EUR19_02 - Motor Bus

Transfer Tutorial
Thomas R. Beckwith
Beckwith Electric Company
Author
Mohamed Abdel Khalek Mohamed
Beckwith Electric Company
Presenter
2012 IEEE PSRC MBT Report

WEBPAGE FOR ALL IEEE PES PSRC REPORTS:

http://www.pes-psrc.org/kb/published/reports.html

2 PCIC EUROPE
IEEE Guide for AC Motor Protection

IEEE Std C37.96-2012

IEEE Guide for
AC Motor Protection

3 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Unit-Connected Generator Motor Bus

GSU
Transformer

Unit Aux Startup

Transformer MAIN STARTUP Transformer
VT VT
NC NO
G Motor Bus

M M M Other
MOTOR BUS VT Load
4 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Combined Cycle Plant Motor Bus

UTILITY TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

GSU GSU #1 GSU #2

G ST GT-1 G GT-2 G

ST = Steam Turbine UAT #1 UAT #2

GT = Gas Turbine
GSU = Gen. Step-Up Unit Transformer
UAT = Unit Auxiliary Transformer V1 V2
N.0. = Normally Open A C

Aux. Bus #1 Aux. Bus #2

B
N.O.

M M M M M

5 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Typical Industrial Plant One-Line

Utility
Incoming 1 Supply System Incoming 2
Bus 1 Bus 2
Supply Source Supply Source
(Bus 2 Backup Source) INCOMING 1 VT (Bus 1 Backup Source)
INCOMING 2 VT
BUS 1 VT NC NC BUS 2 VT

Bus 1 Bus Tie Bus 2

NO

M M M M M M

6 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Motor Bus Transfer Classification

❑ Closed Transition
▪ Hot Parallel Transfer

❑ Open Transition - Methods

- Fast Transfer
- In-Phase Transfer
- Residual Voltage Transfer
- Fixed Time Transfer
❑ Open Transition - Modes
- Sequential
- Simultaneous

7 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Closed Transition – Hot Parallel Transfer

❑ New source connected to the motor bus before the old source
is tripped. Transfers sources without interruption.
❑ Voltages and phase angle between the motor bus and the new
source must be evaluated prior to the transfer to assure that:
• Motor bus and the new source are in synchronism
• New source voltage is within acceptable limits
❑ If a transfer is initiated and the new source breaker is closed,
but the old source breaker remains closed, the transfer system
must immediately trip the old source breaker. This allows
parallel transfer but prohibits inadvertent parallel operation.
❑ Also, if no transfer was initiated, trip provisions can be
programmed to trip a new source breaker that was
inadvertently closed.
8 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Closed Transition – Hot Parallel Transfer

Source 1 Source 2
(Old Source) (New Source)

Motor Bus

M M M

9 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Closed Transition – Hot Parallel Transfer

Source 1 Source 2
(Old Source) (New Source)

Motor Bus

M M M

10 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Closed Transition – Hot Parallel Transfer

Source 1 Source 2
(New Source) (Old Source)

Motor Bus

M M M

11 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Closed Transition - Hot Parallel Transfer

❑ Advantages
• No disruption of plant process
• Simple to implement with sync-check relay supervision across new
source breaker
• No transient torque on motors during the transfer
❑ Disadvantages
• Will not work during transient (emergency) conditions Do not want to
connect “good” source to a source that is having problems.
• Exposure to double-fed faults during parallel operation may violate the
interrupt rating of the circuit breakers or the through-fault withstand
ratings of source transformers and damage connected equipment
• The two sources may not be derived from the same primary source and
might have a large standing phase angle between them, preventing a
hot parallel transfer
• Design must ensure that a parallel condition is temporary and breaker
failure is a concern
12 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Open Transition Motor Bus Transfer

❑ Old Source Breaker is tripped before the

New Source Breaker is closed.

❑ Phase Angle and Slip Frequency between

the Motor Bus and the New Source must
rapidly be evaluated prior to and during the
transfer

13 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Open Transition

Source 1 Source 2
(Old Source) (New Source)

Motor Bus

M M M

14 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Open Transition

Source 1 Source 2
(Old Source) (New Source)

Motor Bus
• Motors Bus • Motors are slowing down
Voltage is • Phase Angle to the New
decaying Source is accelerating
• Frequency Difference or
M M M Slip Frequency to New
Source is increasing
Open Transfer Time = The time from the Old Source Breaker trip
to the New Source Breaker close

15 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Open Transition

Source 1 Source 2
(New Source) (Old Source)

Motor Bus

M M M

16 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Open Transition

❑ Methods
▪ Fast Transfer
▪ In-Phase Transfer
▪ Residual Voltage Transfer

❑ Modes
▪ Sequential Mode
▪ Simultaneous Mode

17 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Open Transition Motor Bus Transfer

❑ Fast Synchronous Methods ensure that the Motor Bus and the New
Source are in synchronism at the point of closure of the New
Source Breaker
• Fast Transfer
• In-Phase Transfer
❑ Slow Method that waits for the Motor Bus Voltage to decay below
.30 per unit and ignores synchronism
• Residual Voltage Transfer
• Like a roulette wheel; round and round she goes and where she stops
nobody knows.
❑ Modes
• Sequential Mode ensures the Old Source Breaker is tripped before
initiating the supervised close of the New Source Breaker
• Simultaneous Mode simultaneously trips the Old Source Breaker
while initiating the supervised close of the New Source Breaker

18 PCIC EUROPE
 Motor Bus Transfer

Open Transition Methods:

Fast Transfer
In-Phase Transfer
Residual Voltage Transfer

Bus Transfer Zones

0° Zone 1 1pu
Bus Voltage

Voltage
Phase

180°

Phase Difference .25pu

Zone Zone
2 3
360° 0pu
Time
19 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Fast Transfer Method

▪ New Source Breaker is closed if
the phase angle between the
Motor Bus and the New Source is
within or moves into the Phase
Angle Limit
▪ This method requires high-speed
sync-check supervision
▪ Must be able to block high speed
▪ Must be able to close high speed

▪ Circuit breaker closing is also

supervised by an Upper and
Lower Voltage Limit check on the
new source

20 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

In-Phase Transfer Method

▪ Takes into account the
decaying motor bus
frequency, and the increasing
slip frequency between the
Motor Bus and the New Source

▪ Sends a New Source Breaker

close command at an Advance
Angle to compensate for the
breaker close time so the motors
are connected to the new source
near zero degrees.

21 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

22 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

23 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

24 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

25 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

26 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

27 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

28 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

29 PCIC EUROPE
 Motor Bus Transfer
Motor Bus Transfer

Fast and In-Phase Transfer Methods

(aka: Synchronous Transfers)
❑ Advantages
• No disruption of plant process
• Minimizes transient torque on motors during the transfer
• Can be used during fault conditions
• Can be used for planned transfers
• Applicable when two sources are not in sync or within an
acceptable small static phase angle difference of each other
• No concerns of exceeding fault ratings of circuit breakers or
through fault rating of transformers due to paralleling sources
• Applicable for use where two sources may not be derived
from the same primary source, or on a single source

❑ Disadvantages
• None when performed correctly
30 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Residual Voltage Transfer Method

▪ The new source breaker will be closed if the motor bus voltage
drops below the Residual Voltage Transfer Limit

▪ IGNORES SYNCHRONISM

▪ Since phase angle and slip frequency is unsupervised, this

method must prevent closure of the new source breaker until
the motor bus voltage drops below a predetermined voltage
limit (usually < 0.30 pu)
▪ This ensures compliance with the 1.33 pu V/Hz limit per
ANSI Standard C50.41

▪ Voltage measurement must be accurate at frequencies below

nominal, and with a significant rate of change in frequency and
voltage decay
31 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Residual Voltage Transfer Method

❑ Disadvantages
▪ Very slow; cannot be used for planned transfers during unit startup.
▪ Transfers must be completed before the bus voltage drops so low that
the motor protection undervoltage elements trip the motors.
▪ If motors are held in with contactors, latching or dc-operated
contactors must be used to ensure that the contactors do not drop out.
▪ Load Shedding may be necessary (causes process interruption):
1. Motor bus frequency may have already decayed past the stall
point of motors on the bus.
2. If the new source cannot re-accelerate all bus motors
simultaneously.
3. Properly sequenced motor restart is then required to prevent
excessive voltage dip.
▪ Motors may undergo high, damaging reconnection torques, which may
exceed torques of a three-phase bolted fault.
▪ Fast and In-Phase Transfers avoid these issues!
32 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer System

Open Transition Modes:

