Database documentation

NATURAL GAS INFORMATION

2021 EDITION
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY
AGENCY
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and sustainability of
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United States
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map included herein are The European
without prejudice to the Commission also
status of or sovereignty over participates in the
any territory, to the
delimitation of international work of the IEA
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to the name of any territory,
city or area.

Source: IEA. All rights

reserved.
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2 - NATURAL GAS INFORMATION: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2021 edition)

This document provides support information for the IEA Annual Natural Gas Statistics database. This document
can be found online at: http://wds.iea.org/wds/pdf/gas_documentation.pdf

Please address your inquiries to GASAQ@iea.org.

Please note that all IEA data are subject to the Terms and Conditions which can be found on the IEA’s website at:
https://www.iea.org/terms

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 NATURAL GAS INFORMATION: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2021 Edition) - 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. CHANGES FROM LAST EDITION ............................................................................... 4

2. DATABASE STRUCTURE ...........................................................................................6

3. FLOW DEFINITIONS ....................................................................................................7

4. PRODUCT DEFINITIONS .......................................................................................... 14

5. GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE ................................................................................ . 15

6. COUNTRY NOTES AND SOURCES ........................................................................ . 29

7. UNITS AND CONVERSIONS..................................................................................... 48

8. ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................... . 52

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4 - NATURAL GAS INFORMATION: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2021 edition)

1. CHANGES FROM LAST EDITION

In the current release the files for OECD countries are updated with complete information for 2019, and with
supply data for 2020.
A number of OECD countries have provisional sectoral demand data available for 2020. These data were
collected for the first time during the 2019/2020 data cycle. There may be breaks in the time series.
The OECD-focused IVT files now include 14 European non-OECD countries submitting the joint annual natural
gas questionnaire to the IEA. These countries are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus1,
Republic of North Macedonia, Georgia, Kosovo, Malta, Republic of Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia and
Ukraine. Please refer to the IEA World Energy Statistics online documentation for their country notes and data
sources, which can be found at http://wds.iea.org/wds/pdf/worldbes_documentation.pdf.

In this online data service the default data display is figures rounded to zero decimal places.
However, from 2017 data onwards, further detail, up to the three decimal place level, is available where re-
ported by the national administrations, upon selecting View > Decimals in the Menu bar. Please note that the
constituent data summed to produce regional and flow aggregates may be reported at differing levels of preci-
sion.
Therefore, care should be taken when using data for aggregated flows beyond the level of 0 decimal places.
Data up to and including 2016 has been rounded to 0 decimal places.
Note: Periods (.) are used to separate decimal places.

Geographical coverage
Colombia became an OECD Member in April 2020. Accordingly, starting with this edition, Colombia appears in
the list of OECD Members for data starting in 1971.

Costa Rica joined the OECD in May 2021. However, data for Costa Rica are not included in the OECD aggre-
gates for this edition.

Chile, Colombia, Israel, and Lithuania are currently seeking accession to full IEA membership (Accession coun-
try), therefore they are included in the IEA and Accession/Association countries aggregate (IEA family) for data
starting in 1971 (Chile, Colombia, and Israel) / 1990 (Lithuania).

The IEA continues to expand the coverage of its statistics reports and encourages more countries to collaborate on
data exchange. As detailed data have become consistently available for Niger before 2000 and for Guyana for the

1. Please refer to the section on Geographical coverage.

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 NATURAL GAS INFORMATION: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2021 Edition) - 5

entire time series, the associated time series are now shown explicitly in the main list of countries for all years, and
have been removed from the Other Africa and Other non-OECD Americas regions, respectively.

Old shortname
Old longname New longname Shortname
(if changed)
Albania ALBANIA
Bosnia and Herzegovina BOSNIAHERZ
Bulgaria BULGARIA
Colombia COLOMBIA
Croatia CROATIA
Cyprus CYPRUS
Georgia GEORGIA
Kosovo KOSOVO
Malta MALTA
Republic of Moldova MOLDOVA
Montenegro MONTENEGRO
Republic of North Macedonia NORTHMACED
Romania ROMANIA
Serbia SERBIA
Ukraine UKRAINE

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2. DATABASE STRUCTURE
The Natural Gas Information database contains five files with the following annual data.

OECD files (Last updated in July 2021)

 Countries: 36 countries and 5 regional aggregates (see section Geographical coverage)
 Years: 1960-2020 (unless otherwise specified, see section Geographical coverage)
NGALBALCON.IVT OECD Supply and Consumption by Sector
Natural gas statistics on production, total imports and exports, stock changes, stock
levels, gross inland consumption and consumption in the transformation sector, energy
sector and end-use. (78 flows)
(Mcm; TJ)
NGIMPORT.IVT OECD Imports
Breakdown of imports by country of origin (165 different origins). Data are shown for
total trade, pipeline and LNG.
(Mcm; TJ)
NGEXPORT.IVT OECD Exports
Breakdown of exports by country of destination (165 different destinations). Data are
shown for total trade, pipeline and LNG.
(Mcm; TJ)

WORLD files (Last updated in July 2021)

 Countries: 143 countries and 24 regional aggregates (see section Geographical coverage)
 Years: 1960-2019 for OECD countries, 1971-2018 for non-OECD countries and 2020 preliminary energy
supply data for every country, unless otherwise specified (see section Geographical coverage)
NGWBAL.IVT World Supply (Last updated in July 2021)
Natural gas statistics on production, total imports and exports, and gross inland
consumption.
(Mcm; TJ)
NGWIMP.IVT World Imports (Last updated in July 2021)
Breakdown of imports by country of origin (over 80 different origins). Data are shown
for total trade, pipeline and LNG.
(Mcm; TJ)
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3. FLOW DEFINITIONS
Supply
Flow Short name Definition
Indigenous Production INDPROD All dry marketable production within national boundaries, in-
cluding offshore production. Production is measured after pu-
rification and extraction of NGLs and sulphur. Extraction
losses and quantities reinjected, vented or flared, are not in-
cluded. Production includes quantities used within the natural
gas industry; in gas extraction, pipeline systems and pro-
cessing plants.
Associated Gas AGASPRD Natural gas produced in association with crude oil.
Non-Associated Gas NAGASPRD Natural gas originating from fields producing hydrocarbons
only in gaseous form.
Colliery Gas COLLIERY Methane produced at coal mines, piped to the surface and con-
sumed at collieries or transmitted by pipeline to consumers.
From Other Sources OSOURCES Supplies of fuel of which production is covered in other fuel
energy balances but which are blended with natural gas, and
consumed as a blend. The origin of the fuel could be oil, coal
and renewables.
From Other Sources - OSOIL From Other Sources of which from Oil (See “From Other
Oil Sources”).
From Other Sources - OSCOAL From Other Sources of which from Coal (See “From Other
Coal Sources”).
From Other Sources - OSRENEW From Other Sources of which from Renewables (See “From
Renewables Other Sources”).
Imports (Balance) TOTIMPSB Amounts are regarded as imported when they have crossed
the political boundaries of the country, whether customs
clearance has taken place or not. Imports of liquefied natural
gas should cover only the dry marketable equivalent, includ-
ing amounts used as own consumption in the regasification
process. Imports by country of origin shown in NGIMPORT
and NGWIMP concern imports of gas by ultimate origin for
use in the country.
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Supply
Flow Short name Definition
Exports (Balance) TOTEXPSB Amounts are regarded as exported when they have crossed
the political boundaries of the country, whether customs
clearance has taken place or not. Exports by country of desti-
nation shown in NGEXPORT concern exports of domesti-
cally produced gas by ultimate destination.
International Marine BUNKERS Quantities of LNG or natural gas used by ships of all flags
Bunkers that are engaged in international navigation. The international
navigation may take place at sea, on inland lakes and water-
ways, and in coastal waters.
Stock Changes STCHANAT This is the change in stock level of recoverable gas held on
national territory; the difference between opening stock level
at the first day of the year and closing stock level at the last
day of the year of stocks held on national territory. A stock
build is shown as a negative number and a stock draw as a
positive number.
Inland Consumption INDCONC Inland consumption calculated is defined as:
(Calculated) + Indigenous Production
+ From Other Sources
+ Imports
- Exports
+ Stock Changes
Statistical Difference STATDIFF This is the difference between calculated and observed Inland
Consumption. National administrations sometimes obtain the
data components of domestic availability from a variety of
sources. Owing to differences in concepts, coverage, timing
and definitions, observed and calculated consumption are of-
ten not identical.
Inland Consumption INDCONO Represents deliveries of marketable gas to the inland market,
(Observed) including gas used by the gas industry for heating and opera-
tion of their equipment (i.e. consumption in gas extraction, in
the pipeline system and in processing plants) and including
losses in distribution.
Opening Stock Level OSNATTER Refers to opening stock levels held on national territory, at
(National territory) the first day of the year (including government controlled
stocks).
Closing Stock Level CSNATTER Refers to closing stock levels held on national territory, at the
(National territory) last day of the year (including government controlled stocks).
Memo: Opening Stock OSABR Refers to opening stock levels held abroad, at the first day of
Level (Held abroad) the year (including government controlled stocks). These
amounts are not included in the stock changes.
Memo: Closing Stock CSABR Refers to closing stock levels held abroad, at the last day of
Level (Held abroad) the year (including government controlled stocks). These
amounts are not included in the stock changes.
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Supply
Flow Short name Definition
Memo: Gas Vented VENTED The volume of gas released into the air on the production site
or at the gas processing plant.
Memo: Gas Flared FLARED The volume of gas burned in flares on the production site or
at the gas processing plant.
Memo: Cushion Gas CUSHCSNAT Total volume of gas required as a permanent inventory to
Closing Stock Level maintain adequate underground storage reservoir pressures
and deliverability rates throughout the output cycle. These
amounts are not included in the stock levels or stock changes.

