Aa ieee eta artl re ech ceWARFARE AVISUAL HISTORY Combining beautiful nineteenth-century engravings, artworks and diagrams with an engaging and informative modern test, Warfare: A Visual History narrates humankind’ tireless capacity for devising new ways Cea eo ees A chronological and cultural review of tacties and technology is supplemented by thumbnail studies of individual items of arms and armour, from swords to er aeRO oer y un ta ved ey sual approach parades the evolving profiles of army and Crna RRC eee et eee ce Ce omen nee et Sree Re nen ee te eee ere authoritative captions and a glossary of terms, the result isa complete grammar for the sehool of war, Navigational features include index tabs, cross-references ETT Tas LS a ere oR Ten ee warfare from ancient times to the first truly modern war £14.99WARFARE AVISU. HISTORY IVY PRESSThis edition published in the UK in 2016 by. Ivy Press oy 58 West Sa Brighton BNI 2RA, United Kingdom, ww quartoknows.com Qe First published in the UK in 2009 House Copyright © The Iny Press Limited 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any fort or by nechanieal including photocopying, recording, or by storage-ande-retrieval system, without written permission om the eopyright holder. “This book was conceived, de Ivy Press Creative Director: perex mupcewareR Publisher: 480% 00x Euitorial Director: eqnoniye ranie Senior Project Editor: ames thomas Copy Es Ant Ditvetor: suman. waereneaD Design: 16 LaNaway Image Reproduction: ixsnsey HaRwooD & Ln HUNT ned and praduced by: British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British ISBN; 978-1-78240-423-1 Printed in China 10987654321Contents 276 278 300 308 312 314 316 320 Introduction The Evolution of Warfare ‘The Ancient Way of War Rome and Her Enemies Medieval Warfare The Wider World The Firearms Revolution The Flintlock at War ‘The Harbinger of the Modern Battlefield War at Sea Revolutions In Arms and Armor Weapons Armor ‘Timeline Olossary Bibliography Index AcknowledgmentsIntroduction The ability (0 gain victory by changing and adapting according to the opponent is called genius So wrote the wa ‘or-philosopher Sun Tzu over two thousand years ago in his great work The Art of War. Adapting to changing cireumstances is indeed a key to military suecess. In war, victory depends more upon the wit of man, more upon invention and innovation than upon raw strength. That indomitable spirit of overcoming the odds, outwitting an opponent and developing new ideas is the main c4 1 of this book What follows is a study of the grammar of warfare, the nuts and bolts of armed conflict, t Jual elem ng the story of how the indiy ats of war developed and how they link one with the other. It examines weapons systems, command structures, logisties, organization, communications, reeruitment, training: troop types, and the strategy and tacties for their deployment, spanning a period from the earliest known conflicts to the American Civil War. ‘Telecommunication: the fe mm of the telegraph, iron-clad ships, and steam trains to transport men and equipment are just some of the by-produets of the industrial revolution that caused the American Givil War to be considered “the first modern war.” It also saw the lespread introduction of rifled weapons that shot further and more accurately than anything before, meaning that the ‘ar age was on an unprecedented scale. The progression of warfare to that point of critical mass is a story of constant evolution Weapons are developed in an attempt to de -at the latest armor, which itself “has evolved to be proof against the weapons of the day. This technological arms race has often been at the forefront of man’s scientific discoveries. The | ingenuity of military engineers, especially those of the distant past, never failsto astonish us. In this book we take a close look at many of the most significant (and indeed some of the most surprising) weapons that have been evolved by man. However, weapons systems are only part of the story. The invention of a weapon leads to the introduction of a new type of troop. He has to be armored appropriately, balancing the level of battlefield risk he will be exposed to with the need for him to be able to operate his weapon effectively, and also factoring in the cost of equipping him. An archer, for instance, is not