCTORS’ COLLEGE

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Leaves and Coconut (Cocos nucifera)

Meat as Main Components in Broiler Chicken’s Grower Feed
Production

By
Charles Ian Oliquino
Kris AngelieManaig
Chassagne Barrios
Eunice Reyes
Marla Gasco
Researchers

February 2019

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Chapter 1

The Problem and Its Background

Introduction

In the late 1950’s to achieve 1.8kg weight for broiler chickens, it will take

about 100 days and the time span was reduced to 32 days after 50 years (Havenstein,

et al., 2003). Forty percent to fifty percent of the development was because of the

advancement in nutrition and veterinary practices and the rest was because of the

attributed genetic selection (Robins and Phillip, 2011). Broiler chicken’s vital role in

the society is evident. Healthy broiled chickens have high protein content which is an

essential nutrient for the human body. That is why the feed manufacturers must fulfill

the nutritional demand of a broiler chicken that would affect its rapid growth and

development. Researchers improved the application of feed and water additives by

focusing on organic components rather than synthetic feeds (Zeweii et al., 2006).

Commercialized growth enhancers are usually expensive and can contain high

amount of additives that could lead harm to the animal’s health. (Chang, 2007), these

additives such antibiotics that may result to developing anti-biotic resistant bacteria.

On the other hand the use of organic nutrients is generally believed to be safer and

healthier.

A usual poultry feed used in the production of broiler chicken meat contains

necessary nutrients for its whole maturity within 45 days, such as protein and

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essential amino acids for the fat disposition of the poultry animal and to ensure that it

doesn’t lead to retarded growth (Jurgens, 2002). Calcium and Phosphorus as

supplementary diets for bones and scales build up. Other vitamins such as A, B12,

D3, and E and Minerals such as Mn, Zn, and Fe. Conventional poultry feeds usually

uses wheat and soybeans as their main component because of its low-cost source of

energy and has a well-balanced protein diet. In relations to ground Malunggay

(Moringa oleifera) Leaves, it has been praised for its health benefits for thousands of

years. Moringa leaves are an excellent source of many vitamins and minerals such as:

protein, vitamin B6, A and C, iron, fiber, and magnesium (A. Arnarson. Health Line.

2018). It also has the same nutrient levels compared to the conventional component

used in the production of poultry feeds. Hence it can be a staple substitute to wheat

and soybeans because of its considerable nutrient levels and availability of the

resources, which can be a market nearby and at one’s backyard.

Food waste as a source of animal feed is how practiced, because it addresses

environmental concerns and gives benefit to the public for the minimal cost of

production (Westendorf, 2000). Previous studies used Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Meat

as a food for growing poultry kinds and imposed a positive effect on such. Coconuts

are produced in 92 countries worldwide on about more than 10 million hectares.

Indonesia, Philippines and India account for almost 75% of world coconut production

with Indonesia being the world’s largest coconut producer (S. Zafar, 2018). More

than 50% of the remaining material from the Coconut is not used as food and is

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almost 32 million tons of waste up today. Copra meal, or coconut meal, is an

important feed ingredient and the by-product of the oil extraction from dried coconut

kernels (copra) containing higher level of protein, carbohydrates, and several essential

amino acids, especially lysine and methionine (Thomas and Scott, 1962). It is

considered as a waste that has the attributes needed to satisfy the needs of broiler

chicken’s growth.

With the content and availability of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Leaves

and Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Meat that is essential for a broiler’s chicken’s growth

and maturity, the researchers came up with the idea of combining these two raw

materials as a main component for poultry feeds. Considering that such two

ingredients are organic and cheap of price. And that Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Meat

is considered as a waste.

Barangay Pansol has several poultry owners particularly broiler chickens.

Another factor is the availability of the resources since it is known for having small

farms which is linked to the high availability of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera)

Leaves in the vicinity, proximity to the wet market where Coconut (Cocos nucifera)

Meat can be gathered was also considered.

