TRAINING KIT – HAZA05

EARTHQUAKE DEFORMATION USING InSAR,

WITH SENTINEL-1 – MAY 2018 (HAWAII)

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Research and User Support for Sentinel Core Products

The RUS Service is funded by the European Commission, managed by the European Space Agency and
operated by CSSI and its partners.
Authors would be glad to receive your feedback or suggestions and to know how this material was
used. Please, contact us on training@rus-coperenicus.eu
Cover images produced by RUS Copernicus

The following training material has been prepared by Serco Italia S.p.A. within the RUS Copernicus
project.
Date of publication: March 2019
Version: 1.1

Suggested citation:
Serco Italia SPA (2019). Earthquake Deformation Using InSAR, with Sentinel-1. (version 1.1). Retrieved
from RUS Lectures at https://rus-copernicus.eu/portal/the-rus-library/learn-by-yourself/

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0

International License.

DISCLAIMER

While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication, RUS Copernicus
does not warrant its accuracy or will, regardless of its or their negligence, assume liability for any foreseeable or
unforeseeable use made of this publication. Consequently, such use is at the recipient’s own risk on the basis that any use
by the recipient constitutes agreement to the terms of this disclaimer. The information contained in this publication does not
purport to constitute professional advice.

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Table of Contents
1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 4
2 Training ........................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Data used ................................................................................................................................ 4
2.2 Software in RUS environment ................................................................................................. 5
3 Register to RUS Copernicus............................................................................................................. 5
4 Request a RUS Copernicus Virtual Machine ................................................................................... 6
5 Step by step..................................................................................................................................... 9
5.1 Data download – ESA SciHUB ................................................................................................. 9
5.2 SNAP – open and explore data ............................................................................................. 12
5.3 Pre-processing....................................................................................................................... 13
5.3.1 Graph Builder ................................................................................................................ 13
5.3.2 Batch Processing ........................................................................................................... 15
5.4 Coregistration and Interferometric Processing .................................................................... 17
5.4.1 Data Coregistration ....................................................................................................... 17
5.4.2 Interferogram Formation .............................................................................................. 20
5.4.3 TOPS Deburst ................................................................................................................ 20
5.4.4 Write/create the product.............................................................................................. 21
5.4.5 Topographic Phase Removal ......................................................................................... 22
5.4.6 Multilooking .................................................................................................................. 23
5.4.7 Phase Filtering ............................................................................................................... 23
5.4.8 Phase Unwrapping ........................................................................................................ 26
5.4.9 Displacement ................................................................................................................ 29
5.5 Geocoding ............................................................................................................................. 30
5.6 Masking ................................................................................................................................. 33
5.7 Export products..................................................................................................................... 34
6 Visualization in QGIS ..................................................................................................................... 35
7 Extra Steps .................................................................................................................................... 38
7.1 Download files from VM ....................................................................................................... 38
8 Further reading and resources...................................................................................................... 39

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1 Introduction
The Research and User Support for Sentinel core products (RUS) service provides a free and open
scalable platform in a powerful computing environment, hosting a suite of open source toolboxes pre-
installed on virtual machines, to handle and process data acquired by the Copernicus Sentinel satellites
constellation.
Earthquakes occur very often worldwide, especially in volcanic regions like Hawaii. They can be caused
by tectonic faults, by the movement of magma in volcanoes (volcano tectonic earthquakes) and be
related to dike intrusion.
The earthquake occurred in the south-
east of the Hawaii archipelago on May
4, 2018 at the Hawaii Island, was of
magnitude of Mw 6.9 and produced
around 5 meters of fault slip. It is the
largest earthquake affecting this
region after the one in 1975, where 2
people were killed and another 28
were injured.

This event was related to the new lava

outbreaks at the Kilauea Volcano and
the aftershock events continued until
August 2018. The earthquake
produced a minor tsunami that
All earthquakes recorded at the area of study from 15 March 2018 to reached a maximum height of 40 cm in
15 August 2018 with magnitude 3.5 – 7.0. In blue, the event of 4 May Kapoho, 20 cm in Hilo and 15 cm in
2018. (Source: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/)
Honuapo.