going to be heavily armored, as it would interfere with his ability to shoot his bow. Moreover, given that battlefield archery depends on mass volume, it would be prohibitively expensive to provide full plate armor for thousands of archers. The advantage of archers is that they are light, nthe mobile troops and can be recruited from the general populace. Knights other hand are shock troops whose principal tactic is the impact charge. They need full armored protection, a horse to ride on and spare horses in case their ed from mount is injured. Knights are expensive troops and can only be rec the wealthier sections of society who can afford to provide their own equipment. All armies have a mixture of light and heavy troops and, in different ics for success. circumstances, each has different tact| Introduction , “Tactics” means the art of deploying troops and equipment in an engagement with the enemy. The great commanders in history have either changed the traditional tacties of their armies or have been able to adapt them in the field to achieve vietory. Cha: the developments in tactical trends from around the: world, our story of military evolution takes us from the chariot warfare of Ancient Egypt and the Near East to the breakthrough of men riding horses into battle and the age of the horse archer, We see how these fluid hit-and-run tactics of the East were in sharp contrast to a tradition of Western fighting that was more concerned with brute strength and head-on engagement, as in the massed. pike phalanxes used by Alexander the Great or the massed legions of Rome. Again, tactical innovation is only one piece of the puzzle. Carl von Clausewitz, an 18th-century Prussian military writer, defined war as “an act of violenceintended to compel our opponent to fulfill our will.” Often this will be achieved by winning series of battles. At other times it will involve a siege of a town or eastle (in fact in the history of warfare there have probably been more sieges than th e have been battles). Sieges are about controlling the land: they ar about strategic advantage. Strat n to achieve gy. as distinet from tacties, is a pl an overall aim, so that by occupying Constantinople, for instance, a power would have military control over the trading routes of both the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus, connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. The means by which a siege is carried out—hombardment with cannon or siege engines escalade. undermining. starving the occupants by surrounding the walls for months on end—are the tactics of the siege. Siege warfare is given a prominent place in the pages that follow Numerous factors, including geography, climate, culture, and natural around the globe. To reflect this, our narrative is structured both chronologically resourees, have influenced both the timing and speed of military development and by theme. Section one, The Evolution of Warfare, forms an overview of how technology and tacties evolved while section two, Revolutions in Arms and | Armor. focuses in greater detail on the development of weapons. | | an extremely wide range of cultures and epochs, the & Although covering 19th-e tury illustrations used throughout the book serve to unify the story ‘This was an age of pioneering scholarship and although from time to time the Victorian artist exercised his license, he generally had a good eye for fine ions where detail and created wonderfully evocative images. On the few occ the original artist has slipped in his interpretation of ancient technology, the writers have pointed out where this is at variance to present-day th It all adds to the interest of this most fascinating of subjects. |THE EVOLUTION OF WARFAREThe Ancient Way of War 3000-323 Ber This chapter considers the evolution of warfare from the dawn of civilization to the death of Alexander the: 3reat. a period spanning nearly three thousand years. However, warfare was already ancient when the first complex civilizations arose ¢. 