This can also help in the broiler chicken industry.

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Statement of the Problem

The study aims to utilize Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Leaves and Coconut

(Cocos nucifera) Meat as Main components for poultry feed production. Specifically,

the researchers seek to answer the following questions:

1. Is there a significant difference between the different proportion of

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Leaves and Coconut (Cocos nucifera)

Meat as poultry feeds in terms of Broiler Chicken’s growth?

2. Is there a significant difference between the different proportion of

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Leaves and Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Meat

as poultry feeds in terms of crude protein content?

3. Is there a significant difference between the different proportion of

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Leaves and Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Meat

as poultry feeds in terms of moisture content?

Hypotheses

1. There is no significant difference between the different proportion of

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Leaves and Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Meat

as poultry feeds in terms of Broiler Chicken’s growth.

2. There is no significant difference between the different proportion of

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Leaves and Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Meat

as poultry feeds in terms of crude protein content.

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3. There is no significant difference between the different proportion of

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Leaves and Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Meat

as poultry feeds in terms of moisture content.

Significance of the Study

Poultry farm owners. Due to the probable low cost of expenses in the feed

consumption of the poultry itself, the capital could decrease in amount and

can be allotted for other needs. This new innovation could produce higher

quality broiler feed and hasten their growth. This will be a lot help for the

poultry farms in terms of funds and quality of the product specially those large

poultry farms.

Consumers. Broiler chickens in taking organic components will produce

healthy ones because of its high protein that is essential for human health.

Given that the poultry farms will have less expenses these broilers can be of

cheaper price when sold to the market. Broiler chickens having cheaper price

and excellent nutrient content is apparently a big help for the consumers.

Environment. The study can utilize food waste (Coconut Meat) which is

considered as a solid waste that poses harm to the environment. This may

have a minimal contribution but it can have macro effects if the product will

widely be applied and used nationally. The study can also promote the usage

of Malunggay Leaves and Coconut Meat not only for poultry feed but also for

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other products. The method for feed production does not require harmful

chemicals which may harm the environment.

Future Researchers. The study aim to provide a solid ground or basis to

aspiring researchers in the use of Malunggay Leaves and Coconut Meat in the

field of agriculture. It can also provide development for utilizing solid waste

in a different aspect.

Scope and Delimitations

The researchers are to produce poultry feed using Malunggay (Moringa

oleifera) Leaves and Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Meat as its main component. It is

limited to measuring of chicken’s growth in a span of 7 days with intake of 1.5 kg of

the feeds and the moisture content of the feeds. The study conducted its survey in

Brgy. Pansol due to its abundance of poultry farmers and raw material resources and

is limited to the said vicinity only. The study also limited itself to producing poultry

feeds, particularly for broiler chickens. The study will only be testing the feed’s

efficiency with the different proportion of its components.

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Conceptual Framework

MALUNGGAY LEAVES COCONUT MEAT

Feed Proportion

25% Malunggay 50% Malunggay 75% Malunggay

Leaves Leaves Leaves
75% Coconut Meat 50% Coconut Meat 25% Coconut Meat

Moisture Content Crude Protein Content Chicken Growth

Fig 1.1 Research Paradigm

Nutrition is a critical factor influencing the success of a livestock enterprise

(Meat & Livestock Australia, 2016). A highly digestible food provides a higher

proportion of absorbed nutrients than a less digestible food, digestibility provides an

important measure of a food’s nutritional value and quality. The quality of feed has a

direct effect on the production capacity of the farm, on the health and the growth rate

of the animals (Santa Fe, 2018).

Therefore, the study aimed to produce Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Leaves

and Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Meat as chicken feeds and to determine the suitable

component proportion when it comes to desirable feed efficiency in terms of broiler

chicken’s growth, crude protein and moisture content.