Sequential & Simultaneous

Transfer Sequential Transfer Simultaneous

Initiate Initiate
MBT SYSTEM MBT SYSTEM

Trip CB Supervised Trip Supervised

Command Opened Close Command Close
Status Command Command

33 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Open Transition – Simultaneous Mode

Breaker Failure

GSU
Transformer
Unit Aux Start-up
Transformer Transformer
Failed
X

G
to Open
Motor Bus

M M M Other
Load
34 PCIC EUROPE
 IEEE Guide for AC Motor Protection

IEEE Std C37.96-2012

IEEE Guide for
AC Motor Protection

35 PCIC EUROPE
IEEE Guide for AC Motor Protection

Excerpts - IEEE Std C37.96-2012

IEEE Guide for AC Motor Protection
Clause 6.4 Motor bus transfer (MBT)
6.4.8 Events that occur or conditions that exist immediately prior to opening the
initial source breaker (52-1)
6.4.9.1 Faults on the initial source
…will effect a dynamic change in the phase angle just prior to transfer. It is
important that dynamic phase angle changes be recognized by the MBT system.
6.4.9.2 Condition of the alternative source
…determine that the events that triggered the transfer (such as a fault on the initial
source) have not also affected the alternate source to the point where it is unsuitable
to transfer and continue to supply the motor bus.
6.4.10 Effects of an out-of-step (OOS) generator trip
The 78 relay is typically programmed to trip when the generator’s internal EMF phase
is between 120° to 240° relative to the power system. This large internal power
angle causes the phase angle across the startup breaker to move to higher than
expected values… the motor bus voltage will jump quickly to a new phase angle
due to the out-of-step angle of the generator internal voltage.
36 PCIC EUROPE
IEEE Guide for AC Motor Protection

6.4.11 System separation between incoming supply sources

6.4.11.1 Different supply voltages
This phase angle difference is caused by supplying the motor bus sources from
different voltages… can result in a substantial voltage phase angle difference
between the two sources… load flow characteristics… systems become
separated…
6.4.11.2 Abnormal system operation
The abnormal operation of the power system can cause a large standing angle
between the two sources to the motor bus… the loss of an autotransformer that
ties the systems together… opening of breakers at a ring bus or breaker-and-a-
half substation…
6.4.11.3 Loading of the supply transformers
The reactive losses that result will cause a voltage phase angle shift between the two
sources… loading of other upstream transformers… can also affect a phase
angle shift.
6.4.12 Supply source transformer winding phase shift
… there could be an inherent phase shift (30°), between the main and alternate
source based on the transformer configuration of the two sources.
37 PCIC EUROPE
IEEE Guide for AC Motor Protection

Takeaway – At transfer initiate, the initial phase angle

may be nowhere near zero.

6.4.13.1 Transient effects upon disconnection of motor loads

… the characteristic of induction motors whereby they exhibit an essentially
instantaneous phase shift upon disconnect of motor… This effect is additive to
conditions occurring due to other causes…

ANSI/NEMA STANDARD C50.41-2012

Polyphase Induction Motors for Power Generating Stations
clause 14.3 states, “test conditions should account for any
phase angle difference between the incoming and running
power supplies.”

38 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

500kV 230kV
Nuclear
Power
G 32
Transmission Transmission
29°angular difference
System System
Unit 3 Miles with a 3-phase fault
Plant
G at G3 500kV Bus

Unit 5
Unit Aux. Startup
Transformer Transformer

3-phase fault

NC NC NC NC NO NO NO NO

M M M M
RCP RCP RCP RCP
M

M M M M M M M M
M M M M M M M M

39 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Electromechanical Synchronism-Check Relay Test

▪ The purpose of this test was to determine the blocking characteristics of an E/M Relay
set for 20°and minimum time delay.

▪ With the initial phase angle at 0°and both inputs at 60Hz, increase the line frequency to
create a slip frequency (F) and measure the blocking time and blocking angle.

▪ Tests were run for the following conditions:

TEST DATA

40 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Industrial Redundant CB CB

N.C.
Incoming Source 138 kV
138kV
N.C.

CB
138kV

H H

L L

FAULT !
CB CB

12.47 kV N.C. N.C.

SWGR N.C.

CB
N.C.
CB
12.47kV SWGR 12.47kV SWGR

CB CB

H H

Voltage
Temporarily
L L
Depressed

A Source Main CB CB B Source Main

N.O.
N.O.

CB
4.16kV SWGR 4.16kV SWGR

4.16 kV
A Bus B Bus
SWGR
41 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

CB CB

Industrial Redundant 138

138kV
N.C.
N.C.

CB
138kV

Incoming Source kV H H

L L

CB CB

12.47 kV N.C.
N.C. N.C.
SWGR CB
N.C.
CB
12.47kV SWGR 12.47kV SWGR

CB CB

H H

Voltage
Recovering
L L

A Source Main CB CB B Source

N.O.
N.O. Main
Motors Spinning Down 4.16kV SWGR
CB
4.16kV SWGR

4.16 kV
A Bus B Bus
SWGR
42 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

CB CB

Industrial Redundant 138kV

N.C.
N.C.
138kV
138 kV CB

Incoming Source H H

L L

CB CB

12.47 kV N.C. N.C.

SWGR N.C.

CB
N.C.
CB
12.47kV SWGR 12.47kV SWGR

CB CB

Voltage
H H

Recovers
L L

A Source Main CB CB B Source Main

N.O.
N.O.

CB
SYNCHRONOUS
4.16kV SWGR 4.16kV SWGR TRANSFER
4.16 kV COMPLETED
A Bus B Bus
43 PCIC EUROPE SWGR
Motor Bus Transfer

Fault at Generating Station

230 kV Line

230 kV Ring Bus

FAULT ! !
230 kV Line

GSU
Transformer Voltage
Temporarily
Depressed
Unit Aux Startup
Transformer UNIT AUX STARTUP Transformer
VT VT
NC NO
G Motor Bus

M M M Other
44 PCIC EUROPE MOTOR BUS VT Load
Motor Bus Transfer

Fault at Generating Station

45 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Fault at Generating Station

46 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer
MBT Angle During Generator OOS

40

30

20
MBT Start Angle

10

0
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-10

-20
MBT Angle
-30

-40

Rotor Angle
47 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

115 kV New 69 kV

Y(n) y(n)0 115 kV / 6.9 kV Y(n) y(n)0 69 kV / 6.9 kV

30 MVA 15 MVA

Angle = 23°

Load Load

Petrochemical Plant

48 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Unit-Connected Generator Motor Bus

• In typical applications, a wye-wye or delta-delta Startup Transformer connection
is used, resulting in a net phase shift of 0°between the Unit Auxiliary and
Startup Transformers
• In this case Hot Parallel Transfers are possible and Open Transition Fast
Transfers are permitted given sufficiently fast sync check supervision and
breaker speeds

Wye-Wye Startup
-30deg Transformer

+30deg 0deg

G Motor Bus

M M M Other
49 PCIC EUROPE MOTOR BUS VT Load
Motor Bus Transfer

Unit-Connected Generator Motor Bus

• In some plants, a delta-wye Startup Transformer has been specified,
creating a 30°phase shift between the Unit Auxiliary and Startup
Transformers.

Delta-Wye Startup
Transformer

G Motor Bus

M M M Other
MOTOR BUS VT Load
50 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Unit-Connected Generator Motor Bus

Startup to Unit Aux Transfer ▪ The Startup Transformer source leads the
Fast Transfer Possibility Unit Auxiliary Transformer source by 30 deg.
with Hi-Speed Sync Check ▪ Hot parallel transfers are NOT possible.
▪ After the Startup Transformer breaker opens,
the Motor Bus will begin slowing which
moves the Bus voltage towards the Unit Aux
Transformer voltage.

G Motor Bus

M M M Other
51 PCIC EUROPE MOTOR BUS VT Load
Motor Bus Transfer

Unit-Connected Generator Motor Bus

Unit Aux to Startup Transfer ▪ The Unit Auxiliary Transformer
In-Phase Transfer Possibility source lags the Startup Transformer
source by 30°
▪ After the Unit Auxiliary Transformer
breaker opens, the Motor Bus will
begin slowing which moves the Bus
voltage away from the Startup
Transformer voltage.