3000 pcr, so some comments about its origins seem appropriate. A shadowy prototype of human warfare can be seen among chimpanzees, whose bands carry out lethal raids and ambushes against members of neighboring bands. However these do not give rise to organized contliets The hy between entire bands nan species became capable of a much higher level of organization when it developed the “tribe.” a federation of kinship groups united partly by biological ties but also by ethnic markers such as language, customs. symbols, and art styles Among other animals, cooperative activity is limited to small groups of close kin, but the tribes of mankind are capable of organized conflicts involving hundreds of individuals. Such tribal warfare probably appeared as soon as Homo sapiens acquired sufficient ity to ereate ethnie markers—at cognitive « the latest by the Upper Paleolithic, some fifty thousand years ago, when a sudden explosion of the visual arts provides the first certain evidence of advanced cognitive levels. Since then contli ct between groups of increasing size has been a st Jard feature and an important trigger of cultural evolution. ‘The rise of complex societies did not alter the basic pattern of warfare, but made it possible to mobilize resources far larger than those of tribal societies. Differentiated kinds of soldier appeared: in the late Bronze Age (c. 1650 nce) the horsed chariot introduced mobility; the early Iron Age (c. 1000 ner) brought the first disciplined infantry, the first cavalry, the idea of using different arms in combination, and the first effective siege trains. In the 7th century Ber. the Greeks used heavy infantry in shock combat. In the 4th century bce the Macedonians added heavy cavalry and the first artillery. The army of Alexander fused all this into a military machine that was not essentially improved upon. | until the gunpowder age. |Ancient Egypt at War, 3000-1000 scx The Old and Middle Kingdoms The history of Egypt was divided in ancient times into thirty dynasties, Modern Egy ptologists have divided it into three major periods called the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom, separated by termediate periods” when the country broke apart into petty principalities. The Old Kingdom, from the 3rd to the 6th dynasties (2680-2181 ner), was the age of the pyramids, when the foundations of Egyptian civilization were laid. The First Intermediate Period lasted from 2181 to 2040 ner. Then the pharaonie system was ecm restored under the Middle Kingdom (11th and 12th The Ezyptian shield was made of a cowhide dynasties, 2040-1780 nce). In the Old Kingdom the sired Nr eS a eee | only standing army was a royal bodyguard. The Middle | hii. tact is alge ban to use his cone for Kingdom felt need of more serious military organization, | example in sieze work (right) and even conducted occasional raids into the Levant Nubians © Nubia, or the upper Nile valley, | now divided between Sudan, was called Kish by the Egyptians. Nubia became united kingdom almost as early ed by pervasive F influence. E frequent commercial with Nubia, trading for ivory gold, ostrich plumes, leopard skins, and other Afriean products, and there were frequent military expeditions, probably to conteol the trade routes, In this image, «ki ride pyramids of the distinetive narrow Nubian shape in the nud The kin backs hhieroglyphies) are alse pictured© Maces In the Old King weapons were still made of stone. Bronze weapons did ‘common until the Middle Kingdom. Hence the usu hand weapons were hand-to the spear and the wace (a club with, ‘stone head} 2 Axes In the Middle Kingdom maces placed by aves, althous maces remained for ceremonial tse Swords The three blades fon the left are + of the exam sickle-shaped sword, some 18 inches (46 centimeters) in length, called Ahopesh by th Egyptians. The one oon dhe is straight sword that eventually replaced it Pharaoh smiting enemies @ This type of triumphal scene. in which a pharaoh strikes his enemies with ‘4 mace, is constantly repeated in Egyp Most of the ene Nubians (Iefe), but on the right a pharaoh holds a Nubian, a Berbe Syrian by their hair while he prepates to execute them, Thes thor tradito were the enemies of Egypt. Nubian weapons © The Nubian mace, dagger spear, and bow are very similar to Egyptian weapons, The bow is a simple or self bow, made from one piece of wood. These hil an eff wge of only about 200 feet (60 meters), Many Nubian in the pharaohs army Mite emp ae Dafoe sil Closhing Wriare Ninn enter Conepte & Tatce ‘Batdings Taper ete es eetNew Kingdom: tactics and technology ‘The Pharaoh goes to war During the long Third Intermediate