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Theoretical Framework

As cited by Hooge (1998), Poultry animals need enough nutrients such as

Protein, Calcium, Vitamins and Minerals to ensure its natural growth. The protein

requirement or amino acid requirements can be defined accurately only in relation to

the energy density. Also, the degree of fat deposition in meat producing birds can be

affected by the relationship.

As a substitute to conventional sources such as soy and wheat, Malunggay

Leaves can be a great replacement due to its nutritional level and its availability. It is

a good source of protein, calcium, potassium, vitamin C, and vitamin A (Gonzales,

2017). Coconut Meat is also used in the production of poultry feeds because of its

proportion of fats, protein, minerals, and other micronutrients (Lehman, 2019). Hence

it is plausible to manufacture a feed that can be as effective as a conventional one

because of the composition of the given components.

Definition of Terms

The research study consists a lot of words that can be useful for the researchers’

point of view. For deeper understanding and comprehension of the study, the

following terms are being defined both in conceptual and operational purposes for the

study’s readers.

Broiler Chicken Poultry kind animal that the study’s target to observe in

accordance to its growth using the study’s produced paper

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(conceptual) ; Broiler chickens are the subject for the

study’s feed production (operational)

Chicken Feed It is the study’s target to make and produce for poultry

needs (operational)

Coconut Meat It is a by-product of coconut and one component that will

be used in making poultry feeds (conceptual); It is the

edible white meat of a coconut (operational)

Malunggay Leaves Leaves that are used as vegetables and for traditional

herbal medicine (conceptual);

It is the another component that will be used for

production of poultry feeds (operational)

Moisture Test One kind of test to be conducted to determine the

expiration or longevity of the poultry feed (operational)

Crude Protein Content Another factor to be tested to determine the amount of the

major nutrient in poultry feed (operational)

Tylosin It is an antibiotic that is routinely fed to livestock as a

growth promoter and that are used to treat bacterial

infections in farm animals (conceptual); a component in

poultry feed production (operational)

Linoleic Acid Form of fatty acid present as a glyceride in linseed oil and

other oils and essential in the utilization of energy

supplemental lipids (conceptual); a component in poultry

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feed production. (operational)

Chapter 2

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Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies after the

comprehensive and detailed research done by the researchers by the use of sources:

internet, journals past researches and studies. This review points out five factors: (1)

broiler chickens; (2) malunggay leaves; (3) coconut meat; (4) moisture content; (5)

crude protein content.

Broiler Chicken

Most people on the planet have tasted young chicken. However, it is important

to remember that broiler chicken meat remains a rare luxury for about half the

world’s population. In China for example, about 40% of the population by income of

over $3,000 per year (using the World Bank purchasing power parity, PPP, number).

It is approximately that top 40% of the population by income that has sufficient

purchasing power to participate in the cash market for broiler chicken meat buyers of

approximately 475 million people. Using the same method, that is, choosing the

world population with a PPP of more than $3,000, there are total of about 2.5 billion

potential market economy chicken meat buyers in the world.

Nutritionists in recent time have been focused in research of agro-industrial

wastes in animal nutrition especially for monogastric animals. In fact, many feeds that

can be fed alternatively at cheaper cost to monogastric livestock are based on the use

of agro-industrial waste that are of no food value to humans. Onwuka, et al. stated

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that a major strategy to develop the livestock industry in developing countries could

be the use of agricultural by-products.

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Leaves

One possible source of cheap protein is the leaf meal of tropical countries.

Many studies have been conducted using various sources of leaf meal proteins for

broilers (Iheukwumere et al., 2008; Wude and Berhan, 2009; Onyimonyi et al., 2009).