G Motor Bus

M M M Other
52 PCIC EUROPE Load
MOTOR BUS VT
Motor Bus Transfer

Transient Effects upon Disconnect of Motor Loads

• Essentially instantaneous phase shift upon disconnect of
Motor.
• Simulation based on 7,860 hp Induction Motor operating at full load
supplied from 11,550 VAC bus.
• Instantaneous phase shift of 9 to 10 degrees in the slow direction
calculated upon disconnect.
• Effect is additive to conditions occurring due to other causes
• Effect is followed by subsequent frequency decay, the speed of which is
dependent on inertia and loading of motor

• Same effect occurs upon disconnect subsequent to a

bus fault

53 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Phase Angle and Motor Bus Voltage Characteristics

High Inertial Motor/Load

Phase angle rate of change (caused by deceleration of the motors during transfer) and the rate of
voltage decay determined by the type of motors in use and the type of loads being driven.
54 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Phase Angle and Motor Bus Voltage Characteristics

Low Inertial Motor/Load

55 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Effect of Motor/Load Inertia

• High inertial loads tend to hold up motor buses

• Motors on a bus create a composite decay characteristic

56 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

Transfer Initiate
NOTE: For each of the following, transfers may be bi-directional or
may be programmed to only transfer in one direction.
▪ Protective Relay Initiate must come from ALL relay operations that would
remove power from motor bus sources.
▪ External Initiate
▪ Auto Transfer Initiate on Bus Undervoltage
When enabled, this automatically initiates transfer whenever the motor bus voltage drops below
an undervoltage limit for a set time delay. MUST be set to ride through normal bus voltage dips.

▪ Both Breakers Open: Auto Close Initiate or Block Transfer

If both breakers are detected in the open state, due to an external operation that opens the old
source breaker while leaving the new source breaker open, an Open Transition, Sequential
Mode Transfer can be initiated to close the new source breaker.

▪ Manual Initiate
- Local or Remote
- Selectable for Open Transition or Closed Transition Transfers

57 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

V/Hz Resultant from ES and EM

ANSI/NEMA STANDARD C50.41-2012
C50.41 is an American National Standard Institute standard
only found under NEMA
➢ ANSI/NEMA C50.41-2012; Status is Current

• C50.41 originally was a combined ANSI/IEEE standard, however

it is no longer under the IEEE
• The standard is now available on the NEMA website, and it is still
active as an ANSI Standard.

58 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer

ANSI/NEMA
STANDARD
C50.41-2012

59 PCIC EUROPE
MBT Performance Test Protocols

❑ The electric power industry presently has no industry

standards on the performance requirements for relays used to
supervise critical process motor bus transfers.
❑ A device-testing protocol was proposed in the 2012 IEEE
Power System Relaying Committee Report for sync check
relays used to implement motor bus fast transfer.
❑ The same 2012 IEEE PSRC Report included a device-testing
protocol for undervoltage relays used to implement motor bus
slow residual voltage transfer.
❑ An expanded test protocol is now proposed for relays used to
implement motor bus synchronous transfer (Fast and In-
Phase), and the results of this extensive performance testing
are analyzed per the requirements of ANSI/NEMA C50.41-2012.

60 PCIC EUROPE
MBT Extended Test Protocol

Performance Verification Test

• Prove applicability of devices considered for use in supervising wide
range of motor bus transfer characteristics on various plant buses.
• All protective relays applied must pass stringent performance
standards before deemed safe for use in the field. The field is too late
to get an ugly surprise that under real conditions, they don’t perform.
• A protective relay test set provides automated, consistent test
conditions, replicating the wide range of aggregate motor sizes,
inertia, and loads found in power plants and industrial facilities.
• The injected voltage and frequency decay rates, identified in Table I,
represent the aggregate spindown characteristics of the motors on
the bus after the Old Breaker is tripped.
• These Voltage and Frequency Decay rates cover the range from large
medium voltage motors with high inertia loads to smaller low voltage
motors with lower inertia loads.

61 PCIC EUROPE
MBT Extended Test Protocol

Dynamic Test of Motor Bus Transfer System –

Initial Static Phase Angles
Fast Tr ansfer Zone
0° Initial Prior conditions suggest
Phase Angle
-30° Initial -20° +20° +30° Initial
that the new test protocol
Phase Angle Phase Angle should include a variety
of initial start angles
+60° Initial
before transfer initiate at
Phase Angle each level of aggregate
motor bus inertia.

Bus Bus
Slow 40

Fast

+120° Initial
Phase Angle

62 PCIC EUROPE
MBT Test Protocol - Results

63 PCIC EUROPE
ANSI STANDARD C50.41-2012

ANSI/NEMA STANDARD C50.41-2012

Polyphase Induction Motors for Power Generating Stations
A fast transfer or reclosing is defined as one which:
a) occurs within a time period of 10 cycles or less,
b) the maximum phase angle between the motor residual volts per hertz
vector and the system equivalent volts per hertz vector does not
exceed 90 degrees, and
c) the resultant volts per hertz between the motor residual volts per
hertz phasor and the incoming source volts per hertz phasor at the
instant of transfer or reclosing is completed does not exceed 1.33 per
unit volts per Hz on the motor rated voltage and frequency basis.

ANSI/NEMA C50.41 states that out-of-phase bus transfers develop

transient currents and torques that may range from 2 to 20 times rated.

64 PCIC EUROPE
MBT Test Protocol - Results

• Test voltage and frequency decay characteristics of High,

Medium, and Low Inertia Motor Buses
• Tests with Multiple Initial Static Phase Angles
• All 15 tests closed under 0.26 pu V/Hz.
• All 15 tests closed well below the 1.33 pu V/Hz and 90 degree
limits*
* ANSI/NEMA C50.41 Polyphase Induction Motors for Power Generating Stations

• All 15 tests were performed with NO changes to settings.

✓ Fast Transfer Method Phase Angle Limit = 20°
✓ Fast Transfer Method Slip Frequency Limit = 2.0 Hz **
✓ In-Phase Transfer Method Slip Frequency Limit = 10.0 Hz
** Used to coordinate the actions of the Fast Transfer and the In-Phase Transfer
Methods to achieve an optimal close with the In-Phase Transfer Method.

65 PCIC EUROPE
MBT Test Protocol - Observations

• The ANSI/NEMA C50.41 “10 cycles or less” criteria would reject

perfectly good transfers by the In-Phase Transfer Method:
✓ A High Inertia close at 0.24 pu V/Hz took 27 cycles
✓ A Medium Inertia close at 0.15 pu V/Hz took 16.7 cycles
✓ A Low Inertia close at 0.15 pu V/Hz took 13.3 cycles
• The arbitrary 10-cycle limit must be ignored as it may take more
than 10 cycles for the motors to rotate back into synchronism.
• How fast can the motors transfer?
When the motors allow it by rotating back into sync ! ! !
• In the fast-moving world of motor bus transfer:
✓ 10 cycles (167 ms) is an eternity
✓ 10 cycles never was a safe limit for fast transfer*
* Even at a medium frequency decay of 20 Hz/sec (RS), with zero initial slip
frequency (SINIT), the angle movement (ΔØ) in 10 cycles (T) is a dangerous 100°.
ΔØ = 360(SINIT+0.5RST)T

66 PCIC EUROPE
MBT Test Protocol - Observations

• Synchronous Fast and In-Phase Transfers occur well before the 0.25
pu voltage level of the Residual Voltage Slow Transfer would operate.
• Synchronous Transfers vs. blind Residual Voltage Transfers:
✓ Much higher voltages
✓ Much lower slip frequencies
✓ With synchronous closure
• Residual Voltage Transfers can subject motors and loads to:
✓ The jarring effect of a large phase angle at breaker closure
✓ High inrush current and associated torque
✓ Lengthy undervoltage causing motor trip or dropout
✓ Load shed if the new source cannot reaccelerate all the motors
simultaneously
✓ Load shed if transfer would cause excessive plant voltage dip
• Results at Low Inertia demonstrate that the Fast and In-Phase
Methods, can also be applied to Low Voltage Motor Buses, rather than
having to resort to Residual Voltage Slow Transfers.
67 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Bus Transfer Success Criteria

Motor Bus Transfer Success Criterion

ANSI/NEMA C50.41 vs. Torque Ratio
❑ Case studies of a number of live motor bus transfers are
analyzed to assess a new transfer criterion that better
represents transient currents and torques.
❑ The industry ANSI/NEMA C50.41 Standard criteria,
calculated at the instant of transfer, presently used for
determining the success of a completed transfer, are
discussed and critiqued.
❑ A new transfer metric is derived, based on the ratio of the
aggregate peak torque after transfer to the aggregate load
torque prior to transfer.
❑ The industry ANSI/NEMA C50.41 Standard per unit Volts
per Hertz metric is discussed in light of the results of the
new torque ratio metric.
68 PCIC EUROPE
New Metric for Assessing MBT

• The pu V/Hz calculation depends on only three values at closure compared

to the new source: the bus voltage difference, frequency difference, and
phase angle difference.
• One could imagine two vastly different sets of motors with two vastly
different sets of loads, but transferring with the same three values at
closure. The calculated pu V/Hz would be exactly the same, but since the pu
V/Hz calculation ignores current, it cannot possibly address the torques
motors are experiencing. Therefore, use of the 1.33 pu V/Hz limit at breaker
close as a criterion for the safe transfer of motor buses leaves room for
improvement.
• The FACILITY 1 through 36 oscillographic records of live motor bus transfers will
now be analyzed to derive a new transfer metric, based on a torque ratio at the
close of the new source breaker.
• The voltage and current during inrush will be measured in the time domain
and employed to calculate the resultant peak torque at transfer as a multiple
of load torque prior to transfer as if the aggregate bus were a single
induction motor drawing the same current and power.
69 PCIC EUROPE
New Metric for Assessing MBT

Motor Torque Calculation

The torque produced is equal to the electromagnetic power transferred
through the air gap (PAG) divided by the synchronous speed (ωS):
T = PAG/ωS
Assumes all losses (copper, iron, friction, and windage losses) are neglected.

