INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.

Brgy. Bocohan, Lucena City

Registration No.16Q13029

COURSE MODULE
(Paper-Based)

STUDENT’S COPY

I. NAME OF PROGRAM Bachelor of Science in Marine Transportation (BSMT)

COURSE CODE
II. COURSE DESCRIPTIVE
Ship Handling and Maneuvering
TITLE / CODE
Seam 5

COURSE CREDIT UNIT

IV. PRE-REQUISITE / CO-
DW 1
REQUISITE / CREDIT UNIT 3

VI. COURSE DESCRIPTION Ship Handling and Maneuvering

Squat, shallow- water and similar effects MODULE NUMBER

VII. MODULE TITLE/ NUMBER
5

IX. INCLUSIVE WEEK Week Number 5

X. COURSE OUTCOME Calculate squat and interpret shallow water and similar effect.

A. Learning Outcome: At the end of the modules, the students should be able to:
1.Define squat as the reduction of under-keel clearance resulting from bodily sink age and Change of trim which occurs when a
ship move through the water.
2.State that squat is considerably reduced by a reduction of speed.
3.State that excessive speed in shallow water can ground a ship in water of sufficient depth to float it at slow speed .
4.State that reduced speed should be used in shallow water and narrow channels to reduce shallow water effects and allow time
to correct an unwanted sheer.
5.State that increased vibration may be experienced in shallow water.
6.State that approaching shoal patches or banks may give rise to an unexpected sheer.
7. Define ‘blockage factor’ as the ratio of the cross-sectional area of water in a channel.

2. STCW Competence Addressed by the Course Module :

 A-II/1 F1.C9: Maneuver the Ship

3. STCW KUP Addressed by the Course Module:

 A-II/1 F1.C9. KUP1: Ship Maneuvering and Handling

XI. MODULE RESOURCES

MINIMUM READING MATERIAL/ONLINE RESOURCES TO BE PROVIDED BY THE FACULTY; IT CAN BE
IN PDF / WORD FILE / INTERNET LINKS / ETC. AND ITS MHEIs DISCRETION BASED ON THEIR
RESOURCES / CAPABILITY

A. IMO IMDG.1: International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (Volume 1)

[https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/004/imo.imdg.1.2006.pdf]
B. Dangerous Goods Management Manual
[http://www.mrcmekong.org/assets/Publications/basin-reports/Dangerious-Goods-MM-
Sept2013.pdf]
C. An Introduction to the IMDG Code [http://www.imdgsupport.com/Free%20IMDG%20Code
%20introduction%2037-14.pdf]
 v
M
u
D
C
T
t
A
F
g
d
a
H
h
S
f
o
s
le
p
c
in
r
P
LESSON MAP:
INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.

SHALLOW WATER EFFECTS

Squat
Brgy. Bocohan, Lucena City

Squat is the difference in the way a ship

sits in the water, when moving through it,
compared with when she is stopped. It is the
reduction of a vessels’ keel-clearance, caused
Registration No.16Q13029
 INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Brgy. Bocohan, Lucena City
Registration No.16Q13029

Main Factors of Squat are:

 Existing water depth
 Vessel’s speed through the water
 Vessel’s block coefficient (Cb)
 Streaming in shallow and restricted or unrestricted waters

SQUAT
PROPORTIONAL TO EFFECTS
 Speed  Can cause ship to strike bottom
 Displacement  Causes wet wells to increase depth
 Depth & Breadth of Channel unexpectedly and out of control
 INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Brgy. Bocohan, Lucena City
Registration No.16Q13029

Note: Bottom effects can be experienced in water depths up to 15 times the draft of the ship but
the effects will not be significant until we are in about 2.5 times the depth of our draft. If a ship
is experiencing squat the wake will widen considerably.

 The cushion is caused by the increased water pressure at the bow, the suction is caused by the
decreased water pressure at the stern. Remember you don’t have to be within close proximity of
visible hazards to experience these effects. Thimble shoals channel is effectively a bank.

Fairly common occurrence especially is restricted waters - remember every unrep starts out as
an overtaking situation.
How to prevent Squat?
 The only effective measure by the ship’s command to minimize or eliminate commencing
Squat is the immediate reduction of speed.
 Squat-values change about the square of the ship’s speed through the water.
 By reducing the speed throughout the water by about a half, the Squat reduces to about a
quarter.
Under-keel clearance distance from ships lower bottom to ground.

Example: UKC = (Charted Depth of Water + Height of Tide) – (Static Deep Draft)
OPEN
Ship WATER
Squat
A container vessel with Cb=0.7 is sailing in an open water with depths 20 meters, her draft is 15
meters, and speed of 20 knots. What will be the squat in meters created?
FORMULA FOR OPEN WATER ( speed ∈knots )2 x Cb
FORMULA FOR CONFINED WATERS
Squat ( ¿ meters )=
100
Squat (in meters) = Squat (in meters) = ( )
100 100

INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.

Brgy. Bocohan, Lucena City
Registration No.16Q13029

SHIP TYPE TYPICAL CB FULLY LOADED

ULCC 0.850
 INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Brgy. Bocohan, Lucena City
Registration No.16Q13029

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

A super tanker w/ drafts of 18 meters forward and 19 meters aft and speed of 12
knots is sailing on restricted shallow water w/ depths of 25 meters. Find the squat in
meters and where will she squat?
A passenger ship w/ draft even keel of 10 meters and speed of 15 knots is sailing on
unrestricted shallow water with depths of 15 meters. Find the squat in meters.
A bulk carrier is in confined water with depths of 18 meters. If she is doing 15kts.,
what will be the effect of the squat assuming her draft is 15 meters forward and 16
meters aft?
A general cargo ship is on open water proceeding on speed of 14kts. If depth of the
water is 13 meters and her draft is 10 meters forward and 9 meters aft, what will be
her squat and where will she squat?