Leaf meals do not only serve as source of protein but also provides some necessary

vitamins, minerals and oxycarotenoids (D’Mello et al., 1987; Opara, 1996). One plant

that can serve as source of leaf meal in the diet of poultry is Moringa olifera tree

(Kakengi et al., 2007; Olugbemi et al., 2010b). Moringa oleifera tree has probably

been one of the most underutilized tropical plants. Moringa Olifera Leaf Meal is a

natural source of protein with great potential. It also contains mineral such as:

calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn),

manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) that are very essential for broiler chickens. Studies

revealed that Moringa Olifera Leaf Meal has relatively high content of crude protein

of up to 28% (Olugbemi et al., 2010a) and low anti-nutritional factors (Makkar and

Becker, 1997). Moringa oleifera meal inclusion in levels up to 7.5% has no effect in

feed intake. It is concluded that Moringa Olifera Leaf Meal is well tolerated by the

chickens. The inclusion of Moringa Olifera Leaf Meal also had no significant

influence on lipid profiles of the broiler chicken.

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Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Meat

Nowadays, the use of food wastes as animal feed is an alternative of high

interest, because it stands for environmental and public benefit besides reducing the

cost of animal production (Westendorf, 2000).

Wastes are an important environmental contamination source. Research has

been carried out in order to develop methods to convert these wastes into useful

products (Guerard, et al., 2001).

Coconut Meat is the by-product of oil extraction of the endosperm of coconut.

This by-product is rich in protein (15-25%) and carbohydrate (60%). It is reasonably

good to replace conventional feedstuffs with Coconut Meat in broiler diets up to the

level of 30% from day one provided a balanced diet is formulated through the

supplementation of amino acids. Coconut Meat should also be processed by pelleting

and crumbling to increase its bulk density. The satisfactory performance of broilers

fed by crumbled Coconut Meat based diets reveals that there is no problem of using

Coconut Meat in broiler diets from the aspects of palatability and anti-nutritional

factors. The development also of the breast and wings of the broilers was improved at

higher levels of coconut meat supplementation (Thomas 1962).

Moisture Content

The coconuts are dehusked, split in half, drained of coconut water; then the

halves are exposed to the sun for about a week, until the Coconut Meat contains 6-8%

water. Sun-drying is the cheapest method but if the weather is wet there is a risk of

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mold growth and aflatoxin contamination. Solar dryers reduce drying time and give

products less likely to be contaminated (Canapi et al., 2005; Kurian et al., 2007).The

dried Coconut Meat is ground, flaked and cooked until moisture is brought down to

3% to be effectively used as poultry feeds and ensure its durability (Canapi et al.,

2005).

Crude Protein Content

The concept of a requirement for dietary protein has been controversial since

it was discovered that proteins are composed of amino acids and that some amino

acids are dietary essentials for maximum growth and performance. In addition to the

10 essential amino acids and 3 that can be accreted only from limited substrates,

poultry need a quantity of amino acids to synthesize the other 8 that are needed to

synthesize body proteins. Maintaining ideal ratios of essential amino acids increases

growth, feed utilization efficiency, and carcass yields (i.e., decreases carcass fat).

Synthesis

In accordance to related literature regarding broiler chickens, the grossing

trend of Broiler Chicken production is inevitable which makes raising poultry farm a

successful business field. Due to its high demand the researchers chose Broiler

chickens as the study’s subject. The type of feed portrays a large impact on raising

Broilers. As stated above, nutritionists have payed attention to utilizing agro-

industrial wastes into animal feeds, specifically poultry feeds for the study.

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The researchers will be using Coconut Meat as one of its primary component

in feed production. In line with the statement above, Coconut Meat is considered as a

solid waste which proves the significance of the product. Coconut Meat is a useful

by-product of coconut that is a good source of energy. Coconut Meat are usually

thrown away at big farm and coconut plantation after extracting oil from these and

that causes and often considered as a waste disposal problem. Yet, coconut meat

provides essential protein and carbohydrates that are necessities for poultry feed

production. It is also proven to contain high crude protein content which is a major

essential in poultry feed production. The sufficient amount of Coconut Meat for

higher effectivity will be determined in the study through the broiler chickens’ growth

and feed’s moisture content. The Coconut Meat that will be used in the study are the

ones evident locally and are cheap of price.