Period the Nile In the (bate Bronze Age m maicua Sanson warfare was developed in which the only Delta was occupied by invaders from Asia known to effective offensive arms consisted of horsed the Egyptians as “Hyksos.” When Egypt was reunited chariots firing composite bows, ifuntry probably played no except to guard cam no longer afford its splendid isolation. Eypt became an | ‘thy 2 all of Nubia Levant. The New Kingdom (18th-2 the he There was a la by the rulers of Thebes in the 1oth century Bee, it could artis fhe oa ronip depicted below follow nd much of the | standards publy realistic in is lonse serious equipment se a eee seca iatecet open peee meal t of Egyptian power, wealth, and splendor cop ge stand ny, in which the mos jotry. The lig chariot had been invented in Anatolia 6, 1650 nce and was introduced into Egypt by the Hyksos. In the Late Bronze Age (1530-1009 ner), important element was eh: two-horse ke our idea tional relations appeared, with several powers in constant diplomatic contact See also “The Old and Middle Kingdoms, pres 113Eeypt at We The chariot The original range of the wild horse was the Eurasian steppe, where it was probably domesticated in the fourth millennium nee, and was used primarily as a food animal Whee! ¢. 3000 ner but were heavy wagons d vehicles were invented drawn by oxen (see page 14). Th light two-horse chariot was invented in the 17th century ner, perhaps in ably used © Egyptians pursuing Canaanites The Egyptians always portrayed their enemies, Hitites oF Canaanites (Syrian Anatolia, and was p for hunting. which always re ed one of the favorite uses of the char in antiquity. By about 1650 nce really did use spears from That would be « physical imp ike the phy requined bility chariots were being used for J made possible the rise of the Hittite kingdom in Anatolia and the | enemies to he portrayed as weak and helpless, | iny | The two major powers of the Late Bronze Age were I rypt and the Hittite kingdom; the Levant was the | battleground between them. © Eagyptian chariotry The amply mobile platform for archery. capable chariot fof speeds up to 10 miles (ab kil The hore earries two men, one « driver tu shield-bearer, the other an archer poses 290-1 equipped with a composite bow, which Radi arson had twice the rf simple bow pees HD sce pa 15). \ quiver and a howease the side of the chariotAssyria, ¢.1000-612 ner Assyria: tactics and technology In the Bronze 4, Mesopotamia w tes. Th om under one rule ymany warril were occasional atiempts (0 first Me: 2300 ace. But In the Late Bre unite the re the potamian on of Akkad, ¢ la empire was that of Sa empire we ‘at kingdon pylonia in the south Age twe and Assyria in the north; both, like New Kingdom, Egypt and the Hittite kingdom, relied on chariot armies. At the end of the Bronze As of civilization across the Middle here was a general decline t. The Iron Age. brought radical change which began ¢, 1000 8 cipli for the first time and armies generally becam of infantry. Th unprecedented siz the art of w ed infantry formations empires of the Iron Ag and power, and the first of these was the A See also Bows, uz 20oF Siege engines, pees DS Shields, pees 200=7 © Assyrian siegecraft The most dreaded component of the ain, On the hattering Assyri rams on wheels, Ramminy carried archers who protected the men careying out this work.Heavy infantrytactics and technology (© The mature Assyrian army 750-612 ce | This palace relief shows heavy infantry (spear homeland was a 100-mile (160-kilometer) The Enemies of Rome Celtic warfare Rome he 3rd in the 2nd century: onquered the Celts of northern Italy century ner and the Celts of Spa Julius Caesar b he conquest of Gaul, their major stronghold, in 58 nce, Most of Britain was made a Row most of the Celtic peoples were becoming Romani: 1» province in the early prineipate, By this time but Celtic languages have survived to this day in the northern and western fringes of the British Isles. The Greek The whole race... is madly fond of war, high-spirited ographer Strabo described the Celts as follows: and quick to battle, but otherwise straightforward and not of evil character. And so when they are stirred up. they assemble in their bands for battle, quite openly and without forethought, so that they are easily handled by those who desire to outwit them: for