The air gap torque is calculated for two different conditions:

• Motor Torque under steady-state load (TL) prior to the transfer
(uses current signal taken from existing source along with motor bus voltage signal)

• Peak Motor Torque (TPK) after the transfer has taken place
(uses current signal taken from new source along with motor bus voltage signal)

• The Motor Torque Ratio TPK /TL is calculated for each facility
The Torque Ratio provides a normalized way of looking at transient
torque during motor bus transfer.
70 PCIC EUROPE
Air Gap Torque Before and After Transfer

Motor Air Gap Torque, Before and After Transfer

71 PCIC EUROPE
On-Site Live MBT Field Results
Live Open Transition Transfers Under Normal Operating Load Conditions

MBT FIELD RESULTS VS = 120 FS = 60

Open
ANSI Transfer Torque
Transfer Transfer Advance Close Close C50.41 Time Ratio
LOCATION Mode Method Ø Angle Ø Angle Close ΔF Volts pu V/Hz cycles TPK/TL
FACILITY 1 Simultaneous FAST -0.1 -20.0 -2.83 93.8 0.3622 1.3 4.12
FACILITY 2 Sequential FAST -10.8 -16.3 -0.19 100.4 0.3054 5.0 2.38
FACILITY 3 Simultaneous FAST -3.0 -18.5 -0.81 103.4 0.3260 3.3 2.48
FACILITY 4 Sequential FAST -0.8 -6.8 -0.23 107.9 0.1489 2.9 1.97
FACILITY 5 Simultaneous FAST -1.2 -12.6 -1.76 103.2 0.2360 1.3 1.87
FACILITY 6 Simultaneous FAST -1.1 -16.5 -2.25 102.0 0.2939 1.4 1.62
FACILITY 7 Sequential FAST -2.8 -17.1 -0.49 98.7 0.3201 2.9 2.08
FACILITY 8 Sequential FAST -2.2 -12.7 -0.38 99.0 0.2635 2.9 1.50
Residual
FACILITY 9 Sequential Voltage 152.4 128.4 -1.66 34.7 1.2074 48.7 11.31
IN-PHASE
FACILITY 10 Sequential ØIN IT =115° 55.0 -7.7 -2.77 44.4 0.6178 9.4 2.39
IN-PHASE
FACILITY 11 Sequential ØINIT=-0.1° 78.9 7.1 -4.48 37.7 0.6644 17.7 1.89
FACILITY 12 Simultaneous FAST -0.1 -20.3 -2.23 89.4 0.3838 1.7 2.85
FACILITY 13 Sequential FAST -2.2 -16.3 -0.47 100.4 0.3039 3.3 1.83
FACILITY 14 Simultaneous FAST -19.3 -33.1 -1.14 100.9 0.5464 6.6 4.65
FACILITY 15 Simultaneous FAST -16.8 -32.4 -1.36 101.0 0.5361 6.2 4.82
IN-PHASE
FACILITY 16 Sequential ØINIT=-13° 34.3 2.2 -2.07 62.7 0.4597 50.0 3.77
IN-PHASE
FACILITY 17 Sequential ØINIT=-9° 33.8 -1.1 -2.07 62.2 0.4634 50.6 3.75
FACILITY 18 Sequential FAST -32.6 -48.6 -0.74 108.1 0.7909 3.3 4.39
FACILITY 19 Sequential
72 FAST -32.4 -47.3
PCIC EUROPE-0.73 107.2 0.7689 3.3 4.70
FACILITY 20 Sequential FAST 24.4 9.5 -0.36 106.6 0.1892 3.3 1.91
 IN-PHASE
On-Site Live
FACILITY 11 MBT Field Results
Sequential ØINIT=-0.1° 78.9
37.7 0.6644 7.1
17.7-4.48
1.89
LiveFACILITY
Open12Transition Transfers Under Normal Operating
FACILITY 13
Simultaneous
Sequential
FAST
FAST
0.3838 Load
-0.1
89.4
-2.2
100.4
-20.3
-16.3
0.3039
1.7 Conditions
3.3
-2.23
2.85
-0.47
1.83
FACILITY 14 Simultaneous FAST -19.3 -33.1 -1.14 100.9 0.5464 6.6 4.65
FACILITY 15 Simultaneous FAST -16.8 -32.4 -1.36 101.0 0.5361 6.2 4.82
MBT FIELD IN-PHASE RESULTS VS = 120 FS = 60
FACILITY 16 Sequential ØINIT=-13° 34.3 2.2 -2.07 62.7 0.4597 Open
50.0 3.77
IN-PHASE ANSI Transfer Torque
FACILITY 17 Transfer
Sequential Transfer Advance
ØINIT=-9° 33.8 Close
-1.1 -2.07 Close
62.2 C50.41
0.4634 Time
50.6 Ratio
3.75
LOCATION
FACILITY 18 Mode
Sequential Method
FAST Ø Angle
-32.6 Ø Angle -0.74ΔF
-48.6 Close Volts
108.1 pu V/Hz
0.7909 cycles
3.3 T PK/TL
4.39
FACILITY19
FACILITY 1 Simultaneous
Sequential FAST -0.1
-32.4 -20.0
-47.3 -2.83
-0.73 93.8
107.2 0.3622
0.7689 1.3
3.3 4.12
4.70
FACILITY20
FACILITY 2 Sequential FAST -10.8
24.4 -16.3
9.5 -0.19
-0.36 100.4
106.6 0.3054
0.1892 5.0
3.3 2.38
1.91
FACILITY21
FACILITY 3 Simultaneous
Sequential FAST -3.0
-33.3 -18.5
-50.9 -0.81
-0.88 103.4
101.3 0.3260
0.8083 3.3
3.4 2.48
4.70
FACILITY22
FACILITY 4 Sequential FAST -0.8
25.7 -6.8
12.5 -0.23
-1.98 107.9
106.2 0.1489
0.2249 2.9
3.0 1.97
1.58
FACILITY23
FACILITY 5 Simultaneous
Sequential FAST -1.2
26.5 -12.6
12.1 -1.76
-0.73 103.2
106.5 0.2360
0.2241 1.3
3.2 1.87
1.57
FACILITY24
FACILITY 6 Simultaneous
Sequential FAST -1.1
-34.6 -16.5
-59.7 -2.25
-1.37 102.0
98.1 0.2939
0.9251 1.4
3.3 1.62
3.76
FACILITY25
FACILITY 7 Sequential FAST -2.8
26.6 -17.1
10.1 -0.49
-0.97 98.7
105.8 0.3201
0.1964 2.9
3.2 2.08
1.83
FACILITY26
FACILITY 8 Sequential FAST -2.2
-34.2 -12.7
-60.9 -0.38
-0.88 99.0
100.7 0.2635
0.9471 2.9
3.2 1.50
4.28
FACILITY 27 Sequential Residual
FAST -32.4 -49.0 -0.86 102.2 0.7828 3.3 5.34
FACILITY28
FACILITY 9 Sequential
Simultaneous Voltage
FAST 152.4
2.5 128.4
-4.1 -1.66
-1.08 34.7
112.1 1.2074
0.0851 48.7
1.0 11.31
1.21
FACILITY 29 Simultaneous IN-PHASE
FAST 6.4 -3.7 -1.54 111.7 0.0773 1.3 1.15
FACILITY 10 Sequential Ø IN IT =115°
IN-PHASE 55.0 -7.7 -2.77 44.4 0.6178 9.4 2.39
FACILITY 30 Simultaneous IN-PHASE
ØINIT=50° 38.0 5.8 -2.70 54.5 0.5291 3.5 2.80
FACILITY 11 Sequential ØINIT=-0.1°
IN-PHASE 78.9 7.1 -4.48 37.7 0.6644 17.7 1.89
12
FACILITY 31 FAST
Simultaneous ØINIT=-80° -0.1
85.6 -20.3
-3.6 -2.23
-5.37 89.4
47.5 0.3838
0.5668 1.7
19.9 2.85
2.17
FACILITY 13 Sequential FAST
Residual -2.2 -16.3 -0.47 100.4 0.3039 3.3 1.83
14
FACILITY 32 Simultaneous FAST
Voltage -19.3
129.6 -33.1
129.8 -1.14
-23.69 100.9
33.2 0.5464
1.3395 6.6
16.4 4.65
1.46
15
FACILITY 33 Simultaneous FAST -16.8
0.0 -32.4
-20.2 -1.36
-2.58 101.0
103.8 0.5361
0.3470 6.2
1.5 4.82
1.79
FACILITY 34 Simultaneous IN-PHASE
FAST 0.0 -16.8 -2.26 103.6 0.2952 1.4 2.05
FACILITY 16 Sequential ØINIT=-13°
Residual 34.3 2.2 -2.07 62.7 0.4597 50.0 3.77
FACILITY 35 Simultaneous IN-PHASE
Voltage -167.1 174.0 -1.20 35.0 1.2964 48.0 13.83
FACILITY 17 Sequential ØINIT=-9°
Residual 33.8 -1.1 -2.07 62.2 0.4634 50.6 3.75
18
FACILITY 36 Sequential
Simultaneous FAST
Voltage -32.6
56.8 -48.6
-47.7 -0.74
-24.61 108.1
31.4 0.7909
0.7746 3.3
77.2 4.39
2.63
FACILITY 19
73 Sequential FAST -32.4 -47.3 -0.73 107.2 0.7689 3.3 4.70
PCIC EUROPE
FACILITY 20 Sequential FAST 24.4 9.5 -0.36 106.6 0.1892 3.3 1.91
Torque Ratios (TPK/TL) vs. pu V/Hz

