Sustainable Development Study Center

Environmental Monitoring (ENV-2202) Assignment

Punjab (PAK) Quality Standards
Comparison with other developing countries
__________
Muhammad Waqas 0447-BH-ENV-20
 Industrial Emissions
 Drinking-Water

Ikram Ullah 0457-BH-ENV-20

 Noise

Hamza Saeed 0432-BH-EMV-20

 Ambient Air

Submitted to Dr. Mujtaba Baqar

Feb 11, 2022

 INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS
Industrial emissions are the primary pollutants, emitted directly from the source. From 1990-to
2016 the greenhouse emissions from the industries are 23%. These emissions are harmful to the
environment and emissions including oxides of sulfur, nitrogen oxides, ammonium, dust, heavy
metals, etc.
Unit:
Industrial emissions are measured in mg/Nm3 (milligram per cubic meter and N is for the
standards, i.e. standard temperature and pressure (25-degree centigrade and 1 KPa) and in
micrograms per cubic meter.
Causes:
Industrial emissions are due to human unhygienic activities because when human uses the
resources and directly use them for product production without using any environmentalS
friendly method, then the waste and emissions from industries, that are responsible for the
pollution may be air pollution, water pollution, and land pollution.
Activities:
 Burning coal
 Burning Fossil Fuels like oil, natural gas, and petroleum
 Chemical solvents used in dyeing and tuning industries
 Untreated gas and the liquid waste being released into the environment
 Improper disposal of radioactive material
Factors:
 Lack of policies to control pollution
 Use of outdated technology
 Unplanned industries Growth
 Presence of a large number of small scale industries (When many industries at small scale
expend in the city with low capital and depend on grants from the government to run their
business day by day and often escape environment)
 Inefficient waste disposal (water pollution and air pollution are often caused directly due
to inefficiency in the disposal of waste)
 Leaching of natural resources
Effects:
 Climate change
 Loss of natural resources
 Air pollution
 Water pollution
 Extinction of species Global warming
 Punjab Environmental quality standard for industrial Gases emissions

Pollutants Source of emissions Standards (mg/Nm³)

Smoke Smoke opacity not to exceed. 40% or 2 Ringlemann Scale or
equivalent smoke number
(a) Boilers and furnaces:
Particulate matter Oil fired 300
Coal-fired 500
Cement kilns 300
(B)Grinding, crushing,
clinker coolers and related 500
processes, metallurgical
processes, converters, blast
furnaces, and cupolas.
Hydrogen Chloride (HCI) Any 400
Chlorine (Cl₂) Any 150
Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) Any 150
Hydrogen Sulphide (H₂S) Any 10
Sulfur Oxides (2x3, Sulfuric acid Sulfonic acid plants 5000
Other plants except power
plants operating on oil and coal 1700
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Any 800
Lead (Pb) Any 50
Mercury Any 10
Cadmium Any 20
Arsenic Any 20
Copper (Cu) Any 50
Antimony Any 20
Zinc Any 200
Nitric acid manufacturing unit 3000
Oxides of nitrogen Other plants except power
plants operating on oil or coal:
Gas-fired 400
Oil fired 600
Coal-fired 1200

Industrial emission pollutants:

Industrial emissions include oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter, sulfur
dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, chlorofluorocarbons, methane, non-methane hydrocarbons
(VOC), carbon dioxide, etc.
Comparison of Punjab Quality Standards with quality standards of India,
Malaysia, and Bangladesh

Pollutants Punjab India Malaysia Bangladesh Health

effects
Carbon Human health
monoxide 800mg/Nm3 - 10mg/m3 10mg/m3 impact
(8 hours) (8 hours)
Reduce
atmospheric
visibility,
PM10 human health
(Annual) 120µg/m3 120µg/m3 50µg/m3 50µg/m3 impact, also
(Annual) (Annual) (Annual) (Annual) contribute to
global
warming

Sulfur 365µg/m3 Acidic rain,

dioxide 120µg/m 3
80µg/m 3
105µg/m 3
(24 hours) human health
(24 hours) (Annual) (24 hours) 80µg/m3 impact
(Annual)
Primary
pollutants that
produce
photochemical
smog, acid
Oxides of NO2 rain, nitrate
nitrogen 40µg/m 3
80µg/m 3
75µg/m3 - particulates,
(Annual) (24 hours) destruction of
stratosphere
ozone, human
health impact

Damage of
plants, crops,
Ozone 235µg/m3 and manmade
130µg/m 3
- 50µg/m 3
(1 hour) products,
(1hour) (Annual) 157µg/m3 human health
(8 hours) impact
 DRINKING WATER
The water used for drinking purposes for humans is drinking water and standards are set for
water to describe the quality parameter of drinking water. As safe water is necessary for human
health.

Causes (How drinking water become polluted):

Many substances that are hazardous to human health can enter
water supplies. Chemical waste from the factories is sometimes dumped into rivers and lakes, or
directly into the ground. Pesticides (chemicals that are used in the crops to kill insects) enter the
groundwater and groundwater, often in large quantities.