Hawaii region is known as one of around 60 hotspots that exist in the world and its islands are formed
due to the continuous flow of magma towards the surface. The tectonic plate is moving to a north-
west direction while the hotspot remains at the same location, creating new volcanoes. This is the
reason why the youngest island is located to the south-east and why only the volcanoes in the
southern half are active. Seismic activity will always take place in such regions and sometimes it can
also be related to volcanic eruptions.

2 Training
Approximate duration of this training session is two hours.
The Training Code for this tutorial is HAZA05. If you wish to practice the exercise described below
within the RUS Virtual Environment, register on the RUS portal and open a User Service request from
Your RUS service → Your dashboard.

2.1 Data used

• Two Sentinel-1A IW SLC images with VH & VV polarization acquired on 23 April 2018 and 5 May
2018 [downloadable at https://scihub.copernicus.eu/]
S1B_IW_SLC__1SDV_20180423T161524_20180423T161551_010613_0135DD_33F0
S1B_IW_SLC__1SDV_20180505T161525_20180505T161552_010788_013B7D_25D2

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2.2 Software in RUS environment
Internet browser, SNAP + Sentinel-1 Toolbox, QGIS, (Extra steps: Google Earth)

3 Register to RUS Copernicus

To repeat the exercise using a RUS Copernicus Virtual Machine (VM), you will first have to register as
a RUS user. For that, go to the RUS Copernicus website (www.rus-copernicus.eu) and click on
Login/Register in the upper right corner.

Select the option Create my Copernicus SSO account and then fill in ALL the fields on the Copernicus
Users’ Single Sign On Registration. Click Register.

Within a few minutes you will receive an e-mail with activation link. Follow the instructions in the e-
mail to activate your account.
You can now return to https://rus-copernicus.eu/, click on Login/Register, choose Login and enter
your chosen credentials.

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Upon your first login you will need to enter some details. You must fill all the fields.

4 Request a RUS Copernicus Virtual Machine

Once you are registered as a RUS user, you can request a RUS Virtual Machine to repeat this exercise
or work on your own projects using Copernicus data. For that, log in and click on Your RUS Service →
Your Dashboard.

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Click on Request a new User Service to request your RUS Virtual Machine. Complete the form so that
the appropriate cloud environment can be assigned according to your needs.

If you want to repeat this tutorial (or any previous one) select the one(s) of your interest in the
appropriate field.

Complete the remaining steps, check the terms and conditions of the RUS Service and submit your
request once you are finished.

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Further to the acceptance of your request by the RUS Helpdesk, you will receive a notification email
with all the details about your Virtual Machine. To access it, go to Your RUS Service → Your Dashboard
and click on Access my Virtual Machine.

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Fill in the login credentials that have been provided to you by the RUS Helpdesk via email to access
your RUS Copernicus Virtual Machine.

This is the remote desktop of your Virtual Machine.

5 Step by step
5.1 Data download – ESA SciHUB
In this step, we will download the Sentinel-1 scenes from the Copernicus Open Access Hub using the
online interface. Go to Applications → Network → Firefox Web Browser or click the link below.
Go to https://scihub.copernicus.eu/

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Go to “Open HUB”, if you do not have an account please register by going to “Sign-up” in the LOGIN
menu in the upper right corner.

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After you have filled in the registration form, you will receive an activation link by e-mail. Once your
account is activated or if you already have an account, “LOGIN”.
Navigate to Hawaii (approximate area – green rectangle).

Zoom in to the south-east part of the Hawaii Island, switch to “drawing mode” and draw a search
rectangle approximately as indicated below. Open the search menu by clicking to the left part of the
search bar and specify the following parameters:
Sensing period: From 2018/04/23 to 2018/05/05
Select: Mission: Sentinel-1
Product Type: SLC
Sensor Mode: IW
Relative Orbit Number: 87 (It is important for InSAR processing since we need the products to have
the same geometry).

Then click on the “Search” icon. In our case, the search returns 2 results for the time period we set.
Download both scenes by clicking on the “Download Product” icon:
S1B_IW_SLC__1SDV_20180423T161524_20180423T161551_010613_0135DD_33F0
S1B_IW_SLC__1SDV_20180505T161525_20180505T161552_010788_013B7D_25D2
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The products will be downloaded at /home/rus as zip files. Move them to:
/shared/Training/HAZA05_EarthquakeDeformation_Hawaii_TutorialKit/Original folder.