Transformation processes
Flow Short name Definition
Transformation - Total TOTTRANF Comprises fuel inputs to both public and private electricity,
combined heat and power plants and heat plants. An autopro-
ducer is an industrial establishment which, in addition to its
main activities, generates electricity, wholly or partly for its
own use. It includes railway's own production of electricity.
Heat plants and combined heat and power plants only cover
fuel inputs for that part of the heat which is sold to a third
party. Transformation sector also comprises fuels used as
feedstocks in gas works, coke ovens and blast furnaces.
Main Activity Producer MAINELEC Includes inputs of gas for the production of electricity in main
Electricity Plants activity producer electricity plants, whose primary purpose is
to produce, transmit or distribute electricity.
Autoproducer AUTOELEC Includes inputs of gas for the production of electricity by an
Electricity Plants enterprise which, in addition to its main activities, generates
electricity wholly or partly for its own use, e.g. industrial es-
tablishments, railways, refineries, etc.
Main Activity Producer MAINCHP Includes inputs of gas to main activity producer combined
Combined Heat and heat and power plants which generate electricity and useful
Power Plants heat in a single installation.
Autoproducer AUTOCHP Includes inputs of gas to autoproducer combined heat and
Combined Heat and power plants which generate electricity and useful heat in a
Power Plants single installation. All fuel inputs for electricity production
are taken into account, while for heat production, only that
part of inputs to heat which is sold to third parties (e.g. to a
network) is shown.
Main Activity Producer MAINHEAT Includes inputs of gas to main activity producer plants which
Heat Plants are designed to produce heat only.
Autoproducer Heat AUTOHEAT Includes inputs of gas to autoproducer plants which are de-
Plants signed to produce heat only. Data for autoproducer heat
plants represent inputs of fuel to plants which sell heat to a
third party under the provisions of a contract.
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Transformation processes
Flow Short name Definition
Gas Works TGASWKS Natural gas used in gas works and gasification plants. Gas
(Transformation) used for heating and operation of equipment is not included
here but reported in the Energy sector.
Coke Ovens TCOKEOVS Natural gas used in coke ovens. Gas used for heating and op-
(Transformation) eration of equipment is not included here but reported in the
Energy sector.
Blast Furnaces TBLASTFUR Natural gas used in blast furnaces.
(Transformation)
Gas to Liquids TGTL Natural gas used as feedstock for the conversion to liquids.
(Transformation)
Of which GTL TGTLTECH Natural gas used specifically in a process featuring reaction
technology of methane with oxygen or steam to produce syngas followed
(Transformation) by synthesis of liquid products from the syngas using Fischer-
Tropsch catalytic synthesis.
Not Elsewhere TNONSPEC Natural gas used in transformation activities not included
Specified elsewhere. It usually includes natural gas used to produce hy-
(Transformation) drogen for hydrocracking or hydrodesulphurization in oil re-
fineries.

Energy industry own use and Losses

Flow Short name Definition
Energy Industry Own TOTENGY Natural gas consumed by energy industry to support the ex-
Use - Total traction (mining, oil and gas production) or transformation
activity. ISIC Divisions 05, 06, 19, 35, Group 091,
Class 0892 and 0721 (NACE Divisions 05, 06, 19, 35, Group
09.1, Class 08.92 and 07.21). Quantities of natural gas trans-
formed into another energy form are reported under the
Transformation sector. Natural gas consumed in support of
the operation of oil and gas pipelines is reported in the
Transport sector.
Coal Mines EMINES Natural gas consumed to support the extraction and prepara-
tion of coal within the coal mining industry.
Oil and Gas Extraction EOILGASEX Natural gas consumed in the oil and gas extraction process
and in natural gas processing plants. Pipeline losses are re-
ported as distribution losses, and natural gas used to operate
the pipelines is reported in the Transport sector.
Inputs to Oil Refineries EREFINER Own consumption of natural gas in oil refineries.
Coke Ovens (Energy) ECOKEOVS Own consumption of natural gas at coking plants.
Blast Furnaces (Energy) EBLASTFUR Natural gas consumed in blast furnaces operations.
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 NATURAL GAS INFORMATION: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2021 Edition) - 11

Energy industry own use and Losses

Flow Short name Definition
Gas Works (Energy) EGASWKS Own consumption of natural gas at gas works and gasifica-
tion plants.
Electricity, CHP and EPOWERPLT Own consumption of natural gas in electric plants, combined
Heat Plants heat and power plants, and heat plants.
Liquefaction (LNG) / ELNG Natural gas consumed as fuel at gas liquefaction and regasi-
Regasification fication plants.
Gas to Liquids (Energy) EGTL Natural gas consumed as fuel at the Gas-to-Liquid conversion
plants.
Of which GTL EGTLTECH Natural gas consumed as fuel at the GTL technology plants.
technology (Energy)
Not Elsewhere ENONSPEC Natural gas used in energy activities not included elsewhere.
Specified (Energy)
Distribution Losses DISTLOSS Losses due to transport and distribution, as well as pipeline
losses.

Final consumption
Flow Short name Definition
Final Consumption FINCONS Final consumption is the sum of consumption by the different
end-use sectors (in the Transport, Industry and Other sec-
tors). It excludes deliveries for transformation and/or own use
of the energy producing industries.
Transport - Total TOTTRANS Natural gas consumed for all transport activity irrespective of
the economic sector in which the activity occurs. ISIC Divi-
sions 49, 50 and 51 (NACE Divisions 49, 50 and 51).
Road ROAD Compressed natural gas (CNG) for use in road vehicles. Ex-
cludes natural gas consumed in stationary engines, which is
reported under Other Sectors.
of which Biogas ROADBIOGAS Amounts of biogas included in road consumption.
Pipeline Transport PIPELINE Natural gas used in support of the operation of oil and gas
pipelines.
Not Elsewhere TRNONSPE Natural gas used in transport activities not included
Specified (Transport) elsewhere.
Industry - Total TOTIND Natural gas consumed by the industrial undertaking in sup-
port of its primary activities. Includes quantities of natural
gas consumed in heat only and CHP plants for the production
of heat used by the plant itself. Quantities of natural gas con-
sumed for production of heat that is sold and for the produc-
tion of electricity, are reported under the appropriate Trans-
formation sector.
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Final consumption
Flow Short name Definition

Mining and Quarrying MINING ISIC Divisions 07, 08 and Group 099 (NACE Divisions 07,
08 and Group 09.9).
Construction CONSTRUC ISIC Division 41, 42 and 43 (NACE Division 41, 42 and 43).
Manufacturing MANUFACT Manufacturing refers to the sum of the following industrial
sub-sectors:

• Iron and Steel:

• Chemical and petrochemical:
• Non-ferrous metals
• Non-metallic minerals
• Transport equipment
• Food and tobacco
• Paper, pulp and printing
• Wood and wood products
• Textile and leather

Definitions of the sub-sectors themselves can be found under

the listing for each respective sub-sector below.
Iron and Steel IRONSTL ISIC Group 241 and Class 2431 (NACE Divisions 24.1, 24.2,
24.3, 24.51 and 24.52).
Chemicals including CHEMICAL ISIC Division 20, 21 (NACE Division 20, 21).. Excludes pet-
Petrochemicals rochemical feedstocks.
Non-Ferrous Metals NONFERR ISIC Group 242 and Class 2432 (NACE Group 24.4 and
Classes 24.53, 24.54).
Non-Metallic Mineral NONMET ISIC Division 23 (NACE Division 23). This category in-
Products cludes glass, ceramic, cement and other building materials
industries.
Transport Equipment TRANSEQ ISIC Divisions 29 and 30 (NACE Divisions 29 and 30).
Machinery MACHINE ISIC Divisions 25, 26, 27 and 28 (NACE Divisions 25, 26, 27
and 28). This category includes fabricated metal products, ma-
chinery and equipment other than transport equipment.