Also the study will be using ground Malunggay Leaves as one of the primary

component for poultry feed production. In fact, Malunggay Leaves are not just useful

human but have usage for animal feeding. These leaves contain lots of fiber, vitamins,

minerals, and antibiotics that can be used for animal feed. Malunggay Leaves are

cheap and mostly available in one’s backyard yet good source of energy for animals.

Malunggay Leaves are containing lots of minerals as they are discovered and

developed. If these Malunggay Leaves are grounded, they can be used for livestock

feed.

One of the purpose of the researchers in conducting the study is to help reduce

environmental wastes, and produce new and effective feed for poultry needs. The

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Ground Coconut Meat become more nutritious, cheaper, and are more likeable by

livestock as their feeds. Studies and trials shown that inclusion of different variations

of Ground Malunggay Leaves and Coconut Meat in poultry feeds did not have any

significant impact on their control diet, intestinal weight, nor in their health-related

issues. It is possible to replace cereals and cereal by-products with Ground Coconut

Meat of poultry diets.

In this study, Moisture content of the feed will be tested in order to determine

the lasting/storage time of the product. The research aims to have the standard

moisture content for feeds which is assured to be of best quality. The lower the

moisture content the more beneficial it is for the product. Another factor to be tested

is crude protein content of the feed that should be of sufficient amount essential for

the broiler’s growth. It is the main factor to be considered to determine a poultry

feed’s efficiency.

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Chapter 3

Methodology

The purposes of this chapter are to describe and discuss the research

methodology, production of Broiler Chicken’s Grower feed, the statistical treatment

to be used in collecting and explaining data gathered, and procedures in analysing

data.

Research Design

Three set-ups will be used for the study. The first experimental set-up will be

75% of Malunggay Leaves and 25% of Coconut Meat, while the second experimental

set-up will be 50% of Malunggay Leaves and 50% of Coconut Meat and the last

experimental set up will be 25% Malunggay Leaves and 75% of Coconut Meat. There

will be one trial for the Broiler Chicken’s growth.

Research Locale

The study will be conducted at Barangay Pansol, Calamba, Laguna since it

has a lot of Poultry owners within its vicinity as well as the testing for the broiler

chickens’ growth also the researchers chose the place because of the availability of

raw materials and its proximity. Testing for crude protein and moisture content will

be performed at the Chemical Analysis Section, Laboratory Services Division,

Bureau of Animal Industry Compound, Quezon City, Manila.

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Sources of Materials

The feed components such as; Malunggay Leaves, and Coconut Meat will be

from the Calamba Trade Wet Market, as well as the materials for the broiler

chickens’ coop. The equipment that will be used in feed production namely; blender

mortar and pestle, pair of gloves, and containers will be from Oliquino’s Residence.

Feed Production

Drying

The Malunggay Leaves and Coconut Meat will be dried separately

using the solar drying method. The drying process will take 3 days. In the

evening, the Malunggay Leaves and Coconut Meat will be placed in an

airtight container to prevent spoilage until the next drying day.

Grinding

The dried components will be collected. It will be grinded using a

blender until it is grounded into crumble as required for broiler chicken feeds.

Each of the component will be handled individually to avoid mixing.

Blending

The dried main components will be arranged according to proportion;

75% Malunggay Leaves: 25% Coconut Meat, 50% Malunggay Leaves: 50%

Coconut Meat, and 25% Malunggay Leaves: 75% Coconut Meat.

Data Gathering Procedure

Moisture and Crude Protein Content

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The data for moisture and crude protein content will be obtained

through proximate analysis of moisture content and crude protein content at

the Chemical Analysis Section, Laboratory Services Division, Bureau of

Animal Industry Compound, Quezon City, Manila. Two hundred fifty grams

will be prepared for each set-up and will then be analyzed in the laboratory.