at any time or place... you will have them ready to face danger, even if they have nothing on their side but their own strength ‘and courage © Celtic cavalry Cehic cavalry were highly most of theie me esteemed. After the Ronan ansiliaties, Horsen conquest of Gaul, the Gauls armed with long spears. One provided the Romans with figure carries a boar stanard. Celtic infantry Celtie society was divided into three main castes; druids (priests), warriors sand peasants, Warriors were of four types eavalty. charioteers, h swords (shown here) and light infantry with javelins vy infantry with © Marks of wealth Cutirasses of plate armor: finely ‘embossed and incised, were worn only by wealthy chieftains Most armor was mail nd many warriors ‘wore neither armor nor helmet© Ceremonial shields Shields came in many shapes. Combat shields were of | probably Cavalry and charioteers were recruited wore used only ayainst cavalry: the Gol ronwork The Colts wen famous for their skills probably is mail armor (Sr entury nex). which was quiekly adopted by the Roman army swords come f Halstaat and La Tene periods of the Celtic Iron the classical age of Celtic culture whieh lasted from th Teh eeneury ner ell th Roman conquest Uke nobles. Cavalry would throw javelins and then eharge home with spear and sword. The Celtic eavalryman, like the Celtic infantryman, was primarily a swordsman. Two-horsed chariots hic chariots were used for the last rein Britain in the Ist connury ex te ae Phrygian helmets @ I cerenianaet tele lathe ee pe ularly Celtic, The more typical Celtic helinet was ard helmet used by the Roman army under the rineipare was based on it Cavalry and chariots @ Mise srapone * fori Te hie hiking - infanty abe itay Conese & Tee chur ins & TresROMP AND HER ENEMIES Anatomy of a Roman Dicken‘he siege of Alesia was the culmination of Julius Caesars apaign of conquest in Gaul in 52 nce, It demonstrated his mastery of Roman siege warfare. His earthworks ant ‘walls extended for miles (14 kilometers) in ¢wo rings around the hase of the hillfort Te was worth the enormous investment in labor as it brought Vervingetoriy to his ‘knees and virtually ended Celie resistance in Gaul. ANATOMY OF A ROMAN SIEGE 4 The Celtic hilltop fortress of Mlesia was set upon a rorky plateau, now Known as Mont-Auxois, 30 miles (48 Kilometers) west of Dijon in south-east France, It as the impregnable base of Vereingetoris, leader of the Gauls, Surrounded by steep river valleys on three sides. i¢ was protected hy a wooden palisade and steep earth slopes. 2'The immer Roman wooden walls were designed to keep the Celts contained ‘within their hillfort In front of the wall was a ditch 8 feet (2.5 meters) deep and 15 feet (4.5 meters) wide. The earth dug from this was used to form a Jong mound ‘on which was a wooden stockade with ‘wooden towers built at regular imervals 8 Roman camps within the ¢wo walls were laid out in ordered rows with, tents and latrines. Up to fifty thousand soldiers in ten lesions, with barbarian susiliaies, formed the eore of Caesar's force survounding the hillfort. They could counter forays from both inside and outside Alesia. Merchants and eamp, followers kept the soldiers supplied ‘vith food and formed a n ‘within the walls 4 The outer Roman ring of defenses was intonded 1» protect Caesar’ soldiers from ‘attack by relieving Celtic forees coming from allied tribes. Trenches fronted this sand some of them were filled with water dliverted from nearby rivers, Roman field autillery could be fired frou the towers situated along the walls 8 Trenches and potholes were filled with stakes intended to trap Celie warriors setting ow on raids from the hill for ‘The great strength of the Celtic tribes was their cavalry and Caesar wanted (© ‘neutralize their charges against his men and their fortificationsGermanic peoples Tribes speaking Germanic lai a branch of the great Indo-European family, originally inhabited the area around the Baltic Sea to the north of the Celtic zone, In the later 2nd century ce. when the Romans had virtually eliminated the Celts, the Germans began to drift southward and came into contact, and often coniliet, with Roman legions quartered along the Rhine and Danube. Over the next three centuries the German tribes borrowed much from the Romans. served in the Roman army in increasing