Module 1

What is Trigonometry?
a. Trigonometry
- Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that deals with the relation between the
sides and angles of triangles and the calculations and measurements based on these
sides and angles.
- It is derived from the Greek word "trigonon" which means triangle and "metria"
which means measurement.

b. The Cartesian Coordinate System

Named after French Mathematician René Descartes, the Cartesian coordinate
system or the rectangular coordinate system is a way of uniquely naming points
or ordered pairs (x, y) on a plane. It is composed of four quadrants and two axes,
x and y. The first quadrant is composed of positive real values of x called the
abscissa and positive real values of y called the ordinate. The second quadrant is
composed of negative real values of x and positive real values of y. The third
quadrant is composed of negative real values of x and y and the fourth quadrant
is composed of positive real values of x and negative real values of y. The origin
has coordinates (0, O) which is located at the intersection of the x and y axes.

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c. Pythagorean Theorem

The Pythagorean Theorem, which gives the relationship of the legs of a right
triangle to its hypotenuse, can be formally stated as,
In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares
of the legs.
Thus, given any right triangle ABC, with sides a, b, c, where c is the hypotenuse,

c 2= a 2+ b 2
b

Examples:

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 Exercise 1.2
Find the value of each of the indicated variables.

1.) 2.) 3.)

4.) 5.) 6.)

d. Functions and Relations

Function
- Given two non-empty sets X, Y, a function f from X to Y is a rule of assignment or
correspondence that assigns each element of set X to exactly one element of set

- Based on this definition a one-to-one correspondence and a many-to-one

correspondence are functions.
Relation
- Given two non-empty sets X and Y, a relation g from X to Y is a correspondence that
assigns each element of set X to at least one element of set Y. This means that,
• one-to-one correspondence is a relation
• many-to-one correspondence is a relation
• one-to-many correspondence is a relation
Note: A function is a relation but a relation may not necessarily be a function.
Examples:
a. y = x2 is a function because each element of set X corresponds to only one element
in set Y. If x1 = 1, then y = 1 and if x1 = -1, y = l. This is an example of many-to-
one correspondence.

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 X Y

b. y2 = x is a relation only because, for every x> 0 , there are two values of y.

c. S = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)} is a function because for each x, there is exactly one
y.
d. S = {(-1, 0), (-2, 3), (-1, 3), (-1, 2)} is a relation only and not a function because
for x = -1, there are three values for y.

e. Domain and Range

If f is a function from x to y, we define the domain of the function f as the set of all
possible values of x and the range as the set of all possible values of y.

Summary of the Domain and Range of some Functions:

1. Set of ordered pairs

M = {(x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3), where x1 ≠ x2 ≠ x3 and y1 ≠ y2 ≠ y3
Domain of M: { x1, x2, x3 }
Range of M: { y1, y2, y3 }

Examples:
a. Let S = {(1, 3), (4, 2), (6, -2), (3, -1)}
Domain of S: {1, 4, 6, 3}
Range of S: {3, 2, -2, -1)

b. Let A = {(5, 0), (2, 0), (4, 0), (3, 1)}

Domain of A: {5, 2, 4, 3}
Range of A: {0, l)

2. Linear Functions
First degree equations of the form y = mx + b where m, b are constants and y = k
where k is a constant are linear functions. They are defined for all x 's in the set of
real numbers. Thus,
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 for y = mx + b and for y = k
Domain : {x/x ∈ ℜ } Domain : {x/x ∈ ℜ }
Range : {y/y ∈ ℜ } Range : {Y/y = k}
Examples:
!"#$
a. y = 5x – 9 b. 𝑦 = c. y = 8
%&

Domain : {x/x ∈ ℜ } Domain : {x/x ∈ ℜ } Domain : {x/x ∈ ℜ }

Range : {y/y ∈ ℜ } Range: {y/y ∈ ℜ } Range : {y/y = 8}

3. Rational Functions
'(")
Rational functions can be expressed as: ℎ(𝑥 ) = *(")
To find the domain, look for the values of x where g(x) = 0. Exclude these values from
the domain, for they will make h(x) undefined.

To find the range, solve for x in terms of y then find the restrictions on y.

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 4. Quadratic Functions
Quadratic functions are represented by the equation y = ax2 + bx + c where a 0.
The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola opening upward if a > 0 and a
parabola opening downward if a < 0.

5. Functions involving radicals

The equations 𝑦 = √𝑥 and 𝑦 = −√𝑥 are examples of functions involving radicals.
To get the domain, the radicand should be set greater than or equal to zero since the square
root of a negative number does not exist in the set of real numbers.

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REVIEW
 CHAPTER TEST IN TRIGONMETRY
Name: Score:
Course: Date:
NOTE: Answer Exercises 1.1 and 1.2, and the Chapter Test. Submit before Midterm Exam.