Industrial Engineering

2021; 5(1): 21-27

http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ie
doi: 10.11648/j.ie.20210501.13
ISSN: 2640-110X (Print); ISSN: 2640-1118 (Online)

Design a Half Bridge Inverter and a Full Bridge Inverter with

Overload Protection Circuit Using IC555
Samhar Saeed Shukir
Electrical Department, Technical Institute- Kut, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq

Email address:

To cite this article:

Samhar Saeed Shukir. Design a Half Bridge Inverter and a Full Bridge Inverter with Overload Protection Circuit Using IC555. Industrial
Engineering. Vol. 5, No. 1, 2021, pp. 21-27. doi: 10.11648/j.ie.20210501.13

Received: July 31, 2021; Accepted: August 12, 2021; Published: August 23, 2021

Abstract: Inverter is a power electronic circuit that converts the direct voltage (DC) to an alternating voltage (AC). Inverters
are used in a range of applications from consumer electronics and industrial to renewable energy. The flexible capability to
create an AC signal from a DC voltage, frequency and speed control are all accomplished from the use of Inverter. Inverter
takes the voltage and passes it through switching elements which turn the DC signal into an AC square wave signal. This wave
is then passes through filter which turns it into a sine wave signal of the required voltage. This paper presents design an
inverter with overcurrent protection circuit without microcontroller, where the MOSFET gate driver is controlled by pulses
generated from 555 timer, and with using a low pass filter and setup transformer, a low cost sine wave inverter has been
obtained. The heart of the design is 555 timer. The design is achieved in Proteus 8. Simulation results demonstrated that a
single phase sine wave (50 Hz) has been generated by a half bridge inverter and a full bridge inverter and protection circuit
from current higher than 4.5A has been built. The reliability and accuracy of the system are verified through an experiment.

Keywords: Single Phase Sin Wave Inverter, Half Bridge Inverter, Full Bridge Inverter, Overload Protection Circuit

noise, and reduce the service life of the devices [4], so a

1. Introduction sinusoidal inverter with overcurrent protection circuits at a
Pure sine wave inverter is demand of modern era, it not cost roughly equal to the cost of the square wave inverter is
only increases the efficiency of the power system but also introduced in this search.
prevent the electrical components from damaging [1]. In
practice loads operate with an alternating voltage, because 2. The Main Parts of the Design
generation and transmission cost of the alternating voltage is
much less than in the case of the direct voltage [2]. The 2.1. Astable 555 Timer 50% Duty Cycle
alternating voltage cannot be stored, so it is converted to An astable 555 timer is an integrated circuit used in a
direct voltage to store in batteries and then reconverted to an variety applications as, timer, pulses generator, and oscillator
alternating voltage using an inverter to be used in operating [5].
loads when the main grid power outage [3]. The electrical The block diagram of the 555 timer is shown in figure 1
power is not continuous in Iraq especially in summer season From the voltage divider rule, the reference voltage of the
because, the amount of generation is insufficient for the first comparator is(2Vcc/3) and the threshold voltage of the
increasing loads, increasing the voltage drop in wires, and second comparator is (Vcc/3 )
absence power quality requirements such as, harmonics filter, The factor of the Ton and Toff is
dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), DSTATCOM etc, this lead
to frequent interruptions of electrical energy per day, so Ln [(2Vcc/3)/ (Vcc/3 )]=Ln(2) (1)
consumers using inverter to run lights, charger, fans and
other small appliances that need a little current. Commercial So, Ton and Toff are determined from the following
inverters generate a square wave or a semi-square wave relations [6]
which are contain high harmonics that cause overheating,
22 Samhar Saeed Shukir: Design a Half Bridge Inverter and a Full Bridge Inverter with Overload Protection Circuit Using IC555

Ton=Ln(2)*(Ra+Rb)*C (2) Figure 2 shows the outer circuit connection for the
traditional astable 555 timer
Toff=Ln(2)*Rb*C (3)

Since the factor Ln(2) is the same for both the Ton and
Toff, and (Ra+Rb)> Rb, so Ton>Toff, and the duty cycle> 50%

Figure 1. The block diagram of the 555 timer.

Figure 2. The outer circuit of the traditional 555 timer.

50% duty cycle can be obtained by connecting 10kΩ resistor from control pin(CV) to the ground as shown in figure 3.

Figure 3. The outer circuit connection of the modify 555 timer.

 Industrial Engineering 2021; 5(1): 21-27 23

From the voltage divider rule, demonstrated in figure 4, where each square is equal to 10ms.
The refrence voltage of the first comparator becomes
(Vcc/2), and the threshold voltage of the second comparator
remains (Vcc/3)
The factor of the Ton becomes,
Ln [(Vcc/2)/ (Vcc/3)]=Ln(3/2) (4)

Toff is not affected by the resistor connected between

(CV)pin and ground, so the factor of the Toff remains Ln(2)
The equations of the Ton and Toff become as follows [1],
Figure 4. The output of the modify 555 timer.
Ton=Ln(3/2)(Ra+Rb)*C (5)
2.2. Low Pass Filter
Toff=Ln(2)(Rb)*C (6)
Filter is designed to pass the fundemental frequency and
Now, we can make Ton=Toff, (duty cycle=50%): reject the high order harmonics [7]. Sine wave can be
For f= 50Hz, T= =20ms, Ton=Toff=10ms obtained from pulses or square wave after its passage through
From equation 6 calculate Rb a low pass filter as shown in the simulation result of the
electronic circuit which introduced in figure 5. The electronic
10ms=Ln(2)(Rb)*0.1uf circuit consists of astable 555 timer and a low pass filter.
First the values of the inductor and capacitor were calculated
Rb= from the following equation
.