5.2 SNAP – open and explore data

Open SNAP software from the icon located on the desktop or go to Applications → Processing →
SNAP Desktop. Click the Open Product icon , navigate to:
/shared/Training/HAZA05_EarthquakeDeformation_Hawaii_TutorialKit/Original folder and open
the two S-1 downloaded products (first the 20180423 and then the 20180505):

S1B_IW_SLC__1SDV_20180423T161524_20180423T161551_010613_0135DD_33F0.zip
S1B_IW_SLC__1SDV_20180505T161525_20180505T161552_010788_013B7D_25D2.zip
The opened products will appear in Product Explorer window. Click + or to expand the contents of
product [1] from 23 April 2018, then expand Bands folder and double click on Intensity_IW1_VV band
to visualize it in the View window. You can go to the World Map tab and zoom in to see the location
of the opened product on the globe (See NOTE 1).

View

Product Explorer

World Map

Zoom

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Open the Intensity_IW1_VV band of the product [2] from 5 May 2018 as well and compare them by
going to Window → Tile Horizontally. Go to the Navigation tab and click on the two icons shown
within the red rectangular below to synchronize the views and the cursor position between the views.

Navigation

NOTE 1: The RADAR instrument onboard Sentinel-1 carries an antenna that is looking always to the right
during its pass. These two scenes were acquired during descending pass (the satellite was moving in
direction from north to south) and in this case while looking to the right it was actually looking towards
the west. That is why we see that the view of the image appears as if “mirrored”, because the view
shows the pixels in order of the data acquisition.

5.3 Pre-processing
We need to apply identical pre-processing steps to both products and we will use the GraphBuilder
and the Batch Processing tools.

By using the GraphBuilder tool, we can define the steps of the process we want to apply and at the
end only the final product will be physically saved (this way we will also save disk space since the
products of the intermediate steps will not be stored).

By using the Batch Processing tool, we will apply all steps to both images in one go.

5.3.1 Graph Builder

Go to Tools → GraphBuilder to build our graph.

We can see that the graph has only two operators: Read (to read the input) and Write (to write the
output). Below there also are the corresponding to the operators’ tabs.

First, right-click on the Write operator and Delete it. The corresponding tab will be removed as well.
This is to avoid confusion to the sequence of the graph. The Write operator will be added again at the
end.

For now, we will not define any parameters in the tabs (they will be defined in the Batch Processing
step), we will only create the graph.

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Every Interferometric Wide swath (IW) consists of 3 sub-swaths and each one of maximum 9 bursts.
In SNAP we can process only one swath at a time until the Deburst step (See chapter 5.4.3). Our area
of interest is located in the IW1 and is covered sufficiently by processing 2 bursts. We will use the
TOPSAR-Split operator; this way we will reduce the total processing time (See NOTE 2).

To add the TOPSAR-Split operator, right-click at the empty white space right of the Read operator and
go to Add → Radar → Sentinel-1 TOPS → TOPSAR-Split. Connect the Read operator to it by dragging
the red arrow from the right side of Read operator towards the TOPSAR-Split operator.

NOTE 2: In this case that we are using a pair of descending products, the IW1 is the one to the east. If
we work with ascending products, the IW1 is the one to the west. Depending on our area of interest,
we can process some or all bursts of a sub-swath, or even merge more sub-swaths but this will be quite
time consuming and computationally heavy in the following steps.

Now we will add the Apply-Orbit-File operator by right-clicking and going to Add → Radar → Apply-
Orbit-File (See NOTE 3). Connect the TOPSAR-Split operator to it.

NOTE 3: The orbit state vectors provided in the metadata of a SAR product are generally not accurate
and can be refined with the precise orbit files which are available days-to-weeks after the generation of
the product. The orbit file provides accurate satellite position and velocity information. Based on this
information, the orbit state vectors in the abstract metadata of the product are updated.

Finally, we will add the Write operator to write our output product. To add the operator right-click
and go to Add → Input-Output → Write. Connect the Apply-Orbit-File operator to it.

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Then click on icon at the bottom of the Graph Builder window and save the graph under
/shared/Training/HAZA05_EarthquakeDeformation_Hawaii_TutorialKit/Processing folder with the
name Preprocess_Graph.xml.

Close the Graph Builder window.

5.3.2 Batch Processing

Batch Processing is used when we want to apply identical pre-processing steps at once, to multiple
images (in this case only in two). Open the Batch Processing tool by going to Tools → Batch Processing.