Food Processing, FOODPRO ISIC Divisions 10, 11 and 12 (NACE Divisions 10, 11
Beverages and Tobacco and 12).
Pulp, Paper and Printing PAPERPRO ISIC Divisions 17 and 18. (NACE Divisions 17 and 18). This
category includes reproduction of recorded media.
Wood and Wood WOODPRO ISIC Division 16 (NACE Division 16).
Products
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Final consumption
Flow Short name Definition

Textile and Leather TEXTILES ISIC Divisions 13-15 (NACE Divisions 13-15).
Not Elsewhere INONSPEC Any manufacturing industry not included elsewhere. ISIC
Specified (Industry) and NACE Divisions 22, 31 and 32.
Residential RESIDENT Natural gas consumed by all households including “house-
holds with employed persons”. (ISIC and NACE Divisions
97 and 98).
Commercial and Public COMMPUB Natural gas consumed by businesses and offices in the public
Services and private sectors. ISIC and NACE Divisions 33, 36, 37, 38,
39, 45, 46, 47, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65,
66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84
(excluding Class 8422), 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95,
96 and 99.

Agriculture and forestry AGRICULT Natural gas consumption by users classified as agriculture,
fishing (ocean, coastal and inland fishing), hunting and for-
estry. ISIC Divisions 01 and 02 (NACE Divisions 01 and 02).
Fishing FISHING Natural gas delivered for inland, coastal and deep-sea fishing.
Fishing should cover fuels delivered to ships of all flags that
have refueled in the country (include international fishing).
Also include energy used in the fishing industry as specified
in ISIC Division 03 (NACE Division 03).
Not Elsewhere ONONSPEC All activities not included elsewhere; includes military use.
Specified (Other)
Total Non-Energy Use NONENTOTAL Total non-energy use of natural gas.
Non-Energy Use in Non-energy use of natural gas for Industry.
Industry NONENINDUS
of which Non-Energy Feedstocks to the petrochemical industry (ISIC Rev. 4 Group
use in the Chemical/Pet- 201).
NONPETCH
rochemical Industry
Other Non-Energy Use OTHERNONENUSE Non-energy use of natural gas in Transport and Other
sectors.
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4. PRODUCT DEFINITIONS
Natural gas
Natural gas is expressed in million cubic metres at 15°C and at 760 mmHg, i.e. Standard Conditions
and in terajoules on a gross calorific value basis.
Flow Short name Definition
Natural gas NATGAS Natural gas comprises gases, occurring in underground de-
posits, whether liquefied or gaseous, consisting mainly of me-
thane. It includes both “non-associated” gas originating from
fields producing hydrocarbons only in gaseous form, and “as-
sociated” gas produced in association with crude oil as well
as methane recovered from coal mines (colliery gas). Manu-
factured gas (produced from municipal or industrial waste, or
sewage) and quantities re-injected vented or flared are not in-
cluded.
Natural gas pipeline PIPE In trade databases (NGEXPORT, NGIMPORT and
trade NGWIMP), this product includes the natural gas that crossed
the border through a pipeline in gaseous form.
Natural gas LNG trade LNG In trade databases (NGEXPORT, NGIMPORT and
NGWIMP), this product includes the natural gas that crossed
the border as LNG.

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5. GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE
Countries and regions
This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication,
“country” refers to a country or territory, as the case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries
and regions, and in 1971 for non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.
Country/Region Short name Definition
Excludes the overseas territories.
Australia AUSTRALI Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data
for the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y-1 and ends on 30
June Y are labelled as Year Y.
Austria AUSTRIA
Belgium BELGIUM
Canada CANADA
Chile CHILE Data start in 1971.
Czech Republic CZECH
Colombia COLOMBIA Data start in 1971.
Denmark DENMARK Excludes Greenland and the Faroe Islands.
Data start in 1990. Prior to that, they are included within
Estonia ESTONIA
Former Soviet Union.
Finland FINLAND
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Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication,
“country” refers to a country or territory, as the case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries
and regions, and in 1971 for non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.
Country/Region Short name Definition
From 2011 data onwards, France includes Monaco, and the
following overseas departments (Guadeloupe; French
Guiana; Martinique; Mayotte; and Réunion); and excludes
the overseas collectivities (New Caledonia; French
Polynesia; Saint Barthélemy; Saint Martin; Saint Pierre
and Miquelon; and Wallis and Futuna).
France FRANCE
Prior to 2011, France includes Monaco and excludes the
following overseas departments and collectivities:
Guadeloupe; French Guiana; Martinique; Mayotte and
Réunion; New Caledonia; French Polynesia; Saint
Barthélemy; Saint Martin; Saint Pierre and Miquelon; and
Wallis and Futuna.
Includes the new federal states of Germany from 1970
Germany GERMANY
onwards.
Greece GREECE
Hungary HUNGARY Data start in 1965.
There is no natural gas data for Iceland as there is neither
Iceland ICELAND
production nor consumption of natural gas in this country.
Ireland IRELAND
The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the
responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of
such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of
Israel ISRAEL
the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements
in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Data
start in 1971.
Italy ITALY Includes San Marino and the Holy See .
Includes Okinawa.
Japan JAPAN Starting 1990, data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By
convention data for the fiscal year that starts on 1 April Y
and ends on 31 March Y+1 are labelled as Year Y.
Korea KOREA Data start in 1971.
Data start in 1990. Prior to that, they are included within
Latvia LATVIA Former Soviet Union.
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Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication,
“country” refers to a country or territory, as the case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries
and regions, and in 1971 for non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.
Country/Region Short name Definition
Data start in 1990. Prior to that, they are included within
Former Soviet Union.
Lithuania appears in the list of OECD Members and is
included in the OECD aggregates ONLY in the files which
Lithuania LITHUANIA have been updated for this edition: NGALBALCON,
NGIMPORT and NGEXPORT. Lithuania was not an
OECD Member at the time of the preparation of the World
data. Accordingly, in the files NGWBAL and NGWIMP,
Lithuania is included in the list of Non-OECD Europe and
Eurasia.
Luxembourg LUXEMBOU
Data start in 1965.
Mexico MEXICO

Excludes Suriname, Aruba and the other former

Netherlands NETHLAND Netherland Antilles (Bonaire, Curaçao2, Saba, Saint
Eustatius and Sint Maarten2).
New Zealand NZ
Norway NORWAY
Poland POLAND
Portugal PORTUGAL Includes the Azores and Madeira.
Slovak Republic SLOVAKIA Data start in 1968.
Data start in 1990. Prior to that, they are included within
Slovenia SLOVENIA
Former Yugoslavia.
Spain SPAIN Includes the Canary Islands.
Sweden SWEDEN
Switzerland SWITLAND Does not include Liechtenstein.
Turkey TURKEY

2. Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October 2010, resulting in two new constituent countries, Curaçao and Sint Maarten, with the remaining
islands joining the Netherlands as special municipalities. From 2012 onwards, data now account for the energy statistics of Curaçao Island only. Prior
to 2012, data remain unchanged and still cover the entire territory of the former Netherlands Antilles.
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Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication,
“country” refers to a country or territory, as the case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries
and regions, and in 1971 for non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.
Country/Region Short name Definition
United Kingdom UK As of the 1st of February 2020, the United Kingdom (UK)
is no longer part of the European Union (EU) and has en-
tered into a transition period until 31 December 2020.
In this publication with data up to 2019, the UK is still
included in the EU28 aggregate.

Exports of natural gas to the Isle of Man are included with

the exports to Ireland.
United States USA Includes the 50 states and the District of Columbia.
OECD Total OECDTOT Includes Australia; Austria; Belgium; Canada; Chile;
Colombia; the Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia;
Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iceland;
Ireland; Israel; Italy; Japan; Korea; Latvia; Lithuania;
Luxembourg; Mexico; the Netherlands; New Zealand;
Norway; Poland; Portugal; the Slovak Republic; Slovenia;
Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; the United Kingdom
and the United States. Estonia, Latvia and Slovenia are
included starting in 1990. Prior to 1990, data for Estonia,
Latvia and Lithuania are included in Former Soviet Union
and data for Slovenia in Former Yugoslavia.
OECD Americas OECDAM Includes Canada; Chile; Mexico and the United States.
OECD Asia Oceania OECDAO Includes Australia; Israel; Japan; Korea and New Zealand.
OECD Europe OECDEUR Includes Austria; Belgium; the Czech Republic; Denmark;
Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary;
Iceland; Ireland; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg;
the Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal;
the Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden;
Switzerland; Turkey and the United Kingdom. Estonia,
Latvia and Slovenia are included starting in 1990. Prior to
1990, data for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are included
in Former Soviet Union and data for Slovenia in Former
Yugoslavia.
IEA IEATOT Includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea,
Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the
United States.
Estonia is included starting in 1990. Prior to 1990, data for
Estonia are included in Former Soviet Union.
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Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication,
“country” refers to a country or territory, as the case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries
and regions, and in 1971 for non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.
Country/Region Short name Definition
The IEA and IEAFAMILY Includes: IEA member countries: Australia, Austria,
Accession/Association Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia3,
countries Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy,
Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands,
New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and
the United States; Accession countries: Chile, Colombia, Israel,
Lithuania; Association countries: Brazil, the People’s Republic
of China; India; Indonesia; Morocco; Singapore;
South Africa; Thailand.
Argentina ARGENTINA
Bolivia BOLIVIA
Brazil BRAZIL
Colombia COLOMBIA
Costa Rica COSTARICA
Cuba CUBA
Dominican Republic DOMINICANR
Ecuador ECUADOR
El Salvador ELSALVADOR
Guatemala GUATEMALA
Guyana GUYANA
Haiti HAITI
Honduras HONDURAS
Jamaica JAMAICA
Nicaragua NICARAGUA
Panama PANAMA
Paraguay PARAGUAY
Peru PERU
Suriname SURINAME Data for Suriname are available starting in 2000. Prior to
that, they are included in Other Non-OECD Americas.
Trinidad and Tobago TRINIDAD