TORQUE RATIO (TPK/TL) VERSUS PU V/HZ

Facility 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Torque Ratio 4.12 2.38 2.48 1.97 1.87 1.62 2.08 1.50 11.31 2.39 1.89 2.85
(TPK /TL )

pu V/Hz 0.3622 0.3054 0.3260 0.1489 0.2360 0.2939 0.3201 0.2635 1.2074 0.6178 0.6644 0.3838

Facility 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Torque Ratio 1.83 4.65 4.82 3.77 3.75 4.39 4.70 1.91 4.70 1.58 1.57 3.76
(TPK /TL )

pu V/Hz 0.3038 0.5464 0.5361 0.4597 0.4634 0.7909 0.7689 0.1892 0.8083 0.2249 0.2241 0.9251

Facility 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Torque Ratio 1.83 4.28 5.34 1.21 1.15 2.80 2.17 1.46 1.79 2.05 13.83 2.63
(TPK /TL )

pu V/Hz 0.1964 0.9471 0.7828 0.0851 0.0773 0.5291 0.5668 1.3395 0.3470 0.2952 1.2964 0.7746

74 PCIC EUROPE
Torque Ratios (TPK/TL) vs. pu V/Hz

75 PCIC EUROPE
Residual Voltage Transfer Results

• Residual Voltage Transfers occurred at 3 facilities (9, 35 and 36) when the
Synchronous Transfer Methods were purposely disabled, so the results for
a Residual Voltage Transfer could be observed.
• The Close Voltages were about the same. FACILITIES 9 and 35 had little
frequency decay but significant closing angles, compared with significant
frequency decay and a small closing angle at FACILITY 36.
• Clearly the high closing angles correlate with the high Torque Ratios, while
the pu V/Hz metric still gives these hard transfers a passing grade.
• Results at FACILITIES 9 AND 35 demonstrate unsafe high Torque Ratios at
34.7 Vac and 35.0 Vac, well below the open-circuit AC time constant value,
approaching the alleged “safe” zone.

FACILITY 9 Residual Voltage FACILITY 35 Residual Voltage FACILITY 36 Residual Voltage

34.7 Vac 35.0 Vac 31.4 Vac
-1.66 Hz -1.20 Hz -24.61 Hz
128.4° 174.0° -47.7°
Transfer=48.7 cycles Transfer=48.0 cycles Transfer=77.2 cycles
1.2074 pu V/Hz 1.2964 pu V/Hz 0.7746 pu V/Hz
Torque Ratio=11.31 Torque Ratio=13.83 Torque Ratio=2.63
76 PCIC EUROPE
Excerpts from ANSI/NEMA C50.41-2012

14 Bus Transfer or Reclosing

14.2 Slow Transfer or Reclosing
A slow transfer or reclosing is defined as one in which the length of time between
disconnect of the motor from the power supply and reclosing onto the same or another
power supply is delayed until the motor rotor flux linkages have decayed sufficiently
so that the transient current and torque associated with the bus transfer or
reclosing will remain within acceptable levels…
To limit the possibility of damaging the motor or driven equipment, or both, it is
recommended that the system be designed so that the resultant volts per hertz vector
between the motor residual volts per hertz vector and the incoming source volts per hertz
vector at the instant the transfer or reclosing is completed does not exceed 1.33 per
unit volts per hertz on the motor rated voltage and frequency bases.
Slow transfer or reclosing can be accomplished by a time delay relay equal to or greater
than 1.5 times the open-circuit alternating-current time constant of the motor.

1.5 times the open-circuit machine time constant: The time for self-
generated voltage to decay to 22.3% of rated bus voltage or 26.8 Vac on a 120 Vac
PT secondary. That is NOT low enough! BUT any lower and the motors drop off.

77 PCIC EUROPE
Detailed Observations and Analysis

FACILITIES 11 COMPARED TO 9 and 35

Comparison of In-Phase to Residual Voltage Transfers and
Torque Ratio vs. pu V/Hz
FACILITY 11 In-Phase FACILITY 9 Residual Voltage FACILITY 35 Residual Voltage
37.7 Vac 34.7 Vac 35.0 Vac
-4.48 Hz -1.66 Hz -1.20 Hz
7.1° 128.4° 174.0°
Transfer=17.7 cycles Transfer=48.7 cycles Transfer=48.0 cycles
0.6644 pu V/Hz 1.2074 pu V/Hz 1.2964 pu V/Hz
Torque Ratio=1.89 Torque Ratio=11.31 Torque Ratio=13.83

78 PCIC EUROPE
Detailed Observations and Analysis

FACILITIES 18 THROUGH 27
CHALLENGE
• Initial 30°Phase Shift Mismatch Between Source Transformers
• Must use Sequential vs. Simultaneous mode transfer as can’t risk a
breaker failure that would even momentarily parallel the two out-of-
phase transformers
• Low Inertia, rapidly decaying nature of the motors on the bus,
precludes the use of In-Phase Transfer when the Initial Angle is -30°
as motors would drop out on low voltage.
SOLUTION
• Set Fast Transfer Phase Angle Limit to 40°so transfer can be
initiated immediately with the initial angle of -30°.
• Transfers starting at +30°close at smaller angles (9.5°to 12.5°) and
Torque Ratios (1.57 to 1.91), and those starting at -30°and moving
away from zero degrees close at larger angles (-47.3 to -60.9) and
Torque Ratios (3.76 to 5.34).
79 PCIC EUROPE
Detailed Observations and Analysis

80 PCIC EUROPE
Detailed Observations and Analysis

FACILITY 10
CHALLENGE
• Initial Static Phase Angle ØINIT = 115° preventing any
immediate attempt to perform a Fast Transfer.

SOLUTION
• The In-Phase Method of Transfer provided a successful
synchronous transfer opportunity, closing at 0.6178 pu V/Hz
with a Torque Ratio of 2.39.
• The breaker close command was sent at an Advance Ø Angle
of 55°before zero, and at a bus voltage well above the
Residual Voltage Transfer setpoint.

81 PCIC EUROPE
Detailed Observations and Analysis

FACILITY 1
NEED FOR SIMULTANEOUS TRANSFER MODE
• Simultaneous Mode Fast Transfers shorten Open Transfer Times
to ensure transfer in cases of very low motor bus inertia.
• Observations - Simultaneous Mode Fast Transfer
✓ Open Transfer Time of only 1.3 cycles
✓ Phase Angle moved 19.9°
✓ Slip Frequency increased by 2.83 Hz
✓ Bus Voltage dropped to 93.8 volts
✓ Closing at 0.36 pu V/Hz with a Torque Ratio of 4.12
• With motors and loads that are dragging down the frequency so
rapidly, this is definitely a case for Simultaneous Mode Fast
Transfer.
• Keep in mind that a Breaker Failure scheme is mandatory for the
Simultaneous Mode of Transfer in case the old breaker fails to trip.