In the I/O Parameters tab we will add both opened products from the Product Explorer window by
clicking Add Opened at the right (second icon from the top) and then click Refresh (second icon from
the bottom). Deselect the “Keep source product name” option.

Then we will click on Load Graph at the bottom of the window, navigate to our saved graph and open
it. We see that new tabs have appeared at the top of window corresponding to our operators.

Add Opened

Refresh

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In the TOPSAR-Split tab Zoom in to the product and choose:

Subswath: IW1
Polarisations: VV
Bursts: 4 to 5 (drag the two sliders accordingly)

Zoom in

In the Apply-Orbit-File tab we will keep the default settings and make sure that you will select the “Do
not fail if new orbit file is not found” option.

In the Write tab keep the “Name” that is created with the “Orb” suffix and under the “Directory” set
the path to /shared/Training/HAZA05_EarthquakeDeformation_Hawaii_TutorialKit/Processing
folder. Then click Run.

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Now close the Batch Processing window, collapse the products [1] and [2] and close the opened View
windows as well. The two new products have appeared to the Product Explorer window. Expand the
products [3] and [4], expand the Bands folder and double click on the Intensity_IW1_VV band.

5.4 Coregistration and Interferometric Processing

5.4.1 Data Coregistration

Image coregistration is the alignment of master and slave images; the pixels of the slave images
correspond to those of the master and represent an identical area.

Let’s open again a GraphBuilder window. Go to Tools → GraphBuilder. We can see that the graph has
only two operators: Read and Write and below there also are the corresponding to the operators’
tabs.

First, right-click on the Write operator and Delete it. This time, we will also define in parallel the
parameters in the tabs.
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 Right-click and delete
the operator

Now, add one more Read operator. Right click and go to Add → Input-Output → Read. The inputs will
be the products we want to coregister.

In the Read tab choose the product [3] that contains only the 2 bursts of IW1 swath with updated
orbits: S1B_IW_SLC__1SDV_20180423T161524_20180423T161551_010613_0135DD_33F0_Orb

In the Read(2) tab choose the second product [4] as well that contains only the 2 bursts of IW1 swath
with updated orbits:
S1B_IW_SLC__1SDV_20180505T161525_20180505T161552_010788_013B7D_25D2_Orb

5.4.1.1 Back-Geocoding
Now we will coregister the two products by using their orbits and a DEM. To add the Back-Geocoding
operator right-click and go to Radar → Coregistration → S-1 TOPS Coregistration → Back-Geocoding.
Connect both Read and Read(2) operators to it.

In the Back-Geocoding tab set:

Digital Elevation Model: SRTM 1Sec HGT (Auto Download) (See NOTE 4).
DEM Resampling Method: BILINEAR_INTERPOLATION
Resampling Type: BILINEAR_INTERPOLATION
Select the “Output Deramp and Demod Phase” option as well (See NOTE 5).
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 NOTE 4: We will use the SRTM 1Sec HGT (Auto Download) which has ~30m resolution instead of the
default SRTM 3sec (Auto Download) which has ~90m resolution, but this will increase the processing
time. In case you want to process more than 2 images simultaneously and you do not have enough
RAM, you can use the SRTM 3sec (Auto Download) DEM.

NOTE 5: The “Output Deramp and Demod Phase” option is necessary when Enhanced Spectral Diversity
is following.

5.4.1.2 Enhanced Spectral Diversity

This Enhanced Spectral Diversity operator follows the Back-Geocoding operator, it first estimates a
constant range offset for each burst using a small block of data in the center of the burst and then it
estimates a constant azimuth offset. Finally, the estimates from all bursts are averaged to get the final
constant range and azimuth offset for the whole image.

To add the Enhanced-Spectral-Diversity operator right-click and go to Radar → Coregistration → S-1

TOPS Coregistration → Enhanced-Spectral-Diversity. Connect the Back-Geocoding operator to it (See
TIP 1).

In the Enhanced-Spectral-Diversity tab keep all the default parameters.

TIP 1: If you want to coregister only two Sentinel-1 images and save the stack product created, you can
replace all steps of chapters 5.3 until 5.4.1.2 by going to: Radar → Coregistration → S1 TOPS
Coregistration → S-1 TOPS Coregistration with ESD.