3. Estonia is included starting in 1990. Prior to 1990, data for Estonia are included in Former Soviet Union.
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Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication,
“country” refers to a country or territory, as the case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries
and regions, and in 1971 for non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.
Country/Region Short name Definition
Uruguay URUGUAY
Venezuela VENEZUELA
Other Non-OECD OTHERLATIN Includes Antigua and Barbuda; Aruba; Bahamas;
Americas Barbados; Belize; Bermuda; British Virgin Islands;
Cayman Islands; Dominica; Falkland Islands (Malvinas);
French Guiana; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Martinique;
Montserrat; Puerto Rico; Saba (from 2012); Saint Eustatius
(from 2012); Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint
Pierre and Miquelon; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines;
Sint Maarten (from 2012); Suriname (until 1999); and the
Turks and Caicos Islands.
Non-OECD Americas LATAMER Includes Argentina; Plurinational State of Bolivia
(Bolivia); Brazil; Costa Rica; Cuba; Curaçao4; Dominican
Republic; Ecuador; El Salvador; Guatemala; Guyana;
Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay;
Peru; Suriname (from 2000); Trinidad and Tobago;
Uruguay; Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Venezuela)
and Other Non-OECD Americas.
Albania ALBANIA
Armenia ARMENIA Data for Armenia are available starting in 1990. Prior to
that, they are included in Former Soviet Union.
Azerbaijan AZERBAIJAN Data for Azerbaijan are available starting in 1990. Prior to
that, they are included in Former Soviet Union.
Belarus BELARUS Data for Belarus are available starting in 1990. Prior to that,
they are included in Former Soviet Union.
Bosnia and BOSNIAHERZ Data for Bosnia and Herzegovina are available starting in
Herzegovina 1990. Prior to that, they are included in Former Yugoslavia.
Bulgaria BULGARIA
Croatia CROATIA Data for Croatia are available starting in 1990. Prior to that,
they are included in Former Yugoslavia.

4. Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October 2010, resulting in two new constituent countries, Curaçao and Sint Maarten, with the remaining
islands joining the Netherlands as special municipalities. From 2012 onwards, data now account for the energy statistics of Curaçao Island only. Prior
to 2012, data remain unchanged and still cover the entire territory of the former Netherlands Antilles.
IEA. All rights reserved.

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Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication,
“country” refers to a country or territory, as the case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries
and regions, and in 1971 for non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.
Country/Region Short name Definition
Cyprus CYPRUS Note by Turkey:
The information in this document with reference to
“Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There
is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek
Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognizes the
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a
lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of
the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position
concerning the “Cyprus” issue.
Note by all the European Union Member States of the
OECD and the European Union:
The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the
United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The
information in this report relates to the area under the
effective control of the Government of the Republic of
Cyprus.
Georgia GEORGIA Data for Georgia are available starting in 1990. Prior to
that, they are included in Former Soviet Union.
Gibraltar GIBRALTAR
Kazakhstan KAZAKHSTAN Data for Kazakhstan are available starting in 1990. Prior to
that, they are included in Former Soviet Union.
Kosovo KOSOVO Data for Kosovo are available starting in 2000. Between
1990 and 1999, data for Kosovo are included in Serbia.
Prior to 1990, they are included in Former Yugoslavia.
Kyrgyzstan KYRGYZSTAN Data for Kyrgyzstan are available starting in 1990. Prior to
that, they are included in Former Soviet Union.
Malta MALTA
Republic of Moldova MOLDOVA Data for Moldova are available starting in 1990. Prior to
that, they are included in Former Soviet Union.
Montenegro MONTENEGRO Data for Montenegro are available starting in 2005.
Between 1990 and 2004, data for Montenegro are included
in Serbia. Prior to 1990, they are included in Former
Yugoslavia.
Romania ROMANIA
Republic of North NORTHMACED Data for the Republic of North Macedonia are available
Madeconia starting in 1990. Prior to that, they are included in Former
Yugoslavia.
Russia RUSSIA Data for Russia are available starting in 1990. Prior to that,
they are included in Former Soviet Union.
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Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication,
“country” refers to a country or territory, as the case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries
and regions, and in 1971 for non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.
Country/Region Short name Definition
Serbia SERBIA Data for Serbia are available starting in 1990. Prior to that,
they are included in Former Yugoslavia. Serbia includes
Montenegro until 2004 and Kosovo until 1999.
Tajikistan TAJIKISTAN Data for Tajikistan are available starting in 1990. Prior to
that, they are included in Former Soviet Union.
Turkmenistan TURKMENIST Data for Turkmenistan are available starting in 1990. Prior
to that, they are included in Former Soviet Union.
Ukraine UKRAINE Data for Ukraine are available starting in 1990. Prior to
that, they are included in Former Soviet Union.
Uzbekistan UZBEKISTAN Data for Uzbekistan are available starting in 1990. Prior to
that, they are included in Former Soviet Union.
Former Soviet Union FSUND Before 1990, includes Armenia; Azerbaijan; Belarus;
Estonia; Georgia; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia;
Lithuania; Republic of Moldova; Russian Federation;
Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Ukraine and Uzbekistan.
Former Yugoslavia YUGOND Before 1990, includes Bosnia and Herzegovina; Croatia;
Republic of North Macedonia; Kosovo; Montenegro;
Slovenia and Serbia.
Non-OECD Europe NOECDEUR Includes Albania; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bosnia
and Eurasia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus5,6; Republic of
North Macedonia; Georgia; Gibraltar; Kazakhstan;
Kosovo; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lithuania7; Malta; Republic
of Moldova (Moldova); Montenegro; Romania; Russian
Federation; Serbia8; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Ukraine;
Uzbekistan; Former Soviet Union (prior to 1990) and
Former Yugoslavia (prior to 1990).
Prior to 1990, data for Estonia are included in Former
Soviet Union and data for Slovenia in Former Yugoslavia.
Algeria ALGERIA

5. Note by Turkey:
The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both
Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable
solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”.
6. Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union:
The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to
the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
7. Lithuania appears in the list of OECD Members and is included in the OECD aggregates ONLY in the files which have been updated for this edition:
NGBALCON, NGEXPORT and NGIMPORT. Lithuania was not an OECD Member at the time of the preparation of the World data. Accordingly, in
the files NGWBAL and NGWIMP, Lithuania is included in the non-OECD data. This file will be updated in August 2019.
8. Serbia includes Montenegro until 2004 and Kosovo until 1999.
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Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication,
“country” refers to a country or territory, as the case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries
and regions, and in 1971 for non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.
Country/Region Short name Definition
Angola ANGOLA
Benin BENIN
Botswana BOTSWANA Data for Botswana are available from 1981. Prior to that,
they are included in Other Africa.
Cameroon CAMEROON
Congo CONGO
Democratic Republic CONGOREP
of the Congo
Côte d'Ivoire COTEIVOIRE
Egypt EGYPT Data for Egypt are reported on a fiscal year basis. By
convention, data for the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y
and ends on 30 June Y+1 are labelled as year Y.
Eritrea ERITREA Data for Eritrea are available from 1992. Prior to that, they
are included in Ethiopia.
Ethiopia ETHIOPIA Ethiopia includes Eritrea prior to 1992.
Gabon GABON
Ghana GHANA
Kenya KENYA
Libya LIBYA
Mauritius MAURITIUS
Morocco MOROCCO
Mozambique MOZAMBIQUE
Namibia NAMIBIA Data for Namibia are available starting in 1991. Prior to
that, data are included in Other Africa.
Niger NIGER Prior to 2000, data for Niger are presented in Other Africa.
Nigeria NIGERIA
Senegal SENEGAL
South Africa SOUTHAFRIC South Africa became an Association country in November
2018. Please note that in the World files NGWBAL and
NGWIMP, which were published in August 2018, South
Africa is not included in the list of IEA and
Accession/Association countries.
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Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication,
“country” refers to a country or territory, as the case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries
and regions, and in 1971 for non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.
Country/Region Short name Definition
South Sudan SSUDAN Data for South Sudan are available from 2012. Prior to
2012, they are included in Sudan.
Sudan SUDAN South Sudan became an independent country on 9 July
2011. From 2012, data for South Sudan are reported
separately.
United Republic of TANZANIA Oil data are reported on a fiscal year basis, beginning on
Tanzania the 1 July Y and ending on the 30 June Y+1.
Togo TOGO
Tunisia TUNISIA
Zambia ZAMBIA
Zimbabwe ZIMBABWE
Other Africa OTHERAFRIC Includes Botswana (until 1980); Burkina Faso; Burundi;
Cape Verde; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros;
Djibouti; Equatorial Guinea; Gambia; Guinea;
Guinea-Bissau; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi;
Mali; Mauritania; Namibia (until 1990); Niger (until 1999)
Réunion; Rwanda; Sao Tome and Principe; Seychelles;
Sierra Leone; Somalia; Swaziland; and Uganda.
Africa AFRICA Includes Algeria; Angola; Benin; Botswana (from 1981);
Cameroon; the Republic of the Congo (Congo);
Côte d’Ivoire; the Democratic Republic of the Congo;
Egypt; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Kenya; Libya;
Mauritius; Morocco; Mozambique; Namibia (from 1991);
Niger (from 2000); Nigeria; Senegal; South Africa;
South Sudan (from 2012), Sudan; the United Republic of
Tanzania (Tanzania); Togo; Tunisia; Zambia; Zimbabwe
and Other Africa.
Bahrain BAHRAIN
Islamic Republic of IRAN Data are reported according to the Iranian calendar year.
Iran By convention data for the year that starts on 20 March Y
and ends on 19 March Y+1 are labelled as year Y.
Iraq IRAQ
Jordan JORDAN
Kuwait KUWAIT
Lebanon LEBANON
Oman OMAN
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 NATURAL GAS INFORMATION: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2021 Edition) - 25

Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication,
“country” refers to a country or territory, as the case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries
and regions, and in 1971 for non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.
Country/Region Short name Definition
Qatar QATAR
Saudi Arabia SAUDIARABI
Syrian Arab Republic SYRIA
United Arab Emirates UAE
Yemen YEMEN
Middle East MIDEAST Includes Bahrain; Islamic Republic of Iran; Iraq; Jordan;
Kuwait; Lebanon; Oman; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; Syrian
Arab Republic; United Arab Emirates and Yemen.
Bangladesh BANGLADESH Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data
for the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y-1 and ends on 30
June Y are labelled as Year Y.

Brunei Darussalam BRUNEI

Cambodia CAMBODIA Data for Cambodia are available starting in 1995. Prior to that,
they are included in Other Asia.
Democratic People's KOREADPR
Republic of Korea
India INDIA Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data
for the fiscal year that starts on 1 April Y and ends on 31
March Y+1 are labelled as Year Y.
Indonesia INDONESIA
Malaysia MALAYSIA
Mongolia MONGOLIA Data for Mongolia are available starting in 1985. Prior to
that, they are included in Other Asia.
Myanmar MYANMAR Data were reported on a fiscal year basis until 2015 data.
By convention data for the fiscal year that starts on 1 April
Y and ends on 31 March Y+1 are labelled as Year Y.
Nepal NEPAL Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data
for the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y and ends on 30
June Y+1 are labelled as Year Y.

Pakistan PAKISTAN Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention

fiscal year Y/Y+1 is labelled as year Y.
Philippines PHILIPPINE
Singapore SINGAPORE
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Countries and regions

This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication,
“country” refers to a country or territory, as the case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries
and regions, and in 1971 for non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.
Country/Region Short name Definition
Sri Lanka SRILANKA
Chinese Taipei TAIPEI
Thailand THAILAND
Viet Nam VIETNAM
Other Asia OTHERASIA Includes Afghanistan; Bhutan; Cambodia (until 1994);
Cook Islands; Fiji; French Polynesia; Kiribati; Lao
People’s Democratic Republic; Macau, China; the
Maldives; Mongolia (until 1984); New Caledonia; Palau
(from 1994); Papua New Guinea; Samoa; the Solomon
Islands; Timor-Leste; Tonga and Vanuatu.
Asia (excluding China) ASIA Includes Bangladesh; Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia (from
1995); Democratic People’s Republic of Korea; India;
Indonesia; Malaysia; Mongolia (from 1985); Myanmar;
Nepal; Pakistan; Philippines; Singapore; Sri Lanka;
Chinese Taipei; Thailand; Viet Nam and Other Asia.
Hong Kong (China) HONGKONG
China (People's CHINA In early 2016, the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) of
Republic of) the People’s Republic of China (China) supplied the IEA
with detailed energy balances for 2000 to 2010 and the IEA
revised its data accordingly. In September 2015, the NBS
published China’s energy statistics for 2013, as well as
revised statistics for the years 2011 and 2012. These have
already been taken into account by the IEA in the “Special
data release with revisions for the People's Republic of
China” in November 2015.
China (Region) CHINAREG Includes the People's Republic of China and Hong Kong,
China.
Non-OECD Total NOECDTOT Includes Africa; Asia (excluding China); China (P.R. of
China and Hong Kong, China); Non-OECD Americas;
Middle East and Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia.
World WORLD Includes OECD Total; Africa; Asia (excluding China);
China (P.R. of China and Hong Kong, China); Non-OECD
Americas; Middle East; Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia;
World aviation bunkers and World marine bunkers.
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Fiscal year
This table lists the countries for which data are reported on a fiscal year basis. More information on beginning
and end of fiscal years by country is reported in the column ‘Definition’.
This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of inter-
national frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’ refers
to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for non-
OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.
Country/Region Short name Definition
Australia AUSTRALI Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention, data for
the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y-1 and ends on 30 June Y are
labelled as year Y.
Bangladesh BANGLADESH Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data for
the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y-1 and ends on 30 June Y are
labelled as year Y.

Egypt EGYPT Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention, data for
the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y and ends on 30 June Y+1 are
labelled as year Y.
Ethiopia ETHIOPIA Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention, data for
the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y and ends on 30 June Y+1 are
labelled as year Y.
India INDIA Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention, data for
the fiscal year that starts on 1 April Y and ends on 31 March Y+1
are labelled as year Y. This convention is different from the one
used by Government of India, whereby fiscal year starts on 1
April Y and ends on 31 March Y+1 are labelled as year Y+1.
Islamic Republic of IRAN Data are reported according to the Iranian calendar year. By con-
Iran vention data for the year that starts on 20 March Y and ends on
19 March Y+1 are labelled as year Y.

Japan JAPAN Starting 1990, data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By
convention, data for the fiscal year that starts on 1 April Y and
ends on 31 March Y+1 are labelled as year Y.
Kenya KENYA Electricity data are reported on a fiscal year basis, beginning on
the 1 July Y and ending on the 30 June of Y+1.
Myanmar MYANMAR Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data for
the fiscal year that starts on 1 April Y and ends on 31 March Y+1
are labelled as year Y.
Nepal NEPAL Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data for
the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y and ends on 30 June Y+1 are
labelled as year Y.
Pakistan PAKISTAN Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention fiscal year
Y/Y+1 is labelled as year Y.
South Africa SOUTHAFRIC Nuclear and Hydro electricity generation data are reported on a
fiscal year basis, beginning on the 1 July Y and ending on the 30
June Y+1.
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Fiscal year
This table lists the countries for which data are reported on a fiscal year basis. More information on beginning
and end of fiscal years by country is reported in the column ‘Definition’.
This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of inter-
national frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’ refers
to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for non-
OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified.
Country/Region Short name Definition
United Republic of TANZANIA Oil data are reported on a fiscal year basis, beginning on the 1
Tanzania July Y and ending on the 30 June Y+1.

IEA. All rights reserved.

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6. COUNTRY NOTES AND SOURCES

OECD Countries methodology for calculating the volumes of imports
and exports.
General notes  In the 2019 edition, the Australian administration
proceeded to major revisions on the supply side
In this release, the files for OECD countries in the from 2013 onwards due to a change in methodol-
online data service are updated as of July 2020 ogy on production quantities and more recent
(NGBALCON, NGEXPORT and NGIMPORT). The sources on calorific values. Additionally the oil
World files (NGWBAL and NGWIMP) include data up and gas extraction, and liquefaction (LNG) / re-
to 2018 with preliminary supply data for 2019. The gasification plants on the demand side were re-
notes given in this document refer to the data for the vised from 2003 onwards, which resulted in in-
years 1960 to 2018 published in the on-line data ser- creased statistical difference.
vice. In general, more detailed notes are available for  In the 2016 edition, the Australian administration
data starting in 1990. revised natural gas demand data for some flows
back to 2010, resulting in breaks in time series be-
Data are obtained through annual submission of natural
tween 2009 and 2010.
gas questionnaires from National Administrations, as
indicated for each country in the sources section.  Prior to 1991 natural gas data included ethane.
 Data after 1973 are based on national surveys.
In some instances, it has been necessary for the IEA to
estimate some data. Explanations of the estimates are  All data refer to fiscal years, which run from 1 July
to 30 June (e.g. 2016 = 1 July 2015 to 30 June
provided in the country notes.
2016).
 For reasons of data confidentiality, Australia does
not provide a breakdown of exports by destination
and data prior to 2015 are estimated by the Secre-
tariat. Since the 2017 edition, Australian admin-
Australia istration started to provide estimates of the LNG
exports to their main markets, whereas in the 2018
edition the 2017 preliminary data were provided by
Source
the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) barring
Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Re- exports to Chinese Taipei.
sources, Canberra.
Supply
General notes
 For 2018, there is a continuation of the increase
 In the 2020 edition, the Australian administration in indigenous production (+15%) and exports
reallocated quantities in the consumption side, (+18%) of gas, which started in 2017 due to the
based on analysis of new data and to be consistent LNG exporting capacity coming online in 2016 and
with Australian Energy Statistics. Additionally, re- 2017.
visions were made to trade flows based on a revised
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 Around 30% of the production (mainly coal seam

gas) is estimated by the Australian administration. Austria
 In the 2015 edition the Australian administration re-
vised production and certain consumption flows Source
back to 2006. The production figures now include
previously uncaptured flows. Bundesanstalt Statistik Österreich, Vienna.
 Pipeline imports are from the Joint Petroleum De- General note
velopment Area, an area jointly administered by
Timor-Leste and Australia pursuant to the Timor  Prior to 2000 differences due to measurement are
Sea Treaty. included with distribution losses.