numbers, and coalesced into larger. more formidable. and more Romanized chiefdoms, When the Roman administration in the western empire coll psed in the 5th century cr, these barbarian tribes entered Roman territory semi-Germanic, semi-Roman, the kingdoms of medieval Europe. See alo ‘The Dark Ages, jrzes THF Aarolingian knight, ss 90 Swords, pays 201 Weapons of reach, jes 2845 (Clubs, maces, and axes, prizes 280-7 Shields, pages 06-7 @ German weapons tion of typival weapons used bythe Germanie tribes: left. @ German chieftain German chieftain when Germanic war leaders often wore mail armor acyired fron the Romans. He has ln straight sword, derived pethaps from the Roman cavalry sword (spatha) anul porhaps from the Celtic sword. He carries shield; this shield is but Germa different shield types, By the 4th century cx there was litle dilferener hetween Germans and Romans in technology ancl tactics, but GiTeutonic fashion © | |‘Medieval Warfare 500-1500 Medieval societies devoted a great deal of time and energy to improving the technology of arr and r. fortifications. c arm. and. logistics spades, when especially during th pertise at sea was required. Indeed, it is often forgotten what an important role naval warfare played in the medieval world amount has been lost to | Although a la us from the period between 1000 and 1500 cx enough remains to help us understand it particularly evidence from the stone walls of the many castles that dot the landseapes both of Europe, where they originated, and the Holy Land. where they were established to protect the Crusaders’ conquests. Another glory of the period was the evolution of the knightly lifestyle, expressed through and tournaments a love of horses, heraldry From simple mail shirts, increasingly sophisticated body armor was developed culminating in the full plate armor of the late 15th century. Not that the knights had it | all to themselves. as modern myth suggests. Infantry armed with a variety of pole arms, as how and crossbow, which were well as the long powerful enough bring down a mounted knight, | also made their presence felt. In addition, at sieges. which were the predominant form of warfare, miners, engineers, and other experts were crucial to the successful prosecution off strategy and campaigns. The development of effective siege weapons and other machines of war are other examples of medieval ingenuity. Catapults and siege towers had been used since antiquity, but the powerful trebuchet. developed in the mid-12th | role in battering down century, played a cru defensive walls. The increase in the use of rom the gunpowder weapons in Europe mid-14th century finally spelled doom for the medieval eastle with its tall but thin walls as siege artillery that could destroy them ere aevelped Finally. there is the heroism of the age epitomized by war leaders such as Richard the Lionheart, King of England, a giant of the Crusades and a man whose name has rung down the centuries as a military hero500-1006 Early Middle Ages The Dark Ages The term “Dark Ages” is often applied to the Early Middle Ages (th to 10th centuries) but only the early part of Medieval society @ Like the ancient Celts medieval jolars divided this period was lacking in civilization whe ora ee k. The first class is represented hop and priest (below left): the and those who w roughly the Ovo centuries following the here hy a end of the we: 470. By the 8th e kingdoms of western ein ern Roman Emp! tury the barbarian ppe had ish kingdom: ki below ri stabilized and the Pran| fi) had emerged as the dominant power Tia choc ears The Franks were Catholic Christians. iron cap and inal not Arian hereties like most of the shirt (whieh would not however, have covered his German tribes, and so benefited from. Tithe} which by the SiH the support of the Chureh. In the late 8th century their king, Charles the the standard equipment of Great (Charlemagn uniting mo the Western military elite sueceeded in of continental western tmas Day 800 he was crowned “Roman Emperor Europe, and on Chr by the Pope. In the 5th century most of Britain was oceupied by Germanic tribes from the North Sea | coast (Angles, Saxon and Jutes) In the 7th century they adopted Christianity and established several kingdon dd by the 8th cent they were an integral part of the unified Christian culture taking