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5.4.2 Interferogram Formation
Let’s create the interferogram of the two images used for the stack product. To add the Interferogram
operator right-click and go to Add → Radar → Interferometric → Products → Interferogram. Connect
the Enhanced-Spectral-Diversity operator to it. A phase and a coherence band will be created.

In the Interferogram tab keep the default parameters and set as Coherence Range Window Size: 18.
The Coherence Azimuth Window Size will automatically change to 5.

5.4.3 TOPS Deburst

Now we will remove the “black space” between the two bursts (See NOTE 6). To add the TOPSAR-
Deburst operator right-click and go to Add → Radar → Sentinel-1 TOPS → TOPSAR-Deburst. Connect
the Interferogram operator to it.

In the TOPSAR-Deburst tab keep the default settings (Polarizations: VV).

NOTE 6: There is overlapping information in every burst with its neighbouring ones, both in range and
azimuth direction in order to provide contiguous coverage of the ground. Until now each burst has been
processed as a separate SLC image We will merge the bursts (in azimuth direction) and preserve the
phase information as well. For the overlapping region in range, merging is done between subswaths.

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5.4.4 Write/create the product
To add the Write operator right-click and go to Add → Input-Output → Write. Connect the TOPSAR-
Deburst operator to it.

In the Write tab set the following:

Name: S1B_IW1_20180423_Orb_stack_ifg_Deb
Directory: /shared/Training/HAZA05_EarthquakeDeformation_Hawaii_TutorialKit/Processing

Then click on icon at the bottom of the Graph Builder window and save the graph under
/shared/Training/HAZA05_EarthquakeDeformation_Hawaii_TutorialKit/Processing folder with the
name Process_Graph_1.xml.

Finally, click on the icon at the bottom of the Graph Builder window. The process will be
completed in 40 minutes in a 32GB RAM VM.
Now close the Graph Builder window, collapse the products [3] and [4] and close the opened View
windows as well. The new product has appeared to the Product Explorer window. Expand the product
[5], expand the Bands folder and double click on the Phase_ifg_IW1_VV_23Apr2018_05May2018 and
the coh_IW1_VV_23Apr2018_05May2018 bands.

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Let’s open another GraphBuilder window. Go to Tools → GraphBuilder.

Keep only the Read operator and delete again the Write operator.

In the Read tab choose the coregistered product [5] S1B_IW1_20180423_Orb_stack_ifg_Deb.

5.4.5 Topographic Phase Removal

This is to estimate and subtract the topographic phase from the deburst interferogram. To add the
TopoPhaseRemoval operator right-click and go to Add → Radar → Interferometric → Products →
TopoPhaseRemoval. Connect the Read operator to it.

In the TopoPhaseRemoval tab set as Digital Elevation Model: SRTM 1Sec HGT (Auto Download) and
select the “Output topographic phase band” option as well.

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5.4.6 Multilooking
By applying this operator, we will reduce the inherent speckle noise that originally appears to the SAR
images and we will obtain square pixels. To add the Multilook operator right-click and go to Add →
Radar → Multilook. Connect the TopoPhaseRemoval operator to it.

In the Multilook tab keep the “GR Square Pixel” option selected and set Number of Range Looks: 6.
The Number of Azimuth Looks will automatically change to 2 and the Mean GR Square Pixel to
26.533897.

5.4.7 Phase Filtering

Phase filtering reduces the phase noise (See NOTE 7). To add the GoldsteinPhaseFiltering operator
right-click and go to Add → Radar → Interferometric → Filtering → GoldsteinPhaseFiltering. Connect
the Multilook operator to it.

In the GoldsteinPhaseFiltering tab set the FFT Size to 128 and keep the rest parameters as by default.

NOTE 7: It is necessary step since it will enhance the phase unwrapping accuracy for the upcoming step
(See chapter 5.4.8).

Finally we will save the product and we will also export it for SNAPHU. To add the Write operator right-
click and go to Add → Input-Output → Write. Connect the GoldsteinPhaseFiltering operator to it.

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In the Write tab set the following:

Name: S1B_IW1_20180423_Orb_stack_ifg_Deb_DInSAR_ML_Flt
Directory: /shared/Training/HAZA05_EarthquakeDeformation_Hawaii_TutorialKit/Processing

To add the SnaphuExport operator right-click and go to Add → Radar → Interferometric →

Unwrapping → SnaphuExport. Connect the GoldsteinPhaseFiltering operator to it as well.

