HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT

 The early medical diagnosis treated disease as a mystery. It is believed to be caused of

the negative interaction between the environment and the body.

 Around 300BC to 180AD, Hippocrates became the father of medicine and also the author
of Hippocratic Oath. Galen, a Greek Physician and Philosopher, instigated a rudimentary
and qualitative assessment of disorder by measuring of body fluids also called “four
humors” (Blood, Phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile) in relation to season.

 Hippocrates advocated the tasting of urine, listening to lungs, and observing outward
appearances in the diagnosis. According to him, that the appearance of bubbles, blood,
and pus in urine indicated kidney disease and chronic illnesses.

 Galen described diabetes as “diarrhea of urine” and established the relationship between
the fluid intake and urine volume. Water casting (uroscopy) was widely practiced in
medieval Europe.

 Patients submitted their urine specimen in a decorative flask. And the physician who failed
to examine the urine and specimen are subjected to public beatings

 900AD, the first book detailing the characteristics of urine (color, density, and quality) was
written. From these early documented works, medicine and medical technology advanced
because of high mortality rate caused by plagues and other diseases.

 11th century, mechanical techniques and cadaver dissection were used to provide a more
objective and accurate diagnosis and to understand the inside of the body.

 19th century, physicians began using machines for diagnosis or therapeutics.

 Spirometer invented by John Hutchinson for measuring the vital capacity of the lungs and
Sphygmomanometer was invented by Jules Herisson to measure the blood pressure. The
use of chemistry was pivotal in the diagnosis of diabetes, anemia, diphtheria and syphilis
during this period.
 In 1969, 80 percent of medical professionals were non-physician. This book impelled the
need for technicians to be proficient in the use of technology. Patients were likewise
needed to educated on the test done on them.

 In mid- 1800s, laboratories designated for analyzing medical specimens were organized
by chemical experts. Technical laboratories regulated by the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) began to be used for medical diagnostic in the U.S by mid-1900s.

 In the early 20th century, improvements in basic sciences and integration of scientific and
technological discoveries (electrical measurement techniques, sensor development,
nuclear medicine and diagnostic ultrasound) marked the advances in medical technology.

 The electron microscope gave way to the visualization of small cells including tumor cells.
The adaptation of computers in medical technology researches led to the development of
tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Prosthesis such as artificial heart
valves, artificial blood vessels, functional electro-technical limbs, and reconstructive
skeletal joints were also developed as a result of these innovations.

Names Invented Year

Rene Laennec Stethoscope 1816
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Microscope 1840
Herman Von Helmholtz Ophtalmoscope 1850
Manuel Garcia Laryngoscope 1855
Wilhelm Roentgen X-ray 1859
William Einthoven Electrocardiograph 1903
Elizabeth Kenny Kenny Method 1910
Philip Drinker Drinker Respirator 1927
Herman Von Helmholtz Heart Lung Machine 1939
Forsmann Cardiac Catheterization and 1941
Angiography
HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN UNITED STATES

 In 1895, the University of Pennsylvania’s William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical

Medicine was opened to highlight the service role of clinical laboratories.

 In 1918, John Kolmer, called for the development of a method that would certify
medical technologists on a national scale. He also published the “The
Development for and Training of Laboratory Technicians that included a
description of the first formal training course in medical technology.

 It was also in the same year when the stage legislature of Pennsylvania enacted
a law requiring all hospitals and institutions to have a fully-equipped laboratory fit
for routine testing and to employ a full time laboratory technician.

 In 1920, the administrative units of clinical laboratories in large hospitals were

directed by a chief physician. During this time, clinical laboratories consisted of 4
to 5 divisions including clinical pathology, bacteriology, microbiology, serology, and
radiology. As clinical laboratories held more prominence in the delivery of
laboratory tests, the need for technicians and technologists that would assist
physicians became greater.

 In 1922, the American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) was founded with the
objective of encouraging the cooperation between physicians and clinical
pathologists as well as maintaining the status of clinical pathologists and they also
established the code of ethics for medical technicians and medical technologist
that should work under the supervision of the physician.

 The ASCP (formerly the American Society for Medical Technologists) was
originally formed as a subgroup of ASCP, helped in the recognition of non-
physician clinical laboratory scientists as autonomous professionals.

 In the 1950s, medical technologists in the US sought professional recognition from

the government of their educational qualifications through licensure laws.
THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

 The Spanish Empire established Manila as their capital in the late 16th century.

 Hospital Real in Cebu (1565) the first hospital established by the Spaniards.
Followed by: Hospital De San Juan de Dios (1596) & Hospital de San Jose (1641).

 The Dominicans founded the University of Santo Tomas in 1611 and Established
Pharmacy and Medicine in 1870.

 Laboratory Municipal de Manila (1887). It is the laboratory examination of food, water,

and other clinical samples. Gen. Antonio Luna was employed as a chemical expert.

Advancement in medicine and health broke down (The Fall of Manila).

Happened during the Philippine – American War (1899 – 1902).

After the fall of Manila

- Lt. Col. Henry Lipincott (1898) a chief surgeon, converted Spanish Military
Hospital into the First Reserve Hospital.
- Richard P. Strong – the successor, utilized the laboratory for autopsy and to
examine blood, feces, and urine.

 Medical Technology practice was introduced by the 26 th Medical

Infantry of the 6th US Army.