Rb=144269.5041 f (7)
√

From equation 5 calculate Ra For f=50Hz, C=330uf, the value of the inductor is
10ms=Ln(3/2)(Ra+144269.5041)*0.1uf =307mH, then the inductor has been tunned to give a
sinewave, the value of 50mH gives a smooth sinewave as
Ra=102360.8421 shown in figure 6.
The waveform after connected the 10kΩ resistor is

Figure 5. The electrical circuit that generates the sine wave.

2.3. MOSFET Gate Driver

MOSFET gate driver is a power electronic device that is

used to drive the gate of a power MOSFET efficiently and
effectively in high-speed switching applications [8]. The
MOSFET gate driver works under the same principle as the
MOSFET transistor [9]. In this search IR2101 has been used to
Figure 6. The output of the low pass filter connected to the 555 timer. drive the MOSFET gate in a half bridge inverter as depicted in
figure 7. The IR2101 driver is a powerful and robust in
24 Samhar Saeed Shukir: Design a Half Bridge Inverter and a Full Bridge Inverter with Overload Protection Circuit Using IC555

triggering the MOSFET gate, since its output voltage is 12v and the threshold voltage of the MOSFET is 4.5v.

Figure 7. The IR2101 drive the half bridge inverter.

IR2101 also has been used in design the full bridge inverter as introduced in figure 8

Figure 8. The IR2101 drive the full bridge inverter.

3. Design and Simulation

3.1. Half Bridge Inverter

Figure 9 demonstrated the electrical circuit of the half bridge inverter where two capacitors are used instead of two batteries
to divide the voltage of the battery on the two mosfets. The inductor of 50mh and capacitor of 220uf have been used to
eliminate the high order harmonics at inverter output, and 12/220 setup voltage transformer to get the desired voltage.

Figure 9. The design of the half bridge inverter.

 Industrial Engineering 2021; 5(1): 21-27 25

Figure 10 shows the inverter output without low pass filter,

and figure 11 introduced the inverter output with low pass
filter.

Figure 11. The output of the half bridge inverter with filter.

3.2. Full Bridge Inverter

Figure 12 introduced the design of the full bridge inverter

with the following values, (24v) battery, (50mh, 330uf) low pass
filter, (24/220)v transformer. The sine wave is gotten as shown
in figure 14. The inverter output voltage was about 215v and
Figure 10. The output voltage of the half bridge inverter without filter.
frequency 50Hz. The output of the full bridge inverter was more
smooth and stability than the half bridge inverter.

Figure 12. The design of the full bridge inverter.

Figures 13, 14 show the output voltage of the full bridge

inverter with and without filter.

Figure 14. The output of the full bridge inverter.

3.3. Over Current Protection Circuit

Overcurrent protection circuit is often used in inverter to

Figure 13. The output of the full bridge inverter without filter. cut off the load from the inverter when the load draws a large
current than the specified capabilities of the inverter. In this
26 Samhar Saeed Shukir: Design a Half Bridge Inverter and a Full Bridge Inverter with Overload Protection Circuit Using IC555

search, a simple over current protection circuit using 555 design and simulation the overload protection circuit with the
oscillator has been built. Figure 15 and figure 16 depicted load of 1kw and 1.1kw.

Figure 15. Design and simulation of the overcurrent protection circuit with the load of 1kw.

Figure 16. Design and simulation of the overcurrent protection circuit with the load of 1.1kw.

Resistor R1 is used as the overload sensing element, it is reset after removing unwanted loads
selected as 0.5 ohm for 220v, 1kw (max). When the load just
exceeds 1kw, the current through R1 is higher than 4.5A, 4. Conclusions
producing a potential difference across R1. An optocoupler is
used to sense this voltage drop and to isolate the AC mains With the development of technology, inverter is considered
part from the rest of the circuit. The inbuilt transistor inside one of the most important parts in electrical and electronic
the optocoupler senses this voltage and its collector current applications [10]. It cannot be dispensed with in all mobile
increases proportionally. Voltage drop across R3 also electrical applications and in renewable energy to convert the
increases and when this voltage drop becomes greater than generated direct voltage to an alternating voltage [11]. In this
breakdown voltage of zener diode (4.7v) and VBE (0.7v) for paper a single-phase half bridge inverter and full bridge
the first transistor (Q1), it causes forward biasing of the inverter without microcontroller are designed. Sine wave was
transistor (Q1). This results in the collector of the transistor obtained by using a low pass filter that prevents the passage
(Q1) to be pulled down to ground and trigger IC555, which is of high-frequency noise. The wave generated by the full
connected in bistable mode. The output of the IC555 causes bridge inverter contains less distortion than half bridge
overload indicating LDE to glow as shown in figure 16 and inverter, due to use capacitors to divide the battery voltage
forward biasing of the second transistor (Q2) to energize instead of two batteries. Overload protection circuit has been
relay. Once the output of bistable goes high, it continuous to introduced that disconnected the load from the inverter when
remain high, until reset push button S1 or the circuit can be exceeds 1kw. The simulation results showed acquisition a
 Industrial Engineering 2021; 5(1): 21-27 27

single phase sine wave inverter with desired voltage and [6] H. Wu, J. Zhang and Y. Xing, "A family of multiport buck-
frequency and overload protection circuit using power boost converters based on DC-link-inductors (DLIs)", IEEE
Trans. on Power Electron., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 735-746, Feb
electronic devices only. 2015.

[7] F. R. Yu, P. Zhang, W. Xiao and P. Choudhury,

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