82 PCIC EUROPE
Detailed Observations and Analysis

FACILITIES 11, 16 and 17

Successful In-Phase Transfers Completed After Blocked Fast Transfers
• In-Phase Transfer cases from Facilities 11, 16 and 17 all have a small initial
phase angle difference, so a Fast Transfer would have been successful.
However, in all three cases, the Fast Transfer method was blocked, and the
transfer was completed by the In-Phase Transfer method.
• FACILITY 11: The Fast Transfer method was disabled intentionally in
order to evaluate the performance of the In-Phase Transfer.
• FACILITY 16: The initial phase angle was -13°, but Sequential Transfer
mode prevented closing the new source breaker until the old source
breaker tripped. This was fortuitous as the old source breaker did not
trip for 12 cycles, while the phase angle between the motor bus and the
new source advanced from -13°to -55°, blocking Fast Transfer when
the breaker finally opened.
• FACILITY 17: Conditions again required the use of the Sequential
Transfer mode. Similar to FACILITY 16, as an upstream breaker tripped,
the old source breaker took 17 cycles to open as the phase angle
difference increased from -9°to -77°, blocking Fast Transfer.
83 PCIC EUROPE
Detailed Observations and Analysis

FACILITIES 11, 16 and 17

Successful In-Phase Transfers
• In-Phase Transfer operations from cases 16 and 17 clearly
demonstrate the value of In-Phase Transfer when a Fast
Transfer is blocked due to loss of an upstream source,
coupled with the slow trip time of the faulty old source
breaker.
FACILITY 11 In-Phase FACILITY 16 In-Phase FACILITY 17 In-Phase
37.7 Vac 62.7 Vac 62.2 Vac
-4.48 Hz -2.07 Hz -2.07 Hz
7.1° 2.2° -1.1°
Transfer=17.7 cycles Transfer=50.0 cycles Transfer=50.6 cycles
0.0644 pu V/Hz 0.4597 pu V/Hz 0.4634 pu V/Hz
Torque Ratio=1.89 Torque Ratio=3.77 Torque Ratio=3.75

84 PCIC EUROPE
Detailed Observations and Analysis

Fast Transfer Study of Correlation Between Torque Ratio

and Close Angle
• To determine the relationship between the Torque Ratio and
the Phase Angle at Close, these results from Fast Transfers
at Facilities 2-8, 12-15, 28-29, 33 and 34 are plotted.
• A regression analysis goodness-of-fit statistical measure R2
(coefficient of determination) is used with different curve
fitting equations to ascertain the relationship.
• A second order polynomial with an R2 of 0.9107 gave the
best fit, compared with linear (R2 of 0.7988) and exponential
(R2 of 0.8226) curves.
• The Torque Ratio increases with the increase in Close
Angle, and the increase is more rapid at large Close Angles
as indicated by the second order polynomial curve defined
by the equation Y = 0.004X2 + 0.0297X + 1.4323
85 PCIC EUROPE
Detailed Observations and Analysis

Fast Transfer Study of Correlation Between Torque

Ratio and Close Angle

86 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Torque Ratio TPK /TL Conclusions

• Although the Fast Transfer Torque Ratios from these Facilities are relatively
low, with transfers at Close Angles of 33°or less, the graph of Torque Ratio
vs. Close Angle shows a second order polynomial trend indicating that the
torque resulting from significantly out-of-phase bus transfers may be severe.
• This excellent fit between the Torque Ratio metric and Close Angle for 15
motor bus transfers, regardless of Close Voltage and Frequency Difference,
performed at 15 different facilities, with different motor bus characteristics
around the world, would also seem to greatly reinforce the value of the
Torque Ratio metric.
• Transfers that produce dangerously high Torque Ratios on the aggregate
motor bus are given a passing grade by the ANSI/NEMA C50.41 pu V/Hz
criterion.
• If it is torque that reduces the life expectancy and damages motors or driven
equipment, or both, as suggested in the ANSI/NEMA C50.41 Standard, then
the industry must use a torque-based criterion to assess if transfers are
being completed within acceptable torque limits.
• Some transfers with low Torque Ratios are given much higher pu V/Hz values
than others with relatively equal Torque Ratios.
87 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Torque Ratio TPK /TL Conclusions

• ANSI/NEMA C50.41 pu V/Hz is not a good measure of motor torque.

• ANSI/NEMA C50.41 advice that “Slow transfer or reclosing can be
accomplished by a time delay relay equal to or greater than 1.5 times the open-
circuit alternating-current time constant of the motor” is wrong. Torque is NOT
within acceptable levels at large close angles, even at low voltage.
• Motor Torque Ratio (TPK /TL) can be calculated using the voltage and
current waveforms recorded at transfer and can indicate if a transfer is
performed within safe motor torque design limits. The Torque Ratio
criterion can be used to calculate both aggregate and individual motor
torque (in per unit of max rated torque) at transfer.
• Residual Voltage Transfer where the phase angle and slip frequency are
ignored can produce dangerously high torques.
• In-Phase Transfer keeps motor torque well within safe limits, and is a good
choice when Fast Transfer is not possible due a large initial angle.
• This is due to lower real power exchange between the new source and the
motor as a result of the In-Phase near-zero phase angle difference at
transfer.

88 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Modeling

Motor Modeling - Transient Current & Torque

❑ Model three motors of various sizes, inertia, impedance,
and loads connected on a single motor bus to calculate the
peak transient motor current and torque at transfer (pu of
motor rated).
❑ Using Residual Voltage Transfer, study the effect of different
breaker closing phase angles on the individual peak
transient current and torque for each of the motors
immediately following the closure of the backup source
breaker.
❑ Individual motors exhibit positive and negative transient
torques, oscillating from induction generator to motor, and
the peak-to-peak torques are also recorded, as they will
impact the motor windings, bearings, couplings, gear box
and shaft torsion.
89 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Modeling

Motor Modeling - Transient Current & Torque

Modeling Applied to the Following Operating Conditions
❑ Normal Across-the-Line Motor Start
❑ Three-Phase Fault on the Motor
❑ In-Phase Transfer
❑ Residual Voltage Transfer,
Closing at Various Phase Angles

90 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Modeling

Motor Modeling - Transient Current & Torque

Analysis of the Results of the Modeling
❑ Analyze the severity of the resultant individual motor
torques and currents to determine if levels have been
exceeded that could cause cumulative damage and
loss of life to motors and connected equipment.
❑ Based on the levels of torques measured, the efficacy
of the transfer criteria found in ANSI/NEMA C50.41 will
be brought into question.

91 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Modeling

ANSI/NEMA
Standard
C50.41-2012
Polyphase Induction Motors
for
Power Generating Stations

92 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Modeling

ANSI/NEMA STANDARD C50.41-2012

14.1 General
• Induction motors are inherently capable of developing
transient current and torque considerably in excess of
rated current and torque when exposed to out-of-phase
bus transfer
• transient current and torque may range from 2 to 20
times rated … subjects the motor (including the motor
windings) and driven equipment to transient forces in
excess of normal running values.
• reduces the life expectancy of the motor by some finite
value…

93 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Modeling

ANSI/NEMA STANDARD C50.41-2012

14.2 Slow Transfer or Reclosing
• To limit possibility of damaging the motor or driven
equipment... the resultant volts per hertz at transfer
doesn’t exceed 1.33 pu V/Hz
• Delayed until motor rotor flux linkages decayed…
accomplished by a time delay equal or greater than 1.5
times the open-circuit AC time constant of the motor
[22.3% of rated bus voltage or 26.8 Vac on 120 Vac PT]

94 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Modeling

ANSI/NEMA STANDARD C50.41-2012

14.3 Fast Transfer or Reclosing
• Occurs within a time period of 10 cycles or less.
• The resultant volts per hertz at the instant of transfer
does not exceed 1.33 pu V/Hz

95 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Modeling

The Motor Bus Primary Backup

Source Source

T1 T2

Main 1 N/C Main 2 N/O

Motor Bus

M M M
Motor A Motor B Motor C
96 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Modeling

The Motor Bus

The motor bus is supplied via 13.8/4.16 kV (20 MVA, Z=5%)
Transformers T1 and T2.
Each motor is modeled based on available motor data, as
three motors with different sizes and loads have been chosen
to represent an example of an industrial power system.