Transformation Supply
 From 2011 to 2016, the non-specified transformation  Export amounts are calculated by the national admin-
of natural gas represents amounts used to produce istration by subtracting stock changes and domestic
hydrogen for hydrocracking in refineries. consumption from import figures. The split by
country is confidential so all the exports are reported
 Prior to 1973 there are no detailed data available for
under not elsewhere specified since 2002. Similarly,
autoproducers and for sub-sector industry con-
all imports are reported under not elsewhere spec-
sumption. Autoproducer data are included in main
ified since 2014 for confidentiality reasons.
activity producer before 1974.

Consumption Transformation
 In the 2018 edition, the time series for blast Fur-
 Consumption in the residential and agriculture and
naces was reclassified from 1990 onwards, and
forestry sectors are estimated by the Australian ad-
thus moved from the transformation to the energy
ministration based on models.
sector.
 There are breaks between 2002 and 2003 in due to
 Between 1995 and 1996 there is a break in time se-
major revisions made in the oil and gas extraction,
ries for autoproducer electricity and CHP plants
and liquefaction (LNG) / regasification plants in
due to the availability of more detailed data.
the context of the 2019 edition.
 In 1980 the consumption of natural gas in gas
 Between 2009 and 2010 some breaks in time series
works within the transformation sector stopped.
may occur due to changes in methodologies and to
improved data sources. Revisions to the consump- Consumption
tion data include changes to energy use in liquefac-
tion plants, and a shift of gas works gas (transfor-  In the 2019 edition, Austrian administration revised
mation) to non-specified energy from 2006 on- oil and gas extraction and oil refinery consumption
wards. Revisions to previous years are pending. data for 2005 onwards based on data reported to
 Until 2005 natural gas consumed to fuel the distribu- the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). Addition-
tion of natural gas in natural gas networks was reported ally, it revised data since 2005 for other sectors’
as transformation for gas works gas production. flows since 2005 and industry since 2012 based on
a combination of the results of sample surveys and
 Between 2001 and 2002 there are breaks in time se- data from the regulator.
ries for consumption data due to an industry struc-
tural shift and changes in methodology.  In 2013 the increase in pipeline transport consump-
tion is due to a new methodology of data collec-
 In 1999 and 2000 end-use consumption data are es- tion. Historical revisions are pending.
timated by the Australian administration.
 Any inconsistencies in the time series for commer-
cial/public services until 2011 are the result of this
sub-sector being computed as a residual. Since 2012
the commercial/public services consumption fig-
ures are surveyed annually and the consumption
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 NATURAL GAS INFORMATION: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2021 Edition) - 31

quantities in small and medium enterprises in indus- General notes

try are the projected results of biannual sample sur-
veys.  In the 2019 edition, the Canadian administration
proceeded to data revisions from 2005 onwards
based on the revised source statistics from Statis-
tics Canada and with the aim of achieving greater
consistency with the Energy Efficiency Indicators
Belgium data submission to IEA.
 Prior to 1990 data for consumption of natural gas
Source for construction are not available.
 Prior to 1978 consumption in the non-specified cat-
Observatoire de l'Energie, Brussels.
egory of the industry sector includes gas used as
fuel in oil refineries.
Supply
 For 2018 data, trade includes real transit. This results Supply
in higher figures for Germany, the Netherlands and
 2015 is the first year when stock levels were meas-
the UK.
ured in Canada. Based on this measurement and
 Since 2009 gas trade in Belgium includes imported the stock change of previous years, Canadian au-
LNG which is regasified and subsequently ex- thorities have estimated the stock level back to
ported to other countries. 2005.
 Imports include spot purchases.  Indigenous production is measured by the Canadian
 The LNG consumption data in international marine administration by upscaling the marketable pro-
bunkers are confidential. duction by approximately 11% to account for own-
use in the extraction process.
Transformation  Associated gas has been estimated by the Canadian
 The Belgian administration is in the process of re- administration for 2016 and 2017.
vising 2011 and 2010 transformation sector  Non-associated gas production data include colliery
data. As such, an unusually high quantity of natu- gas as well as associated gas produced in Alberta.
ral gas is reported under not elsewhere specified
(transformation). Transformation
 From 2000 natural gas begun to replace blast fur-  In 2000 the increase in main activity electricity pro-
nace gas in the iron and steel industry. ducer data is due to new generation plants in Al-
berta and Ontario.
Consumption  Due to confidentiality reasons, the Canadian admin-
 Consumption in the transport equipment sub-sector istration estimated natural gas consumption in oil
decreased in 2015 due to the closure of a big indus- refineries for the 2014-2017.
try of this sector in December 2014.  Gas-to-liquids (Transformation) represents quanti-
 In 2003 the large decrease in non-specified industry ties of natural gas consumed in the production of
consumption is due to improvements in data col- synthetic crude oil.
lection.  Non-specified (Transformation) represents quanti-
ties of natural gas used for the upgrading of re-
fined oil products.

Canada Consumption
 In 2018 refinery gas started being further purified
into products, leading to a higher consumption by
Source
oil refineries.
Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa.  In the 2019 edition, the oil and gas extraction con-
sumption was revised from 2005 onwards in order
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32 - NATURAL GAS INFORMATION: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2021 edition)

to more accurately separate it from other min-  Not elsewhere specified (Transformation) repre-
ing/extractive activities. sents natural gas that is blended with refinery gas.
 In the 2019 edition, an improved methodology was Consumption
applied to industry sector for 2005 onwards result-
ing in a share of the non-specified industry being  Natural gas used for oil and gas extraction is in-
allocated to various industrial sub-sectors and cre- cluded in gas consumption for energy sector own
ating breaks between 2004 and 2005. use under oil refineries.
 Starting from 2014, distribution losses will no  Non-specified (transport) corresponds to marine
longer be reported by Canada as this flow was his- transport.
torically computed as a balancing variable.
 Due to confidentiality reasons, the Canadian admin-
istration estimated natural gas consumption in the
following sectors for 2014-2017: iron and steel, Colombia
non-ferrous metal, transport equipment and ma-
chinery. Source
 In 2011 the increase consumption by non-metallic
mineral production is due to switching from coal Ministry of Mines and Energy, Bogota.
to natural gas in cement manufacturing. General notes
 Prior to 1978 agriculture/forestry is included in in-
 Colombia joined the OECD in April 2020.
dustry, and no detailed industry sub-sector data are
available.  Data starts in 1971.

Chile Czech Republic

Source Source
Ministerio de Energía, Santiago. Czech Statistical Office, Prague.

General notes General notes

 Since 2008 stocks levels data are available.  Prior to 1994 data in transport sector are for former
 The 2017 values for not elsewhere specified (Trans- Czechoslovakia.
formation) and oil refineries have been estimated  Between 1993 and 1994 there are some breaks in
by the IEA Secretariat. time series due to a change in the energy balance
methodology between former Czechoslovakia and
Supply the Czech Republic.
 Exports of regasified LNG to Argentina started in Supply
2016, after the works to enable reverse flows in the
interconnector finished.  From 2013 all non-associated gas production was
 Since 2009 data representing LPG injected into the reclassified as colliery gas production.
natural gas distribution network are available.
They are reported in from other sources – Oil.
Consumption
 There is a break in time series in the industry and
Transformation transformation sectors between 2009 and 2010
 For 2009 and 2010 inputs of natural gas to auto- due to new available data from distribution compa-
producer CHP plants were estimated by the nies.
Chilean administration. For other years these in-  Since 2008 hydrogen production is reported in pet-
puts are included in autoproducer electricity. rochemical feedstocks as non-energy use. Up to
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 NATURAL GAS INFORMATION: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2021 Edition) - 33

2007, chemical and petrochemical consumption  There are inconsistencies in the time series for res-
includes both energy and non-energy use. idential consumption as this sector is computed as
a residual.
 In 2014 Estonia’s main company in the chemical
and petrochemical sector ceased activity, resulting
Denmark in no non-energy use of natural gas.
 In 2009 Estonia’s main producer of fertilisers
Source ceased activity, resulting in a sharp decrease in the
Danish Energy Agency, Copenhagen. non-energy use of natural gas. The plant reopened
in 2012.
General note
 In the 2004 edition, the Danish administration re-
vised the time series back to 1972. .
Finland
Supply
 In the 2019 edition, biogas (receipts from other Source
sources - Renewables) was reported for the first
Statistics Finland, Helsinki.
time.