Broiler Chickens’ Growth

There will be one trial for each set-up meaning for each set-up there

will be two broiler chickens. The chickens will be raised as growers for 7 days

in taking 1.5 kg of the feeds as prescribed by the poultry farmers. The broiler

chickens will be fed according to its feed set-up. Each chicken will be

weighed every day, its resulting mass in a span of time will be the data used

for analysis.

Data Analysis Technique

The crude protein and moisture content of the poultry feed and its effect on

chicken’s growth will be tested. Since there will be three set-ups to be compared by

the means of their dependent variables. Analysis of ANOVA I will be used to

compare the attained results in knowing the significant difference among the variety

of Ground Malunggay Leaves and Coconut Meat in terms of its crude protein and

moisture content.

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Ethical Issues

The researchers will obtain certification from the Bureau of Animal Industry –

Calamba, Laguna in the usage of broiler chicken as subject for experimental research.

Permit that states the researchers will raise the broiler chickens in accordance to the

existing poultry rules and regulations of the Philippines will be also gathered from the

same institution. The components that will be gathered in the production of the feeds

is going to be handled carefully and with precaution. The storage management will

ensure the sanitary of the components that will be used. In the production of the

feeds, the researchers will use equipment that will exercise cleanliness.

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Research Methodology Flowchart

Drying

Grinding

Blending

75% Malunggay Leaves 50% Malunggay Leaves 25% Malunggay Leaves

25% Coconut Meat 50% Coconut Meat 75% Coconut Meat

Broiler Chicken Feed

Broiler Chickens’ Growth Moisture content Crude Protein Content

One-way ANOVA

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Results and Discussion

This chapter administers the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data
gathered by the researchers whose main objective is to develop broiler chicken’s
grower feeds by using Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Leaves and Coconut (Cocos
nucifera) Meat as its main components and will be tested for its moisture and crude
protein content.

The three set-ups varied according to proportion, which are tested through
crude protein, moisture and chicken’s growth. The data gathered were statistically
analysed with the use of One-way ANOVA which is responsible to determine
whether there are any significant differences among the means of three independent
groups (Lund Research Ltd, 2013).

Data Presentation

Table 1 Crude Protein (%) of the three different proportion of Malunggay and
Coconut Meat Feed

Crude Protein (%)

1 2 3

20.1 12.7 16.6

Table 1 shows the result of Crude protein test that refers to the percentage of
protein contained in the feeds. Among the three proportion, Set up 1 had the highest
protein content. On the other hand, set up 3 had the least. Since the higher the
percentage, the higher the quality of the feed in terms of its protein content, it could
be stated that the higher the value of malunggay the higher the Crude Protein.

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Table 2 Summary Table for ANOVA 1 for Crude Protein of three Set ups

SS df MS F

Between 82.2201 2 41.11005

Within 2.32 6 0.39 105.41

Total 84.5401 8

Since the results showed that the value of F is 105.41, which is greater than
the critical value 5.14, the null hypothesis was rejected at 0.05 level of significance.
Meaning to say, there is a significant difference among the means of experimental
set-ups 1, 2, and 3 in terms of their Crude Protein.

Table 3 Moisture Content (%) of the three different proportions of Malunggay and
Coconut Meat Feed

Moisture Content (%)

Table 3
set- 1 2 3 up
1 had
20.1 14.1 13.1
the
highest moisture. On the other hand, set-up 3 had the least. If the feed has greater
moisture, this means that, it will have a shorter shelf life. It can be drawn from the
Table 3 that as the amount of coconut meat increases the higher the longevity of the
feed is.

Table 4 Summary Table for ANOVA 1 for Moisture content of three different
proportions

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SS df MS F

Between 82.49 2 41.245

Within 5.24 6 0.87 47.408

Total 87.73 8

Since the results showed that the value of F is 47.408, which is greater than
the critical value 5.14, the null hypothesis was rejected at 0.05 level of significance.
Meaning to say, there is a significant difference among the means of experimental
set-ups 1, 2, and 3 in terms of their Moisture Content.