 First Clinical Laboratory in the Philippines is located at Quiricada St.,

Sta. Cruz Manila (Manila Public Health). The laboratory offered
training programs to high school graduates as early as February, 1944.

 The laboratory was preserved by Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr.

Mariano Icasiano. The preserved laboratory was formally re-
established by Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Prudencio Sta. Ana.
 Manila Sanitarium Hospital and Philippine Union College is the first to offered
a course in Medical Technology.

 First Medical Technology school in the Philippines was established by:

Dr. Willa Hilgert Hedrick (founder of Medical Technology in the Philippines).
Dr. Reuben Manalaysay (President of PUC)
Rev. Warren (Director of Bureau of Education)

 Philippine Union College of Baesa – first to offer a 4 year B.S Medical

Technology in 1954.
In 1965, Mr. Jesse Umali became the first student to graduate from the
Philippine Union College.

 June 14, 1961 – the full recognition of the 4 years B.S Medical Technology course
was given.

PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION (PAMET & PASMETH)

 PAMET
- Philippine Association of Medical Technologists
- Organized by Crisanto Almario
- September 15, 1963
- Manila Public Health Laboratory in Sta. Cruz Manila
- Only accredited professional organization of all RMTs.
- On September 21, 1972. President Ferdinand Marcos declared the 3rd week
of September as a celebration of the Medical Technology profession.

 The first national convention is held at Far Eastern University on September 20,
1964.
 First PAMET president is Charlemagne Tamondong
 Second PAMET president is Nardito Moraleta he is also one the author of the
ethical codes of medical technology.
 Current president of PAMET is Rommel F. Saceda

Meaning of the logo (PAMET LOGO)

 Triangle: Is the trilogy of love, respect and Dignity.
 Circle: symbolizes the continuous involvement where practice and
education are always integrated.
 Green: color of health
 Microscope and the Snake: symbolizes the Medical Technology
Profession.
 1964: year of the first PAMET election

PAMET HYM: BELOVED PAMET

From Various lands, races and places
With grateful hearts we raise our voices
This day to our beloved PAMET
From whence unity and love cometh

We join together in brotherhood

To live up to thine ideals we should
In fields advancement and learning
Thy noble goals maybe our bearing

Loyal and true we’ll be to thee

Beloved PAMET this we say,
For service to God and humanity
With joy we sing for thee till eternity

 “Beloved PAMET” was written by Hector G. Gayares, Jr. and placed

into music by Francis Jerota Pefanco.
  PASMETH
- Philippine Association of Schools of Medical Technology and Public Health,
Inc.
- National Organization of about 50 recognized schools of MT/MLS/PH in the
Philippines.
- On May 30, 1970, Director Narciso Albarracin appointed Dr. Serafin
Juliano to lay the foundation of MT schools.
- First Organizational meeting is held at the University of Santo Tomas on
June 22, 1970.
- First annual meeting is held at UST on May 7, 1971.

 PAMET Accomplishments:
- CPD fro MT faculty
- Standard curriculum for BSMT
- Course syllabi
- Scholarship Grants
- Community outreach program
- Accreditation as CPE provider

1st PASMETH president: Dr. Gustavo Reyes

Current: Bernard Ebuen (from Arellano University)

MEANING OG LOGO (PASMETH)

- Diamond: represents the four objectives of the association
- Circle: represents the continuity of learning and the never-ending quest for
excellence in the field of academe.
- Microscope: represents the field of Medical Technology and Public Health.
- 1970: The year the association was founded.
INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS IN THE FIELD OF MEDICAL LABORATORY

1. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1660). The father of microbiology, known for his work on the
improvement of the microscope.

2. Edward Jenner (1796). Discovered vaccination to establish immunity to small pox;

Immunology was his impact of contribution.

3. Marie Francois Xavier Bichat (1880). Identified organs by their tissue types; Impact
of contributions: Histology.

4. Agostino Bassi (1835). Produced disease I worms by injection of organic material –

the beginning of bacteriology.

5. Louis Pasteur (1857). Successfully produced immunity to rabies.

6. Gregor Mendel (1866). Enunciated his law of inherited characteristics from studies on
plants.

7. Joseph Lister (1870). Demonstrated that surgical infections are cause by airborne
organisms.

8. Robert Koch (1877). Presented the first pictures of bacilli of (anthrax), and later
tubercle bacilli.

9. Elie Metchnikoff (1886). Described phagocytes in blood and their role in fighting
infection.

10. Ernst von Bergmann (1886). Introduced steam sterilization in surgery

11. Karl Landsteiner (1902). Distinguished blood groups through the development of the
ABO blood group system.

12. August von Wassermann (1906). Developed immunologic tests for syphilis.
13. Howard Ricketts (1906). Discovered microorganisms whose range lies between
bacteria and viruses called “rickettsiae”.

14. Hans Fischer (1929). Worked out the structure of hemoglobin.

15. Jonas Salk (1954). Developed poliomyelitis vaccine.

16. James Westgard (1973). Introduced the westgard rules for quality control in the
clinical laboratory.

17. Baruch Samuel Blumberg (1980). Introduced the Hepatitis B vaccine.

18. Kary Mullis (1985). Developed the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

19. Andre van Steirteghem (1992). Introduced the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF).

20. James Thomson (1998). Derived the first Stem cell line.