In the SnaphuExport tab click on icon to set the Target folder. Navigate to the following path:
/shared/Training/HAZA05_EarthquakeDeformation_Hawaii_TutorialKit/Processing and write at
the File Name: SNAPHU. Click Select.

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Then define the following parameters in the SnaphuExport tab:

Initial method: MCF

Number of Tile Rows: 1
Number of Tile Columns: 1
Row Overlap: 0
Column Overlap: 0

Click on icon at the bottom of the Graph Builder window and save the graph under
/shared/Training/HAZA05_EarthquakeDeformation_Hawaii_TutorialKit/Processing folder with the
name Process_Graph_2.xml.

Finally, click on the icon at the bottom of the Graph Builder window.

Now close the Graph Builder window, collapse the product [5] and close the opened View windows
as well. The new product has appeared to the Product Explorer window. Expand the product [6],
expand the Bands folder and double click on the Phase_ifg_IW1_VV_23Apr2018_05May2018,
topo_phase_VV_23Apr2018_05May2018 and the coh_IW1_VV_23Apr2018_05May2018 bands.

Choose the Phase_ifg_IW1_VV_23Apr2018_05May2018 band in the View window, go to Colour

Manipulation tab and click on the “Auto-adjust to 100% of all pixels” icon . We can see values that
correspond to the fringes of the differential interferogram (-pi, pi). Repeat the same for the

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coh_IW1_VV_23Apr2018_05May2018 band. Coherence values vary from 0 to 1 (1 = most coherent).

5.4.8 Phase Unwrapping

Phase unwrapping is prerequisite to convert phase units to length units (See NOTE 8). Open the:

/shared/Training/HAZA05_EarthquakeDeformation_Hawaii_TutorialKit/
Processing/SNAPHU/S1B_IW1_20180423_Orb_Stack_Ifg_Deb_DInSAR_
ML_Flt/ folder and right-click in the empty space.

Select “Open Terminal Here”.

The following terminal will appear.

In the same folder, open the snaphu.conf file.

In line 28 (go to View → Line Numbers), add the # symbol and leave a space before LOGFILE. Go to
File → Save and save the changes. Then go to line 7 and copy the command shown in the picture
below in blue, to call snaphu:
snaphu -f snaphu.conf Phase_ifg_VV_23Apr2018_05May2018.snaphu.img 3435

Paste it in the Terminal and press Enter to run it.

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When the processing is completed, the terminal will contain all the information, as shown below.

The time needed for the process to be completed depends on the characteristics of your machine. It
might take up to 30 minutes. With a 32GB RAM VM it lasted 20 minutes.

NOTE 8: Two-dimensional phase unwrapping is the process of recovering unambiguous phase data from
a 2-D array of phase values known only modulo 2pi rad.

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5.4.8.1 SNAPHU import to SNAP
Now we will import the results from SNAPHU processing. Go to Radar → Interferometric →
Unwrapping → Snaphu Import.

In the 1-Read-Phase tab, select the product that was created from the Write operator:
[6] S1B_IW1_20180423_Orb_Stack_Ifg_Deb_DInSAR_ML_Flt

In the 2-Read-Unwrapped-Phase tab, click on to select the product that contains the unwrapped
phase: UnwPhase_ifg_VV_23Apr2018_05May2018.snaphu.hdr from the following path:
/shared/Training/HAZA05_EarthquakeDeformation_Hawaii_TutorialKit/Processing/SNAPHU/S1B_
IW1_20180423_Orb_Stack_Ifg_Deb_DInSAR_ML_Flt
You will see that under the Name it is written: UnwPhase_ifg_VV_23Apr2018_05May2018.snaphu

In the 3-SnaphuImport tab, select the “Do NOT save Wrapped Interferogram in the target product”
option.

In the Write tab, set the following:

Name: S1B_IW1_20180423_Orb_stack_ifg_Deb_DInSAR_ML_Flt_Unw
Directory: /shared/Training/HAZA05_EarthquakeDeformation_Hawaii_TutorialKit/Processing

Click Run.
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Now close the Snaphu Import window, collapse the product [6] and close the opened View windows
as well. The new product has appeared to the Product Explorer window. Expand the product [7],
expand the Bands folder and double click on the Unw_Phase_23Apr2018_05May2018 band. In Colour
Manipulation tab you can see the absolute values of the phase.