shape dl contributions to Char ne’s revival of Latin learning (the R resembled that of continental Europe, hh warfare closely @EARLY MIDDLE AGES: oor © Carolingian horsemen By Carol elite warrior, and the beginnings of feuclal organization, in which emre eee ey | ss pie pee | a= stabbed with them in | Often, Frankish: ; atone Tell wey dismounted to fight cn foot Baiking Paespnt Helmets and weapons @ Most helmets of the period were of the Sp (strip helmet”) types ‘conical iron cap (2).'The ‘mainly infuntey armies. Most had only shield and spear. The more afflue possibly erossbows (bottom rs though this weapon. for some reas I did not become widespevadl until about “ES the Leh century \Y in use (2) but was being replaced by the long sword,Viking invaders At the end of the 8h century, when western Europeans were emerging from the Dark Ages, they were struck by a fresh wave of barbarian invaders more destructive than any before them, They came from Scandinavia. had no name for he Men from the North a land so remote that Christian then and could only eall them: Norsemen, Normans). They proudly called themselves Their advent was signaled by Vikings” (pira Viking art monastery of Lindist Ornamental plates originally attached ta a king’s the sack of the ein Northumbria in 793. In the years that followed they belt, ps repeatedly raided the coasts of the British Isles and the whe he Carolingian Empire. In the late 9th century they b aaa ee ‘or wolves in the frenzy of battle. One warrior went territories and founded the Viking | 9. baurstweal lols sal anealer e kingdoms of York, Dublin, and Normandy. horned helmet. Despite no evidence that Vikings wore horned he lar belief, there is See also ‘The Vikings: snekkes and dra Norse attire The man on the right© The later Norsemen These images show an Uth-century Scandinavian knight anal a common the kingclom: Denmark, Norway, OF eed Chiristianized and the Vikin: The mailed knight has 1 kite-shaped Norman Viking atrocities This embroidery from a Swedish church depicts the ‘massacre of the innocents at Bethlehem. King Herod is saying Occidite omnes Kill all [the infants}. Scandinavia was a Christian 1 paintings depict what haul app not to lon Viking: ed a town, tf Viking weapons A sword about tins sseapon for hund-to- @ The Viking longship hhand combat, Spears] The Viking age was made possible by the and javelins were invention of the longship, the first efficient also used both for ‘oceangoing vessel. Longships could be more throwing and hand: than 100 feet (30 meters) long and were to-hand fightin powered bath by oars and sails, Forty oars was Scandinavia was rich | considered standard. The long oar at the stern | in timber and iron was used for swering, and the shallow draft nil Norse metalwork | enabled the ship to sail up rivers. Ships like was as famous as their | these took the Vikings to Ieeland, Greenland, shipbuilding and the North American mainland Masi capers Defense ieshape sed Sel Coating a alge Concopt ties raedThe Normans | Norman knight. The Normans. whose origins were This Noprnam gin SU oa Vikin; The pennon on his Lance displays his status were the most renowned fuctnes Rem cetnnirentcele They Eat cel hee hacking but should really be rail CE Oe eu He would be accompanied by a squire, an northern France undes essential support for a mounted warrior widh leader Hrolf, who w more than one horse to mn territory by the French Ki 911, Gradually they adopted the See ako French la on, customs ‘The Viking tongs, aie | . The Norman invasion of and way of fighting, while not England jae 2 giving up their naval traditions ‘Sword pases 250-1 b ‘cubs, maces, nd axes, By the mid-1 1th century they page sor Re Body armor, ars 12-3 leading exponents of cavalry and castle war When, in 1066, Wil Duke of Normandy, laid claim to the English throne. he set Battle scene from the © Knight of the Bayeux Tapestry | —_-mid-12th century Here we see Norman | ‘The pointed helmet about collecting a mighty fleet of longships and transports for his kn England, Landi in what was known as the “Phry which wai is’ horses in order to invade lar at challenged King Harold to battle on dt the time, His sword in ins lavishly decorated | north of Hastin spe Oct en seabbard October, After a long day’s hard from the belt, wh ich is the symbol of his nighth fighting