Consumption General notes

 In 2018, more operators entered the market. As a
 In Edition 2020, Gas Works (Transformation) were
result, stock data stopped being confidential.
revised due to a change in the reporting methodol-
ogy.  Finland imports LNG since September 2016. Be-
fore 2018 there was only one company operating
 The consumption of LNG for marine transport and
international marine bunkers is not reported due to in this market, LNG supply data was thus confi-
confidentiality. dential and excluded from the supply side flows.
 The breakdown for industrial consumption for the  Between 1989 and 1990 there are some breaks in
latest year is estimated by the Danish administra- the time series as data from 1990 to 1999 were re-
tion using the previous year’s split and revised the vised by the Finnish administration in 2002.
following year.
Supply
 Data are reported for international marine bunkers
consumption since 2017.
Estonia  The opening and closing stock levels data are confi-
dential and stock changes data for 2017 are a esti-
Source mates by the Finnish administration.
Statistics Estonia, Tallinn.
Transformation
General note  Not elsewhere specified (Transformation) data repre-
 Data for Estonia are available starting in 1990. Prior sent natural gas used for hydrogen manufacture.
to that, they are included in Former Soviet Union. This hydrogen is used for hydrodesulphurization
and hydrocracking in oil refineries
Consumption
Consumption
 Consumption reported under not elsewhere speci-
fied (Energy) represents consumption of different  Distribution losses include the quantities of boil-off
activities of companies in the energy sector natural gas originating from the natural evapora-
(NACE 35) for own uses without transformation. tion of LNG in tanks.
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34 - NATURAL GAS INFORMATION: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2021 edition)

 Not elsewhere specified (Transport) includes LNG  Pipeline imports from not elsewhere specified
consumption for domestic navigation. origin may contain spot purchases of LNG.
 Since 1995 the breakdown between residential and  The pipeline imports and pipeline exports data in-
commercial/public services is available due to new clude transit amounts.
system of data collection.  From 1990 to 1998 statistical differences include
 Prior to 1989 data for consumption in the residen- gas consumption which is not broken down by
tial and agriculture/forestry sectors were esti- sectors.
mated by the Finnish administration.
Consumption
 The increase in natural gas consumption in the
electricity sector for 2016 and 2017 has been
France mainly driven by the decrease in nuclear genera-
tion due to maintenance operations, which was
Source compensated by gas-fired power plants.

Ministère de la Transition Écologique et Solidaire  Between 2005 and 2006 there is a break in the time
series in the industry sub-sectors.
General notes  Gas for pipelines is included in distribution losses.
 Starting from the 2018 edition, the French admin-
istration revised the methodology used in order to
bring it more in line with the international stand-
ards. More specifically, (i) Supply figures were re- Germany
vised for the period 2007-2016, (ii) transformation
sector consumption for 2007-2016, (iii) energy Source
sector consumption for 2011-2016, (iv) transport
and commercial/public services for 2000-2016, (v) Federal Statistical Office (DESTATIS), Wiesbaden.
industry sector for 2011-2016 and (vi) imports and
General notes
exports for 2011-2016.
 In the 2019 edition, the French administration re-  Between 2009 and 2010 there is a break in time se-
vised the demand side from 2011 onwards by im- ries due to a new, more comprehensive legal
framework that resulted in methodological
proving the methodology with the consolidation of
changes for production and new calorific values
data from SDSE surveys and additional official
for natural gas.
sources.
 Between 2002 and 2003 there are breaks in the time
 Until 2007 some statistical differences reported by series for some sectors due to modifications in re-
the French utilities were included in distribution porting methodology.
losses. Since 2008 these amounts are included un-
 Between 1994 and 1995 there are some breaks in
der statistical difference.
time series due to the fact that the industry sub-sector
 Between 1999 and 2000 there are some breaks in breakdown is based on the 1995 NACE classification.
time series due to a new methodology for prepar-
 Between 2016 and 2017 there is a break in the gross
ing the natural gas balances.
calorific value of natural gas in the observed inland
 The data include the French overseas departments, consumption, because the German administration ac-
however natural gas is neither produced, nor con- quired better information on the import amounts of L-
sumed in these departments. Gas (low calorific gas) for the 2017 data.

Supply Supply
 From 2000 onwards the exports breakdown is not  Starting in 2018, due to a change in the reporting
available. methodology, Imports and Exports no longer in-
 There is a break in stocks between 2004 and 2005. clude transit volumes, as was the case up until 2017.
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 NATURAL GAS INFORMATION: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2021 Edition) - 35

 Since 2018 onwards, indigenous production is be- General notes

ing phased out, leading to a decrease in non-associ-
ated gas.  In the 2020 edition, due to more disaggregated data
and a revised methodology, years 2017 and 2018
 In 2016 and 2017, natural gas imports from the are not comparable to time-series prior to this.
Netherlands are included under not elsewhere
specified origin due to confidentiality. Not else-  Natural gas produced in Greece has a higher than
average GCV due to a high content of C2/C4
where-specified imports also include gas imported
hydrocarbons.
from the UK and Denmark.
 In 1997 a new pipeline between Russia and Greece
 The low GCV of the vented gas is due to its high Sul- became operational.
phur content. This flow was revised back to 2003.
Supply
Transformation
 In November 1998 the production of natural gas
 In 2003 there is a break in time series for electricity stopped in and started again in December 1999.
and CHP plants (both autoproducers and main ac-
tivity producers). Consumption
 Prior to 1995 inputs of natural gas for main activity  Between 2010 and 2011 there is a break in time se-
producer heat plants are included with main activ- ries for the non-ferrous metals due to a new meth-
ity producer CHP plants. odology for measuring gas consumed by this sub-
sector.
Consumption  Since 2017, natural gas has started to be consumed
 In the 2020 edition, the German administration in- in the construction sub-sector as well.
cluded energy use in Agriculture/Forestry and Con-  In 1998 consumption in the residential sector is in-
struction for the period 2010-2018. In the next re- cluded with commercial/public services.
porting cycle, values for 2003-2010 are expected.
 Since 2018, gas distribution networks are included
in pipeline transport, while it was only covering
transmission networks before. Hungary
 Since 2003 there are no official data for the con-
struction sector. Source
 Since 2003 consumption in agriculture/forestry and Hungarian Energy and Public Utility Regulatory
other not elsewhere specified (Other), which were Authority, Budapest.
previously estimated, are no longer shown, and
losses data have been included in statistical differ- General note
ence.
 Between 1996 and 1997 some breaks in time series
 Since 2003 gas consumption in coke ovens was neg-
exist due to a new methodology applied by the
ligible.
Hungarian administration.
 Prior to 1995 end-use consumption data are based
on Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen. Supply
 Before 1970 there is no detailed breakdown availa-  Between 2012 and 2013 there is a break in the stock
ble for the industry sector with the exception of levels due to a change in the methodology.
iron and steel and chemical and petrochemical in-
dustries.  Between 2001 and 2002 there is a break in the time
series for the stock levels.
 From 2001 to 2004 statistical difference includes
natural gas used for refilling cushion gas.
Greece  Imports and exports data are reported according to
the TSO’s data, which include transit volumes.
Source
Ministry for Environment and Energy, Athens.
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36 - NATURAL GAS INFORMATION: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2021 edition)

