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ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS –I
EENG350-Chapter 1

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How electronics affected our lives?
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Baby Computer of Manchester University

• Cell phones
• Computers
• Automotive systems
• Security devices
• Sensory interfaces
• Internet of Things IoT
• Implantable devices
• Robotics, Etc… The world first stored program computer
running for the first time on June 21, 1948

Electronic Circuit I- EENG350 Chapter 1

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How electronics affected our lives?
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• Cell phones
• Computers
• Automotive systems
• Security devices
• Sensory interfaces
• Internet of Things IoT
• Implantable devices
• Robotics, Etc…

Electronic Circuit I- EENG350 Chapter 1

Summer 2020
How electronics affected our lives?
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• Cell phones
• Computers
• Automotive systems
• Security devices
• Sensory interfaces
• Internet of Things IoT
• Implantable devices
• Robotics, Etc…

Electronic Circuit I- EENG350 Chapter 1

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How electronics affected our lives?
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• Cell phones
• Computers Objective of this course:

• Automotive systems To build the foundation or

• Security devices bases for analyzing and
designing electronic circuits
• Sensory interfaces through studying in details
• Internet of Things IoT the electronic components
• Implantable devices
• Robotics, Etc…

Electronic Circuit I- EENG350 Chapter 1

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To accomplish!!
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• Define the learning outcomes of the course

• Introduce the course material

• Introduction to electronics

Electronic Circuit I- EENG350 Chapter 1

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 Learning Outcomes (syllabus)
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1. Outline the relationship between the basic semiconductors principles and the corresponding
electrical characteristics.
2. Describe the essence of the diode function; apply the techniques for the analysis of diode
circuits through modeling the diode characteristics, and use diodes for various applications,
including design.
3. Demonstrate a high degree of familiarity with the BJT and MOSFET: its physical structure
and operation, terminal characteristics, circuit models, DC biasing, small-signal operation
and models.
4. Analyze and Design BJT and MOSFET single stage amplifier configurations.
5. Analyze MOS Cascode Stage and Current Mirrors.

Text book reference: “Fundamentals of Microelectronics”, second edition, Behzad Razavi, ISBN: 978-019-973851-91, Wiley, 2014.

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Course Material
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• CH1 Why Microelectronics?

• CH2 Basic Physics of Semiconductors
• CH3 Diode Circuits
• CH4 Physics of Bipolar Transistors
• CH5 Bipolar Amplifiers
• CH6 Physics of MOS Transistors
• CH7 CMOS Amplifiers
• CH9 Cascode Stages and Current Mirrors
• CH10 Differential Amplifiers

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Fundamentals of Microelectronics
Chapter 1 Why Microelectronics?
1.1 Electronics versus Microelectronics

1.2 Example of Electronic System: Cellular Telephone

1.3 Analog versus Digital

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1.1 Electronics and Microelectronics
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+
-
Capacitor Diode Bipolar transistor MOS transistor
Resistor Inductor Op amp
Limited applications from real life Able to built interesting behavior circuits

Basic Electric Components

Electronic Components

Basic Circuit Theory:

Designing these electronic components on
• KVL, KCL semiconductor with nanometer scale technology

• Norton or Thevenin Equivalent

MICROELECTRONICS

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 Evolution of Electronic Devices
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 finite lifetime  very long lifetime

 large size  occupied smaller volume
Need better property device (e.g., less than 1 cm3)
Vacuum Need smaller size
Tubes Discrete
and better performance
Transistors
1940s
World war II
field of microelectronics
 Perform complex and
various functions SSI and MSI
 Occupy tiny volume VLSI
Integrated
Surface-Mount
Circuits
Circuits
1960s
nowadays
To pack a larger number of devices on the same IC chip, the trend has been to reduce the device
dimensions  we reached a transistor with length of 7 nm currently  check Moor’s Law
Electronic Circuit I- EENG350 Chapter 1
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Electronic Circuit-I
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Fundamentals of Microelectronics

Chapter 1 Why Microelectronics?

1.1 Electronics versus Microelectronics

1.2 Example of Electronic System: Cellular Telephone

1.3 Analog versus Digital

Electronic Circuit I- EENG350 Chapter 1

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1.2 Example of Electronic Systems
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1.2.1. Cellular Technology

 Cellular telephones were developed in the 1980s and rapidly became popular in the 1990s.
 Cellphones contain a great deal of sophisticated analog and digital electronics

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1.2.1. Cellular Technology

What goes on in these black boxes?
Why are they needed?

a) Simplified view of a cellphone (b) further simplification of transmit and receive paths.

 An important example of microelectronics.

 Microelectronics exist in black boxes that process the received and transmitted voice signals

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1.2.1. Cellular Technology

What goes on in these black boxes?
Why are they needed?

a) Simplified view of a cellphone (b) further simplification of transmit and receive paths.
for an antenna to operate efficiently, i.e., to convert most of the electrical signal to electromagnetic radiation, its
dimension must be a significant fraction (e.g., 25%) of the wavelength. Unfortunately, a frequency range of 20 Hz to
20 kHz translates to a wavelength1 of 1.5 × 107 m to 1.5 × 104 m, requiring gigantic antennas for each cellphone.
Conversely, to obtain a reasonable antenna length, e.g., 5 cm, the wavelength must be around 20 cm and the
frequency around 1.5 GHz.
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1.2.1. Cellular Technology Frequency Up-conversion

 the spectrum of the sinusoid
How do we “convert” the voice consists of two impulses at
band to a gigahertz center ±fc, the voice spectrum is
frequency? simply shifted (translated) to
±fc
multiply the voice signal, (a) Multiplication of a voice signal by a sinusoid,
x(t), by a sinusoid, A
cos(2πfct)

(b) equivalent operation in the frequency domain.

 Voice is “up-converted” by multiplying two sinusoids.

 When multiplying two sinusoids in time domain, their spectra are convolved in frequency domain.

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1.2.1. Cellular Technology Transmitter

(a) Simple transmitter, (b) more complete transmitter.

• Two frequencies are multiplied and radiated by an antenna in (a).

• A power amplifier is added in (b) to boost the signal.

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1.2.1. Cellular Technology Receiver

(a) Translation of modulated signal to zero center frequency,

(b) simple receiver, (c) more complete receiver.

• High frequency is translated to DC by multiplying by fC.

• A low-noise amplifier is needed for signal boosting without excessive noise.

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Fundamentals of Microelectronics

Chapter 1: Why Microelectronics?

1.1 Electronics versus Microelectronics

1.2 Example of Electronic System: Cellular Telephone

1.3 Analog versus Digital

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1.2.3 Analog Vs. Digital
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Signal Types

Digital signals appear at discrete

levels. Usually we use binary signals
Analog signals take on continuous which utilize only two levels.
values - typically current or voltage.
One level is referred to as logical 1 and
logical 0 is assigned to the other level.
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• Analog signals are • After digitization, the

continuous in time and continuous analog signal
voltage or current. (Charge can becomes a set of discrete
also be used as a signal values, typically separated by
conveyor.) fixed time intervals.

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1.2.3 Analog VS Digital
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Amplifiers circuits that must process each point on a waveform with

Analog functions great care to avoid effects such as noise and “distortion”
comparators (e.g., a voice signal) .

Flip flops

Logic gates Digital functions Digital Circuits deal with binary levels (ONEs and
ZEROs)
Registers

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1.2.3 Analog VS Digital
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• X1(t) is operating at 100 Mb/s and X2(t) is operating at 1Gb/s.

• A digital signal operating at very high frequency (speed)
require analog expertise

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Electronic Circuit I- EENG350 Chapter 1

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