Table 5 Broiler Chicken’s growth for the three different proportions of Malunggay
and Coconut Meat Feed that was taken as growers

Chicken’s Mass (Kg)

Table 5 shows
ups, 1 2 3 set-
up 1
1.7 1.5 1.48
had the
highest mass. On the other hand, set-up 3 had the least. It can be drawn from the
Table 3 that as the amount of malunggay leaves increases the higher the weight the
chickens can gain.

Table 6 Summary Table for ANOVA 1 for Broiler Chicken’s Growth of three
different proportions

SS df MS F

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Between 745,800 2 1,700

Within 3,400 6 124,300 73.18

Total 79,200 8

Since the results showed that the value of F is 73.18, which is greater than the
critical value 5.14, the null hypothesis was rejected at 0.05 level of significance.
Meaning to say, there is a significant difference among the means of experimental
set-ups 1, 2, and 3 in terms of the Broiler Chicken’s Growth.

Discussion of results

Results from Table 2 showed that there is a significant difference among the

Crude Protein of the three different set-ups. This states that the quality of the feeds in

terms of crude protein made much dissimilarity between set up 1 (75% Malunggay

Leaves and 25% Coconut Meat), set-up 2 (50%Malunggay Leaves and 50%Coconut

meat), and set up 3 (25% Malunggay leaves and 25% Coconut Meat).

Results from Table 4 showed that there is a significant difference among the

Moisture Content of the three different set-ups. This states that the quality of the

feeds in terms of moisture content is significantly different between set up 1 (75%

Malunggay Leaves and 25% Coconut Meat), set-up 2 (50% Malunggay Leaves and

50% Coconut meat), and set-up 3 (25% Malunggay leaves and 25% Coconut Meat).

Results from Table 6 showed that there is a significant difference among the

Broiler chicken’s growth of the three different set-ups. This states that the quality of

the feeds in terms of chicken’s growth is significantly different between set up 1

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(75% Malunggay Leaves and 25% Coconut Meat), set-up 2 (50% Malunggay Leaves

and 50% Coconut meat), and set-up 3 (25% Malunggay leaves and 25% Coconut

Meat).

The result of the set ups has shown an inverse relationship between the two

components; dried malunggay leaves and coconut meat. The amount of crude protein

has increased to the set-up that the dried malunggay is higher compared to which that

the coconut meat is prevalent while high content of moisture has shown to the set up

on which the coconut meat has a higher amount compared to dried malunggay. Table

1 has shown the highest amount of crude protein and moisture content due to the high

protein content of malunggay and less amount of dried coconut meat.

Sources of errors

The researchers’ main concern in the sources of error is the feeds being

unappetizing to the poultry animal in the first place, it is due to the feeds being

classified as a grower because some poultry animals are used to its previous feeds that

it refrains from eating it. The rancid smell of the poultry feeds might also contribute

to the feeds being unappetizing to the poultry animal. Addition of additives might

also be a problem too for the researchers avoiding the usage of synthetic components

that may cause detrimental effects to the poultry animal but may also raise some

concerns such as the chickens having some ailments that may delay its growth.

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Chapter 5
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
This chapter provides the summary of the research study, drawn conclusions,
and recommendations made by the researchers that are based on the data gathered.
The study is on the production of Broiler Chicken’s Grower feeds with the use of
Malunggay leaves and Coconut meat as main components made as a by-product of
the research study.

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Summary
The main purpose of the study is to help reduce the food waste of coconut
meat that will benefit our environment and the coconut factories. Also to produce
temporary feeds for the poultry farm that is in the remote areas.

Related Studies states that the use of food waste as animal feed is an
alternative of high interest, because it stands for environmental and public benefit
besides reducing the cause of animal production (Westendorf, 2000). The
development of the breast and wings of the broilers was improved at higher levels of
coconut meat implementation (Thomas, 1962). The studies reviewed also states that
one possible source of cheap protein but also provides some necessary vitamins,
minerals and oxycarotenoids (D’Mello et al., 1987; Opara 1996). Given the
characteristics of Moring oleifera leaf meal that has relatively high content of crude
protein up to 28% (Olugbemi et al., 2010) and low anti-nutritional factors (Makkar
and Becker, 1997) that are very essential for Broiler Chickens.