MOTOR POWER VOLTAGE # POLES LOAD % LOAD

A 4000 hp 4 kV 4-pole 2500 kW compressor 76.90%

1000 kW induced draft
B 1500 hp 4 kV 2-pole fan 85.20%

C 500 hp 4 kV 6-pole 300 kW pump 78.80%

97 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Modeling

IEEE Std C37.96-2012

IEEE Guide for
AC Motor Protection

98 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Modeling

IEEE Std C37.96-2012 Definitions

In-Phase Transfer: “An open-transition method wherein the
close command to the new breaker occurs at a phase angle in
advance of phase coincidence between the motor bus and the
new source to compensate for the new breaker's closing time”
Residual Voltage Transfer: “An open-transition method
wherein the voltage magnitude at the motor bus falls below a
predetermined level before the close command is issued to the
new breaker. There is no supervision of the synchronous
condition between the motor bus and the new source”

99 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Modeling

Why Perform Residual Voltage Transfer Tests

Closing at Various Phase Angles?
IEEE Std C37.96-2012, Clause 6.4.8-13
• Events that occur or conditions that exist immediately prior
to opening the initial source breaker
• Faults on the initial source
• Condition of the alternative source
• Effects of an out-of-step (OOS) generator trip
• System separation between incoming supply sources
o Different supply voltages
o Abnormal system operation
o Loading of the supply transformers
• Supply source transformer winding phase shift
• Transient effects upon disconnection of motor loads
100 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Modeling

Why Perform Residual Voltage Transfer Tests

Closing at Various Phase Angles?
At transfer initiate, the initial phase angle may be nowhere
near zero!
So at the end of a Residual Voltage Transfer spin down, the
close phase angle may be nowhere near zero!
Round and round she goes, and where she stops, nobody
knows!
ANSI/NEMA Standard C50.41-2012 confirms that, “test
conditions should account for any phase angle difference
between the incoming and running power supplies.”

101 PCIC EUROPE

Motor Modeling

Tests Performed Under the Following Operating

Conditions
• Normal Across-the-Line Motor Start - Induction motors experience high
stator current and torque during motor start, and are designed to sustain this
condition for short periods of time. The model includes starting parameters: locked
rotor current and breakdown torque.
• Three-Phase Short Circuit on Motor Terminals - Torque can be great
enough to overstress motor mounts to foundation or damage drive train shafts and
couplings. Typically a specified maximum value of six times rated torque.
• In-Phase Transfer - ANSI C50.41 limits Fast Transfers to “10 cycles or less”,
so a worst case In-Phase Transfer test is performed that takes longer than 10
cycles to rotate 330° to the first pass through zero degrees to complete a smooth
synchronous transfer.
• Residual Voltage Transfer - Tests are performed with initial phase angles
varied between primary and backup sources, resulting in varied closing phase
angles on completion of transfer.

102 PCIC EUROPE

Motor Modeling

Residual Voltage Transfer Test And Measurement

Methodology
• The initial angle is varied by 30 degree steps.
• Transfer is initiated, opening the Primary Source breaker, and the
motor bus voltage and frequency decays.
• During spin down, each of the three motors can be in generation
mode (negative torque) or motor mode (positive torque) depending
upon inertia of the motors.
• The breaker close command is sent to the Backup Source breaker
when the motor bus voltage reaches 30% with breaker close <30%.
• After breaker closure, peak current and peak positive, peak negative
and peak-to-peak transient torques are measured.
NOTE: Transient peak-to-peak torque is defined as the difference between the
positive peak and the negative peak torque during various operating conditions such
as motor starting, short circuit and motor bus transfer.

103 PCIC EUROPE

Motor Modeling Motor Modeling

Motor B
Transient
Torques
During
Residual
Voltage
Transfer

104 PCIC EUROPE

 Motor Modeling

Test Results - Transient Currents & Torques during

Residual Voltage MBT
RESIDUAL VOLTAGE TRANSFER VS. MOTOR START AND
IN-PHASE TRANSFER (Gray>Normal Start)
Normal In-Phase
Closing Angle 1.34 32.55 62.55 92.55 122.73 153.09 183.45 210.41 240.41 270.41 300.61 330.97 Start Transfer
Motor A Peak Current 6.90 5.55 5.22 5.36 5.46 6.44 7.44 8.54 8.59 9.05 8.69 7.63 4.70 3.44
Motor B Peak Current 9.94 7.96 7.05 7.60 8.98 10.68 12.28 13.73 13.49 13.98 13.07 11.26 6.28 4.54
Motor C Peak Current 9.00 7.37 6.39 6.28 6.81 8.02 9.27 10.62 10.74 11.44 11.05 9.88 5.85 3.88
Motor A NegativePeak Torque 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.87 -2.06 -3.09 -3.65 -3.56 -2.88 -1.88 -0.88 -0.17 0.00 0.00
Motor B NegativePeak Torque -0.49 -0.49 -0.94 -2.43 -4.04 -5.17 -5.43 -4.74 -3.40 -1.93 -0.78 -0.49 0.00 -0.49
Motor C NegativePeak Torque -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.53 -2.09 -3.60 -4.57 -4.74 -4.06 -2.80 -1.41 -0.33 0.00 -0.10
Motor A PositivePeak Torque 2.27 2.47 2.72 3.08 3.27 3.42 3.48 3.28 2.82 2.51 2.06 1.79 1.80 2.95
Motor B PositivePeak Torque 3.76 4.22 4.47 4.66 4.94 5.03 4.87 4.54 4.26 3.87 3.51 3.30 3.24 4.04
Motor C PositivePeak Torque 2.57 2.80 3.14 3.55 3.82 3.85 3.76 3.65 3.32 2.82 2.51 2.29 2.25 3.36
Motor A Transient Pk-to-Pk Torque 2.27 2.47 2.72 3.95 5.33 6.52 7.13 6.83 5.70 4.39 2.94 1.97 1.80 2.95
Motor B Transient Pk-to-Pk Torque 4.25 4.71 5.41 7.09 8.98 10.20 10.30 9.28 7.66 5.80 4.29 3.79 3.24 4.53
Motor C Transient Pk-to-Pk Torque 2.67 2.90 3.24 4.08 5.91 7.45 8.34 8.39 7.38 5.62 3.93 2.61 2.25 3.46
Resultant pu V/Hz 0.67 0.74 0.90 1.07 1.22 1.31 1.33 1.29 1.21 1.06 0.88 0.73 0.66
105 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Modeling

Comparison of Currents and Torques

Residual Voltage Transfer vs.
In-Phase Transfer and Motor Start
• The In-Phase Transfer takes more than 27 cycles which is
much more than the 10-cycle fast transfer limit specified
by ANSI C50.41.
• The bus voltage at the point of In-Phase Transfer is 62%
compared to <30% for a Residual Voltage Transfer.
• For all motors, in 67% of the tests, the peak-to-peak
torques for In-Phase Transfers are much less than the
peak-to-peak torques for Residual Voltage Transfers at
larger angles.
106 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Modeling

Comparison of Currents and Torques

Residual Voltage Transfer vs.
In-Phase Transfer and Motor Start (continued)
• For all motors, the peak currents for In-Phase Transfers
are all lower than the Normal Start currents, and all much
lower than currents for Residual Voltage Transfers.
• In 89% of the cases, the currents during Residual Voltage
Transfer are in excess of six times rated current, which is
typically the maximum specified for across-the-line motor
starting.
• ALL Residual Voltage Transfers closing over six times
rated torque are still given passing grades of 1.33 pu V/Hz
or less.
107 PCIC EUROPE
 Motor Modeling

Test Results - Transient Currents & Torques During Residual Voltage MBT
RESIDUAL VOLTAGE TRANSFER VS. MOTOR 3-Ø SHORT CIRCUIT
(Gray>Short Circuit)
Short
Closing Angle 1.34 122.73 153.09 183.45 210.41 240.41 270.41 300.61 330.97 Circuit
Motor A Peak Current 6.90 5.46 6.44 7.44 8.54 8.59 9.05 8.69 7.63 5.90
Motor B Peak Current 9.94 8.98 10.68 12.28 13.73 13.49 13.98 13.07 11.26 9.55
Motor C Peak Current 9.00 6.81 8.02 9.27 10.62 10.74 11.44 11.05 9.88 7.50
Motor A NegativePeak Torque 0.00 -2.06 -3.09 -3.65 -3.56 -2.88 -1.88 -0.88 -0.17 -4.03
Motor B NegativePeak Torque -0.49 -4.04 -5.17 -5.43 -4.74 -3.40 -1.93 -0.78 -0.49 -6.46
Motor C NegativePeak Torque -0.10 -2.09 -3.60 -4.57 -4.74 -4.06 -2.80 -1.41 -0.33 -5.38
Motor A PositivePeak Torque 2.27 3.27 3.42 3.48 3.28 2.82 2.51 2.06 1.79 1.67
Motor B PositivePeak Torque 3.76 4.94 5.03 4.87 4.54 4.26 3.87 3.51 3.30 2.21
Motor C PositivePeak Torque 2.57 3.82 3.85 3.76 3.65 3.32 2.82 2.51 2.29 1.38
Motor A Transient Transfer Torque 2.27 5.33 6.52 7.13 6.83 5.70 4.39 2.94 1.97 5.70
Motor B Transient Transfer Torque 4.25 8.98 10.20 10.30 9.28 7.66 5.80 4.29 3.79 8.68
Motor C Transient Transfer Torque 2.67 5.91 7.45 8.34 8.39 7.38 5.62 3.93 2.61 6.76
108 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Modeling