William was vietorious id. The ions AU. one of narliest heraldic arms adopted by a royal house, mies of Geotfeey Ur Belo jon (1152), the father of Henry 1 ot Exelon® William and his standard bearer William, Duke of Normandy, accompanied by his standard hearer, at the crucial moment in the Battle of Hastings when he raised his helmet to dispel the rumor that he had been killed. He caries his baton of command that resembles a fighting club, Norman shields Norman shields were Alistinetiv teardrop: ‘or kite-shaped. The Bayeus Tapestry frequently shows awed with dragons. The large central boss is often surrounded by 4 pattern of river heads that also served to fix the long support strap (guige) to the back of the shield. Duke William of Normandy from the Bayeux Tapestry FARLY MIDDLE sGrs Count of Eu @ ‘ount of Eu from the arrying a long-handed This representation of the Bayeux Tapestry shows him Danish ax as a mark of his rank. His long cloak and seale hanberk also demonstrate his wealth, As a vassal of Duke William he wears his hair short and shaved ar the baek in-the Norman manner: Duke William’s ship © In this image from the Bayeus Tapestry. Duke William’s ship Mora, « elassie longship. leads the invasion fleet in 1006. He crossed at | night carrying a lantern at the while the fizurehead at the | stem, a golden statue of a boy earrying a lance bowing # horn, is deseribed | | The Duke is weari with three-quatter-length slee leggings he wears were reserved only for the very rieh in the mid-1 Ith century. Carrying a sword shows him to be a knight, while his banner ‘mail hauberk The mail noble starus isd ‘on his kanee and the ribbons falling from the back of his helmet and neck, Han weapons lance ‘Tong ax show Deemer bites i Cning eles ed ppt pond elaet *le mbere Writ ‘Norman night Coneep Toesice cn warare Bulag Trango = eeThe Medieval Knight, soo-1500 Origins and evolution The medieval knight is an iconic figure, usually depicted in the full plate armor of the late 15th century. In fact, it took hundreds af years of development from much if} simpler forms of protection wy © Apoir of ousting keights ¢. 1180 and methods of riding to achieve this apogee. At the time of the Emperor its pominel and cantle wrapping | a barrel helm, which gave extra Charlemagne, c. 800. armored horsemen rode around the riders secured by double breast strap. To withst without stirrups and of impact their legs are thrust out and upper bodies pushed forward carried round shields very a chevron shape much like the Roman cavalry centuries earlier The introduction of sti ps in the 10th century changed the style of fighting. and knights began cha lances, which they practiced © ACarolingian knight of the 9th century Roman model, appears ia Frankish artistsKnighthood ceremony @ si Th tion of the See also Horaldry and > Heraldry on clothingKnicht ( Knight \ Heraldry and tournaments @ The victor Pine SHEA WRT RE OEE OGL GEIENTE CT eee This picture from the mid-13th-century Tournament Pore M Manuscript, whieh recorded the knights practiced ¢ pecialized skills of managing | details of famous jouster, shows the victor of horse and lance, They had their orig uament, Ireneapsulates the color and 1s in Carolingian Wi ity of what was in effect a sporting event and even Roman times. but in ¢, 1050 they took on the form of the joust that was maintained for 500 years, At ancl euk Muiinaba the Bayeux garland for the champion to wear. Also the time of the Norman Conquest, althe eee in the scene are musi knight has whole dry first appeared | carries his master’s lance, another valet his ed shields. warriors did not Tapestry shows dee T 1 of eu porters possess personal coats of arms, Her in the 11305 individuals on the battlefield and as an helmet, and a third, in @ eap, holds « hammer result of the need to recognize for ising armor da tor of Initially it-w and great lords alu estricted to king: and became closely associated with the niry of tournaments, Heraldry developed its own language and strict rules of use, and disputes over use of the symbols were settled in special Courts of Chi Knights tourneying, c. 1500 ¢ In comparison with anmor often had a fixed leg protection and the barred helmet, which allowed better ind did not have to proteet against as in warlare, The ere also carry blunted swords for the encounter