5.4.9 Displacement
It is time to convert the interferometric phase to displacement. Go to Radar → Interferometric →
Products → Phase to Displacement.

In the I/O Parameters tab set the following:

As source (Input): [7] S1B_IW1_20180423_Orb_stack_ifg_Deb_DInSAR_ML_Flt_Unw

As Name (Output): S1B_IW1_20180423_Orb_stack_ifg_Deb_DInSAR_ML_Flt_Unw_dsp
As Directory: /shared/Training/HAZA05_EarthquakeDeformation_Hawaii_TutorialKit/Processing

Click Run since there are no parameters in the Processing Parameters tab to be changed.

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Now close the Phase to Displacement window, collapse the product [7] and close the opened View
window as well. The new product has appeared to the Product Explorer window. Expand the product
[8], expand the Bands folder and double click on the displacement band.
Click on the “Import colour palette from text file” icon , and open the Displacement.cpd colour
palette from: /shared/Training/HAZA05_EarthquakeDeformation_Hawaii_TutorialKit/AuxData
folder.

5.5 Geocoding
We will apply the Terrain Correction in the product containing the unwrapped interferogram and then
to the one containing the displacement as well, to convert the RADAR coordinates into geographic.

Go to Radar → Geometric → Terrain Correction → Range-Doppler Terrain Correction.

In the I/O Parameters tab set the following:

As source (Input): [6] S1B_IW1_20180423_Orb_stack_ifg_Deb_DInSAR_ML_Flt

As Name (Output): S1B_IW1_20180423_Orb_stack_ifg_Deb_DInSAR_ML_Flt_TC
As Directory: /shared/Training/HAZA05_EarthquakeDeformation_Hawaii_TutorialKit/Processing

In the Processing Parameters tab set the following:

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In Source Bands select only: Intensity_ifg_VV_23Apr2018_05May2018
Phase_ifg_VV_23Apr2018_05May2018
topo_phase_VV_23Apr2018_05May2018
coh_IW1_VV_23Apr2018_05May2018
In Digital Elevation Model: SRTM 1Sec HGT (Auto Download)

Keep the rest parameters as by default. Click Run.

Repeat the same for the displacement product as well.

In the I/O Parameters tab set the following:

As source (Input): [8] S1B_IW1_20180423_Orb_stack_ifg_Deb_DInSAR_ML_Flt_Unw_dsp

As Name (Output): S1B_IW1_20180423_Orb_stack_ifg_Deb_DInSAR_ML_Flt_Unw_dsp_TC
As Directory: /shared/Training/HAZA05_EarthquakeDeformation_Hawaii_TutorialKit/Processing

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In the Processing Parameters tab set the following:

In Source Bands select: displacement

In Digital Elevation Model: SRTM 1Sec HGT (Auto Download)

Keep the rest parameters as by default. Click Run.

Now close the Range Doppler Terrain Correction window, collapse all products and close the opened
View windows as well. The two new products have appeared to the Product Explorer window. Expand
the products [9] and [10], expand the Bands folder and double click on the bands you want to visualise
(e.g. coh_IW1_VV_23Apr2018_05May2018 band of product [9]).

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As you can see, although at the Range Doppler Terrain Correction step the option “Mask out areas
without elevation” was selected, we still have pixels that correspond to sea. This is because we used
SRTM 1sec DEM with 30m resolution.

5.6 Masking
To mask out the sea from both geocoded products, go to Raster → Masks → Land/Sea Mask.

In the I/O Parameters tab set the following:

As source (Input): [9] S1B_IW1_20180423_Orb_stack_ifg_Deb_DInSAR_ML_Flt_TC

As Name (Output): S1B_IW1_20180423_Orb_stack_ifg_Deb_DInSAR_ML_Flt_TC_msk
As Directory: /shared/Training/HAZA05_EarthquakeDeformation_Hawaii_TutorialKit/Processing

In the Processing Parameters tab select the “Mask out the Sea” option.

Click Run.

Repeat the same for the displacement product as well.