The malunggay leaves and coconut meat were gathered and undergone the
process of drying and mixing. For the drying process, the Malunggay leaves and the
coconut meat were sun-dried for 3-4 days. For the mixing process, the dried
components were mixed according to their proportions.

The broiler chickens were divided into three set-ups according to the
proportion of the two components and has 1 trial for each: 75% Malunggay leaves
and 25% Coconut meat for set-up 1; 50% Malunggay leaves and 50% Coconut meat
for set-up 2; and 25% Malunggay Leaves and 75% Coconut meat.

The data for the Crude Protein and Moisture Content were obtained from the
Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) – Veterinary Laboratory Division. The data from
the Chicken’s growth was gathered through raising chickens for 2 weeks after
finishing the starter feed.

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Summary of Findings
Critical value 5.14 from the level of significance 0.05, was used for
interpretation of data gathered. The first data collected is for determining if there is a
significant difference among the means of crude protein for set-ups 1, 2, and 3. The
value of percentage for the crude protein gave 20.1% for set-up 1, 12.7% for set-up 2,
and 16.6% for set-up 3. This yielded an F-value of 105.41 that states there is a
significant difference among their means in terms of Crude Protein. The second one is
for determining if there is significant difference among the means of moisture content
for set-ups 1, 2, and 3. The means that were given in as percentage were 20.1% for
set-up 1, 14.1% for set-up, and 13.1% for set-up 3 This yielded an F-value of 47.408
that states there was a significant difference among their means in terms of moisture
content. The third data collected from three set-ups were 1.7 kg, 1.5 kg, and 1.48 kg
respectively, which yielded to a critical value of 73.18 that states there is a significant
difference among the means of the broiler chicken’s weight.

Conclusion
Based on the results gathered, there is a significant difference among the
Crude Protein of set up 1 (75% Malunggay Leaves and 25% Coconut Meat), set-up 2
(50% Malunggay Leaves and 50% Coconut meat), and set-up 3 (25% Malunggay
leaves and 25% Coconut Meat). In terms of crude protein set-up 1 has the highest
crude protein. Also, there is a significant difference among the moisture content of set
up 1 (75% Malunggay Leaves and 25% Coconut Meat), set-up 2 (50%Malunggay
Leaves and 50% Coconut meat), and set-up 3 (25% Malunggay leaves and 25%
Coconut Meat). In terms of moisture set-up 3 has the least moisture content. In terms
of the chicken’s growth set-up 1 had the highest growth which contains larger amount
of malunggay leaves.
Therefore, it could be concluded that the set-up 1, which is 75% Malunggay
Leaves and 25% Coconut Meat. Since it had the highest crude protein content, which

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is the most important attribute for a Grower Broiler Chicken Feed and a significant
difference was observed among the three feed proportions.

Recommendation
The researchers recommend replicating the study for more accurate and
precise data will be presented in the field of research. Also, to use the study for
further analysis and action plans that may help the beneficiaries regarding in the field
of agriculture. The researchers respectfully recommend the government to support the
study in the agricultural aspect of using environmental wastes: malunggay and copra
meal that performs a vital role in the production of chickens feeds and environmental
awareness.

The researchers humbly recommend that agriculturalist should try to develop

and widen this kind of study to support environmentalists and contribute a solution in
decreasing environmental wastes by using substitute organic chicken feeds made
from agricultural wastes. The researchers recommend the future researchers to use or
add some ingredients fit to the chickens that can be sources for supplying more crude
protein to the feeds. Another is to find other ways to decrease the moisture content of
the feeds without sacrificing its nutrients level.

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