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Taxonomy of Microorganisms

The document summarizes taxonomy, which is the science of classifying living organisms. It discusses the historical development of classification systems, from early systems proposed by Linnaeus, Nageli, and Haeckel, to the modern three domain and six kingdom systems. It also describes the hierarchical taxonomic categories used to classify organisms and the rules of binomial nomenclature used to formally name organisms.

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149 views24 pages

Taxonomy of Microorganisms

The document summarizes taxonomy, which is the science of classifying living organisms. It discusses the historical development of classification systems, from early systems proposed by Linnaeus, Nageli, and Haeckel, to the modern three domain and six kingdom systems. It also describes the hierarchical taxonomic categories used to classify organisms and the rules of binomial nomenclature used to formally name organisms.

Uploaded by

Arielle
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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• science of classifying living organisms

• organizing, classifying and naming living things


• identifying and classifying organisms according to specific
criteria
• each organism placed into a classification system
• Formal system introduced by Carl von Linné (Carolus Linnaeus ,
1701-1778)
- laid down the basic rules for classification
- established taxonomic categories (taxa)
- divided living organisms into 2 kingdoms:
Plantae & Animalia
• Carl von Nageli (1857)
– Swiss Botanist
– proposed that bacteria and fungi be placed in the plant
kingdom
• Ernst Haeckel
- proposed the Kingdom Protista, to include bacteria,
protozoa, algae, and fungi
• Édouard Chatton (1937)
– French Biologist
– introduced prokaryote to distinguish bacteria

• Robert G.E. Murray (1968)


- Canadian Bacteriologist
- proposed the Kingdom Prokaryotae
1700s 2 kingdoms
• plant and animal
• Charles Darwin & Ernst Haeckel
1800s 3 kingdoms
• plant, animal, protista
• Ernst Haeckel
1950-1990s 5 kingdoms
• plant, animal, protista, fungi, monera
• Robert Whittaker
Present 6 kingdoms
• eubacteria, archaebacteria, protista, animal, plant, fungi
• Carl Woese and George Fox
Taxonomy consists of 3 parts:

Discovering and recording the traits


of organisms

Assigning scientific names to various


taxonomic categories and individual
organisms
Taxonomy: an analogy
Organization into groups
• car
• SUV

Distinguishing features
• engine size
• number of passengers

Providing a formal name: genus & species


• Kia Rio
• Ford Everest
• Different methods for deciding taxonomic categories
• All methods rely on the degree of relatedness among organisms.
• Phylogeny – scheme that represents the natural relatedness
between groups of living beings
• Phylogenic relationships refine the system of taxonomy.
TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY

Superkingdom/empire
Constitutes a group of related
divisions/phyla

Division; made up of related classes

Consist of similar orders

Constitutes a group if similar families

Made up of related genus

Consists of related species

Group of closely related organisms that breed among


themselves
Bacteria

Monera

Proteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

Enterobacteriales

Enterobacteriaceae

Escherichia

E. coli
THE THREE DOMAIN Based on the analysis of the sequence of ribonucleotides
in a molecule called ssu rRNA that is found in all cells.
SYSTEM
Pathogenic &
nonpathogenic Prokaryotes without
prokaryotes peptidoglycans in cell
wall Protists
in soil & water
FIVE KINGDOM
CLASSIFICATION
SYSTEM
BINOMIAL SYSTEM OF NOMENCLATURE

GENERIC SPECIFIC
SCIENTIFIC NAME
NAME EPITHET

GENUS SPECIES

Staphylococcus aureus
RULES OF NOMENCLATURE

1. The generic name always precedes the specific epithet.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis mycobacterium
RULES OF NOMENCLATURE

2. The first letter of generic name is in uppercase while


the specific epithet begins with a lowercase letter.
Staphylococcus aureus
3. The binomial scientific name should be italicized OR
underlined.
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
RULES OF NOMENCLATURE

4. The generic name can be abbreviated provided that


it has already been used previously. Specific epithet
is never abbreviated.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of
pulmonary tuberculosis.
M. tuberculosis is a slender, obligate aerobe bacillus.
RULES OF NOMENCLATURE

5. Nomenclature uses Latin or Greek words. If English


or French is used, the ending of the word should be
revised to Latin or Greek.

Mycoplasma laboratorium
RULES OF NOMENCLATURE

6. The abbreviation “sp” is used to designate a


single species .
“ spp.” for more than one species

All Mycobacterium spp. are Gram-positive bacillus.

Mycobacterium spp. means M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, and


M. bovis

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