In the I/O Parameters tab set the following:

As source (Input): [10] S1B_IW1_20180423_Orb_stack_ifg_Deb_DInSAR_ML_Flt_Unw_dsp_TC

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As Name (Output): S1B_IW1_20180423_Orb_stack_ifg_Deb_DInSAR_ML_Flt_Unw_dsp_TC_msk
As Directory: /shared/Training/HAZA05_EarthquakeDeformation_Hawaii_TutorialKit/Processing

In the Processing Parameters tab select the “Mask out the Sea” option. Click Run.

Now close the Range Doppler Terrain Correction window, collapse all products and close the opened
View windows as well. The two new products have appeared to the Product Explorer window. Expand
the products [11] and [12], expand the Bands folder and double click on the bands you want to
visualise (e.g. coh_IW1_VV_23Apr2018_05May2018 band of product [11]).

5.7 Export products

Now we will export the bands we want to visualise in QGIS, in GeoTIFF format. Select the appropriate
band from the Product Explorer window. Go to File → Export → GeoTIFF.

Set in Save In: /shared/Training/HAZA05_EarthquakeDeformation_Hawaii_TutorialKit/Processing

path and click on “Subset”.

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Go to Band Subset tab and select only the band you want to export, e.g. from S1B_IW1_20180423_
Orb_stack_ifg_Deb_DInSAR_ML_Flt_TC product, select the coh_IW1_VV_23Apr2018_05May2018
band and click OK. Set as File Name: Coherence_Hawaii.tif

Repeat for any band you want to export.

6 Visualization in QGIS
Open QGIS Desktop application. In the Browser Panel, navigate to /shared/Training/HAZA05_Earth
quakeDeformation_Hawaii_TutorialKit/Processing folder and add the Coherence_Hawaii.tif. Right-
click on it, go to Transparency tab, set the “Additional no data value” to 0 to remove the black area
of the layer. In order to visualize better the results, set the Global Transparency to e.g. 40% and click
OK.

Also, go to the Auxdata folder and add the Geology_Hawaii.shp and Faults_Hawaii.shp. You can
select which layers you want to be activated and arrange then in the desired order.

Activate the Geology_Hawaii.shp, right-click on it and go to Properties. In the Style tab select:

Categorized, in Column: AGE_RANGE, then click Classify and finally OK. You can also select other
category in the Column field to classify the data or set a specific Color ramp.
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Deactivate all layers and add the Displacement_Hawaii.tif from the Processing folder. Right-click on
it and go to Properties.

In the Transparency tab, set the “Additional no data value” to 0 to remove the black area of the layer.

In the Style tab go to Style → Load Style, navigate to the Auxdata folder and open the predefined
color palette: Displacement_qgis.qml.

Click OK.

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Activate the Faults_Hawaii.shp, right-click on it, go to Properties and in the Style tab set the Color to
green and the Width to 0.46. Select OK.

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7 Extra Steps
Google Earth is not pre-installed in RUS VMs and if you want to visualise the results, you need to
download them to your local computer. Let’s export the results to KML format. Go to SNAP and export
the bands you want from the final products (e.g. Phase, Coherence) as mentioned in the 5.7 chapter.
Go to File → Export → Other → View as Google Earth KMZ. Also, download from the Auxdata folder
the Fault_Google_Earth.kml file and then load them in Google Earth.

7.1 Download files from VM

In your VM, press Ctrl+Alt+Shift.

A pop-up window will appear on the left side of the screen. Click on the bar below Devices, navigate
to the folders you have saved the files you want to download and double click on them. The
downloading process to your local computer will start automatically.
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Once the KML files have been downloaded, you can load and visualize them in Google Earth.

THANK YOU FOR FOLLOWING THE EXERCISE!

8 Further reading and resources

• Richards J.A., 2009. Remote Sensing with Imaging Radar. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. 376pp.
• Walter T.R., Amelung F., 2006. Volcano-earthquake interaction at Mauna Loa volcano, Hawaii.
Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 111, B05204, 2006.
• Ghiglia D.C., Pritt M.D., 1998. Two-dimensional phase unwrapping: theory, algorithms, and
software. New York: Wiley. 493pp.
• http://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESA_Publications/InSAR_Principles_Guidelines_for_SAR_Interfero
metry_Processing_and_Interpretation_br_ESA_TM-19 - InSAR Principles
• https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-1 - Sentinel-1 Mission
• https://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/ - Download Hawaii shapefiles

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