Quality Standard of Punjab for drinking water

Comparison with Quality standard of drinking water of India and Bangladesh
Parameters Punjab Quality India Quality Bangladesh
≤ standard (mg/L) Standard (mg/L) Quality Standard
(mg/L)
Color ≤15 TCU - 15 Hazen
Taste Non-
objectionable/ Agreeable -
Acceptable
Odour Non-
objectionable/ Agreeable odourless
Acceptable
Turbidity <5 NTU 5 NTU 10 NTU
Total hardness <500 mg/l 200 200-500
As CaCO3
TDS <1000 500 1000
pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 -
Aluminum ≤0.2 - 0.2
Antimony ≤0.005 - -
Arsenic ≤0.05 0.01 0.05
Barium 0.7 - 0.01
Boron 0.3 - 0.2
Cadmium 0.01 0.003 0.005
 Chloride <250 250 150-600
Chromium ≤0.05 0.05 0.05
Copper 2 0.05 1
Cyanide ≤0.05 - 0.1
Fluoride ≤1.5 1 1
Lead ≤0.05 0.05 0.05
Manganese ≤0.5 - 0.1
Mercury ≤0.001 - 0.001
Nickel ≤0.02 - 0.1
Nitrate (NO3). ≤50 45 10
Nitrite (NO2). ≤3 - <1
Selenium 0.01 - 0.01
Residual chlorine 0.2-0.5 at the
consumer end and - 0.2
0.5-1.5 at the
source
Zinc 5.0 5 5
Alpha emitters 0.1 - 0.01 bq/L
bq/L or pCi
Beta emitters 1 - 0.1 bq/L
Sulfate - 200 -
Iron - 0.3 0.3-1.0

Reference (For industrial emissions and drinking water)

Environmental Protection Department (Government of Punjab)
https://epd.punjab.gov.pk/peqs

American Geosciences Institute

https://www.americangeosciences.org/education/k5geosource/content/water/how-does-water-
become-polluted

World Health Organization

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water
Department of Public Health Engineering (Bangladesh)
http://old.dphe.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=125&Itemid=133

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

http://iitk.ac.in/iwd/wq/drinkingwater.htm

Punjab Environmental Quality Standards

https://epd.punjab.gov.pk/peqs

Noise Pollution:
 Noise is defined as an unwanted, unpleasant sound that discomforts human beings.

 Noise is unpleasant, high-intensity sound.

 Noise that pollutes the calmness of society is called noise pollution.

 The intensity of sound is increased from 80db causing noise.

Sources of noise pollution:

 Sources of noise pollution may be either natural or manmade.
 The main source of noise pollution is manmade sources.
 In homes especially in a developed country but more and more power gadgets constitute
additional sources of noise.

Natural sources:
 Thunderstorms
 Volcanic eruptions
 Earth quickies.

Man-made sources:
 Automobiles
 Factories, industries
 Cultural activities
 Mining activities
In these above man-made sources of noise pollution automobile or traffic noise is very big
source of noise pollution.

Traffic noise:
Traffic nose is the actually man made noise. This includes road traffic, rail traffic and aircraft
traffic.

Road traffic noise:

 The noise generated from the road traffic is major sources of noise pollution.
 Various source of noise is a vehicle is its engine transmission system exhaust horns and
sirens.
 The volume of traffic noise increase with increase in the traffic speed. e.g. sports cars
produce sound 30 times more intense then small passenger car.
 Heavy diesel engines vehicles such as trucks; buses etc are the noisiest vehicles on the
road.

Aircraft noise:
 The aircraft noise is causing much more discomfort then that from road traffic noise.
 This source of noise has been increased during recent year especially close to the
international airport.

Measurement of intensity of sound:

The unit of sound intensity is in decibel (db). The range of sound intensity extended between 1 to
140db. When it is less than 1db we cannot hear and when it is more than 140db we can not stand
hear it.
 Normal talking sound intensity is 40 db.
 Shouting 60db.
 Whispering 30 db.
Comparison of Punjab Environmental quality standard with developing
country like Bangladesh:

Limits in dB(A)
No. Category of
Area/Zone
Day Time Night Time Day Time Night Time
1 Residential Area(A) 65 50 55 45
2 Commercial 70 60 65 55
Area(B)
3 Industrial Area(C) 80 75 75 65
4 Silence Zone(D) 55 45 50 45

Note:
1. Day time hours; 6:00am to 10:00pm.
2. Night time hours; 10:00pm to 6:00am.
3. Silence Zone: Zone which are declared as such by the competent authority. An area
comprising not less than 100 meters around hospital, educational institutions and courts.

Permissible noise limit, dB(A)

Area category Day Night

Silent area 50 40
Residential area 55 45
Commercial area 70 60
Industrial area 75 70
This table shows that noise quality standard set the department of Environment, Bangladesh.
Counted the day time from 6 am to 9 pm and the night time 9 am to 6 pm. Noise quality standard
by area and time.
Reference:

Punjab Environmental Quality Standards

https://epd.punjab.gov.pk/peqs
Journal of Korean society of Environmental Engineers
https://www.jksee.or.kr/journal/view.php?number=4325

Air Quality Standard

Air quality standards are generally health-based guidelines which
seek to establish the concentrations of air pollutants to which the public can be exposed
throughout their lifetime without significant adverse effects at a population level. This does not
imply total safety for all members of the population. Such standards cannot be totally protective,
but risks to all but the most susceptible individuals should be negligible at concentrations below
the air quality standard.
Every country has its standard for the different pollutants.

Concentration in µg/m°3
Pollutant Pakistan India Afghanistan Bangladesh Sri Lanka Iran

PM2.5 15 40 10 15 25 10
(yearly)
PM10 120 60 20 50 50 20
(yearly)
NO 40 40 40 100 100 (24hr) 40
O3 130 (1hr) 100 (8hr) 100 (8hr) 157 (8hr) 200 (1hr) 100
SO2 120 80 20 365 80 100
(24hr)
CO (8hr) 5 2 10 10 10 10