Comparison of Currents and Torques

Residual Voltage Transfer vs. Motor Short Circuit
• The peak-to-peak torque developed during the Residual Voltage Transfer
is higher than the Three-Phase Short Circuit Torques in 40% of cases.
• As the nature of these torques are cyclic or pulsating, it could generate
high mechanical vibration resulting in possible cumulative damage to the
motors and any mechanical equipment connected to it.
• The peak current in motors during Residual Voltage Transfers is higher
than the Three-Phase Short Circuit Currents in more than 60% of the
cases.
• High currents passing through the motor conductors cause high
mechanical stresses on the conductors, fixed in stator slots by wedges,
and held in end windings by a combination of epoxy, blocking and
lashings. This mechanical stress can result in damage to the insulation
surrounding the stator conductors and, over time, it can cause a short
circuit in the stator windings.
109 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Modeling

Test
Results:
Transient
Currents
During
Residual
Voltage
Transfer
Compared

110 PCIC EUROPE

 Motor Modeling

Test
Results:
Transient
Torques
During
Residual
Voltage
Transfer
Compared

111 PCIC EUROPE

Motor Modeling

Motor Modeling Test Results Confirm the

Motor Torque Ratio TPK /TL Conclusions
• There is a high correlation of Torque Ratio vs. Ø Angle at Close.
• Transfers that produce dangerously high Torques are given a
passing grade by the C50.41 pu V/Hz criterion.
• If it is torque that reduces the life expectancy and damages motors
or driven equipment, or both, as suggested in the C50.41 Standard,
then the industry must use a torque-based criterion to assess if
transfers are being completed within acceptable torque limits.
• Residual Voltage Transfers, where the phase angle and slip
frequency are ignored, can produce dangerously high torques due to
significantly out-of-phase closures.
• In-Phase Transfers always occur at much lower torques than the
“blind” Residual Voltage Transfer method, closing at larger angles.

112 PCIC EUROPE

Motor Modeling

Motor Bus Transfer Results Related to

ANSI/NEMA Standard C50.41-2012
14.2 Slow Transfer or Reclosing
“To limit the possibility of damaging the motor or driven equipment,
or both, it is recommended that the system be designed so that the
resultant volts per hertz… at the instant the transfer or reclosing is
completed does not exceed 1.33 per unit volts per hertz…”
TEST Results
• Very high inrush currents and torques can occur at V/Hz levels
ranging from 0.9 pu to 1.33 pu for the worst torques at a 183°
close.
• The C50.41 pu V/Hz limit of 1.33 pu is of NO use as a measure to
determine if the transient torques and currents exceed the design
limits.

113 PCIC EUROPE

Motor Modeling

Motor Bus Transfer Results Related to ANSI/NEMA

Standard C50.41-2012
14.2 Slow Transfer or Reclosing
“is delayed until the motor rotor flux linkages have decayed sufficiently
so that the transient current and torque associated with the bus transfer or
reclosing will remain within acceptable levels… accomplished by a time
delay relay equal to or greater than 1.5 times the open-circuit
alternating-current time constant of the motor.” [22.3% of rated bus
voltage or 26.8 Vac on 120 Vac PT]
TEST Results
• Significantly out-of-phase Residual Voltage Transfers, even with
transfer breaker closing below 30% voltage, the motors still
experience damaging multiples of rated current and torque.
• Higher than Three-Phase Short Circuit Torque in 40% of cases
• Higher than Three-Phase Short Circuit Currents in >60% of cases
• Six times rated current in 89% of the cases
114 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Modeling

Motor Bus Transfer Results Related to ANSI/NEMA

Standard C50.41-2012
14.3 Fast Transfer or Reclosing
“occurs within a time period of 10 cycles or less.”

TEST Results
• The In-Phase Transfer took more than 27 cycles.
• The bus voltage at the point of In-Phase Transfer is 62% compared to
<30% for a Residual Voltage Transfer.
• For all motors, the peak currents for In-Phase Transfers are all lower
than the Normal Start currents, and all much lower than currents for
Residual Voltage Transfers.
• For the three motors, the peak-to-peak torques for In-Phase Transfers
are only 2.95, 3.46, and 4.53 times rated torques.
• This 10-cycle time period would reject perfectly good In-Phase
Transfers.
115 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Modeling

Motor Bus Transfer Results Related to ANSI/NEMA

Standard C50.41-2012
14.3 Fast Transfer or Reclosing
“occurs within a time period of 10 cycles or less.”
DISCUSSION
This 10-cycle time period assumes the initial phase angle between the
motor bus and the new source starts somewhere near zero, and thus
completes the transfer before the angle has a chance to increase to a
damaging level.
But even at a medium inertia frequency decay of 20 Hz/sec, the angle
movement in 10 cycles is a dangerous 100°, so 10 cycles is not a safe
limit for fast transfer.
But as IEEE C37.96 reveals, due to the phenomena identified, the initial
phase angle between the motor bus and the new source may be
nowhere near zero, so 10 cycles or any time period never guarantees a
good transfer.
116 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Modeling

Motor Bus Transfer Results

Related to ANSI/NEMA Standard C50.41-2012
14.3 Fast Transfer or Reclosing
“occurs within a time period of 10 cycles or less.”

DISCUSSION (continued)
Fortunately, given these phenomena, an Open Transition Transfer allows
the motors to spin free and rotate back through synchronism where the
backup source breaker can always successfully be closed by the
synchronous In-Phase Transfer method.

117 PCIC EUROPE

Motor Modeling

Motor Bus Transfer Results Related to ANSI/NEMA

Standard C50.41-2012
14.1 General
• “Induction motors are inherently capable of developing transient
current and torque considerably in excess of rated current and
torque when exposed to out-of-phase bus transfer”
• “transient current and torque may range from 2 to 20 times rated …
subjects the motor (including the motor windings) and driven
equipment to transient forces in excess of normal running values.”
• “reduces the life expectancy of the motor by some finite value…”

TEST Results
• Yes, even at voltages <30%

118 PCIC EUROPE

Motor Modeling

Residual Voltage Transfer Test Conclusions

High Currents:
• May cause thermal and mechanical damage to stator conductors and
insulation
• May cause tripping of motors due operation of motor instantaneous
overcurrent protective relays
• May cause tripping of feeder and transformer overcurrent protective
relays
High Torques:
• More than 40% probability of producing motor torques greater than short
circuit torque
• Will result in cumulative loss-of-life, motor fatigue, and potential early life
failure
• Large cyclic torques (peak-to-peak) can cause mechanical vibration and
damage to the bearings, shafts, couplings, gearboxes and loads. If the
peak shaft stresses exceed the yield strength of the shaft material, then
immediate cracks will occur.
119 PCIC EUROPE
Motor Modeling

Residual Voltage Transfer Test Conclusions

Significant Speed and Voltage Decay
• Load shed may be necessary if the new source cannot reaccelerate all
the motors at once.
• The transfer could cause excessive plant voltage dip causing motor trip
or dropout on other buses.
DISCUSSION
Acknowledging these significant problems, some in the industry have
elected only to perform dead transfers, waiting until the motors have
stopped and then restarting the whole process. This strategy is extremely
expensive and opens up exposure to the risk of having to perform an
unnecessary complete shutdown and restart of the process. There is no
need to resort to such extreme measures since Synchronous Fast and In-
Phase Transfers always occur at much higher voltages, at much lower slip
frequencies, and coupled with the synchronous closure, provide a far
gentler transfer than the “blind” Residual Voltage method. Safe transfers
can be performed rapidly and seamlessly with no effect on process.
120 PCIC EUROPE
 Motor Bus Transfer

Motor Bus Transfer Tutorial

Thomas R. Beckwith
Beckwith Electric Company
Author

Mohamed Abdel Khalek Mohamed

Beckwith Electric Company
Presenter

Questions?

121 PCIC EUROPE