Transformation resulted in a very low value for the GCV of the

stock change.
 Since 2010, data reported for not elsewhere speci-
fied (Transformation) represent natural gas used  Since 1996 the increase in imports is due to the de-
for hydrogen manufacture used in refineries for hy- pletion of the Kinsale gas field and the availability
drodesulphurization. Prior to this year, these quan- of a new pipeline system to the United Kingdom.
tities are reported under oil refineries. Transformation
 Prior to 2004, iron and steel consumption includes
 Since 2006 a different methodology for allocating
transformation of natural gas in blast furnaces.
unsold steam from autoproducer CHP is used.
 The increase in main activity producer CHP plants
 Not elsewhere specified (Transformation) corre-
data in 2000 is due to a reclassification of autopro-
sponds to natural gas blended with refinery gas.
ducer plants into main activity producer plants.
 Since 1997, two autoproducer heat plants have Consumption
been reclassified to main activity producer heat  In the 2019 edition, the Irish administration revised
plants. the distribution losses based on new data coming
Consumption from the Emissions Trading Scheme, which had a
knock-on effect in the final consumption data, pri-
 Consumption under the not elsewhere specified marily for industry.
(Other) sector includes military usage.
 In 2011, the increase in non-ferrous metals con-
 Between 2012 and 2013 there are some breaks in sumption is due to a fuel switch to natural gas.
the time series for the energy sector, transport and
 Since 2009 the disaggregation of consumption into
industry consumption due to a new methodology.
all the industry sub sectors excluding non-ferrous
Historical revisions are pending.
metals is done according to data from the Census
of Industrial Production (CIP). The last energy
consumption data available from the CIP are from
2009 and therefore the 2009-2015 subsector break-
Iceland down is the same every year.
 In 2007, the increase in machinery consumption is
There is no natural gas data for Iceland, as there is nei- due to changes in industry sub-sector structure and
ther production nor consumption. fuel usage.
 In 2004, there is a break in the time series in food,
beverages and tobacco consumption due to a
change in methodology.
Ireland  In 2003, feedstock use in the chemical and petro-
chemical industry stopped due to the shutdown of a
Sources fertiliser plant.
Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland, Cork.  In 2001, natural gas consumption in the iron and
steel industry stopped due to the shutdown of Ire-
General note land’s main steel plant.
 Since April 2017 there is no gas storage facility in  Prior to 1986, detailed figures for the consumption
Ireland. of natural gas in industry and other sectors are not
available.
Supply
 Natural gas indigenous production has been in-
creasing since 2015 when the Corrib Gas field be-
gan production at the end of that year.
 In 2009 the data sources for the opening stock level
and the closing stock level are different. This has
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Israel Italy
Source Source
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Jerusalem. Ministry of Economic Development, Rome.
General note General notes
 From 1991 data for losses include some statistical
 From 2012 all natural gas data, except inputs to differences. However, since 1994 improved collec-
electricity production, are estimated by the IEA tion methods have decreased these differences.
Secretariat.  Between 1989 and 1990 there is a break in stocks
 The 2020 edition includes 2018 data and revisions level.
in consumption based on the Energy Balances pub- Supply
lished by the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics
(CBS). As a result, breaks in time series appear be-  Imports from Croatia represent natural gas trans-
tween 2012 and 2013. More specifically, this revi- ferred with a pipeline directly to Italy from fields
sion impacted oil refineries, the industry sector and in
other sectors. Finally, all industry is categorised as Croatian territory in the Adriatic Sea.
non-specified industry and all other sectors as non-
specified other, because no disaggregation is avail- Transformation
able.  Prior to 2008, inputs of natural gas to all heat
production in industry were reported in final
consumption.
Supply
 Between 2003 and 2004 there are breaks in time se-
 Imports of natural gas began in 2008. ries in industry and transformation due to a new
Transformation data reporting methodology
 From 2000 to 2002 no autoproducer data are avail-
 In the 2017 edition, the Israeli administration revised
able due to confidentiality reasons. These data are
transformation data back to 2013 creating breaks in
included in main activity producer plants.
the time series between 2012 and 2013.
 In 1996 the production of gas works gas from nat-
 In the 2019 edition, the not elsewhere specified
(Transformation) since 2013 refers to quantities of ural gas ceased.
natural gas used for the generation of hydrogen,
which is subsequently used for hydrodesulphuriza- Consumption
tion in oil refineries. In the previous editions, these  From 2007 a more detailed breakdown of consump-
figures were reported as energy consumption of gas tion for energy industry own use is available.
in oil refineries.
 Prior to 1990 consumption in commercial/public
 In the 2019 edition, the 2016 and 2017 gas inputs to services is included in residential.
main producers and autoproducers of electricity
were estimated by the IEA Secretariat.  Prior to 1970 the breakdown of industry data is only
available for iron and steel and chemical and pet-
Consumption rochemical industry; all other data are included in
 In the 2019 edition, the Israeli administration re- not elsewhere specified (Industry).
vised industry and other sectors data for 2016. Due  Except for liquefaction plants, data for the energy
to lack of categorisation, industry is classified as sector are estimated and include statistical differ-
not elsewhere specified (Industry) and the other ences and other non-specified consumption.
sectors as not elsewhere specified (Other).
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General note
Japan
 Energy industry own-use in liquefaction plants in-
cludes measuring errors and losses.
Source
Supply
The Institute of Energy Economics, Tokyo.
 Korea reports production of natural gas since
2005. The production is decreasing and the reser-
General notes voir is expected to be possibly depleted by the end
 The 2019 edition contains major revisions to time of 2018.
series which go back to 1990. These reflect the re-  The receipts from other sources from 2006 to 2012
visions in the Energy Balance Table from the Min- represent the amount of liquefied petroleum
istry of Economy, Trade and Industry, which is the gases that are either blended with natural gas or
data source. are directly used in city gas distribution networks.
 From 1990 data are reported on a fiscal year basis, Consumption
which runs from 1 April to 31 March (e.g. 2015 =
April 2015 to March 2016).  Energy industry own use in liquefaction plants in-
cludes losses and measuring errors.
Supply  Prior to 2007 consumption of natural gas in ma-
chinery was included with transport equipment.
 In the 2019 edition, indigenous production, receipts
from other sources, imports data, stock changes  From 1987 to 1991 the breakdown of final con-
and stock levels were revised back to 1990. sumption has been estimated by the Secretariat, as
well as the residential subsector for 1992.
 In certain cases, the country of the last consignment
of natural gas is often reported as the country of
origin for the LNG imports, instead of the country
where the gas was produced
Latvia
Transformation
 In the 2019 edition, main activity and autoproducer Source
electricity plants were revised back to 1990. Simi-
Central Statistical Bureau, Riga.
larly, flows of the energy sector were revised back
up to 1990.
General note
 Since 1990 most of the gas works gas production
and consumption has been included with natural  Data for Latvia are available starting in 1990. Prior
gas. to that, they are included in Former Soviet Union
in World Energy Statistics.
Consumption
Supply
 In the 2019 edition, own consumption in electricity,
CHP and heat plants was subject to a major revi-  Stock levels in Latvia do not include stocks held in
sion since 1990. national territory for other countries.
 In the 2019 edition, all the transport, industry and
other sectors flows were revised back to 1990. Transformation
 In 2017 there was a steep decrease reported in main
activity CHP consumption and a respective in-
crease in main activity heat consumption due to the
Korea classification of fuel inputs according to the units
of the plants instead of the plants as a whole that
was previously used.
Source
Korea Energy Economics Institute, Ulsan.
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 NATURAL GAS INFORMATION: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2021 Edition) - 39

Consumption General note

 The consumption in the iron and steel industry de-  In 1982 there is a break in the time series in transfor-
creased in 2014 due to the bankruptcy of the major mation and industry due to a change in methodology.
company in the market.
Supply
 Not elsewhere specified imports include gas pur-
chased on the spot market.
Lithuania
Transformation
Source  Since 2002 the increase of gas consumption in the
Statistics Lithuania, Vilnius. transformation sector is due to a new 350-MW
combined cycle power plant.
General note
 Data for Lithuania are available starting in 1990.
The last main activity producer electricity gas-
Prior to that, they are included in Former Soviet consuming plant closed in 2016.Consumption
Union in World Energy Statistics.  In the 2017 edition, Luxembourg integrated supple-
Supply mentary data from ETS companies and revised in-
dustrial consumption back to the year 2000.
 The export quantities since 2014 represent imported  The breakdown of Total final consumption for the
LNG which is regasified and subsequently ex- latest year is preliminary and will be finalised in
ported to other countries. the next edition of the book.
 Since 2012, the methodology to determine final
Transformation consumption was changed in order to integrate
 Not elsewhere specified (Transformation) data repre- basic data from National Accounts.
sent natural gas used for methanol manufacture,  Since 2000, a more detailed breakdown of final
which is used as input in oil refineries. consumption data is available due to a change in
Consumption methodology.
 Since 2000, consumption in the non-ferrous metals
 Natural gas consumption for power generation has sub-sector is included in iron and steel for reasons
been falling significantly from 2010 onwards as of confidentiality.
gas-fired power and heating plants are being retired,
largely replaced by biomass.  Since 2000, consumption in not elsewhere specified
(Industry) includes activity of companies reclassi-
 There is a break between 2010 and 2011 in the not fied to preserve the confidentiality.
elsewhere specified (Energy) timeseries due to
natural gas being consumed for heat that was used  Prior to 2000 residential consumption includes con-
to destroy radioactive waste after the decommis- sumption in commercial/public services and agri-
sioning of the only Lithuanian nuclear plant at the culture/forestry.
end of 2009.

Mexico
Luxembourg
Source
Source Secretaría de Energía, Mexico City.
STATEC – Institut national de la statistique et des études General note
économiques du Grand-Duché du Luxembourg, Luxem-
bourg.  2018 data was estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
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 Mexico is currently improving the data collection  In the 2019 edition, the Dutch administration re-
process and revisions of historical data are ex- vised the opening and closing stock levels based on
pected in the following editions. a dedicated questionnaire used. Additionally, in-
 In 2013 there are breaks in series due to a change in dustrial consumption was revised since 2012 based
the methodology for reporting energy data. The on inputs coming from the Emissions Trading
Mexican administration is currently working on Scheme (ETS) data.
the revision of historical data.  Between 1981 and 1982, and between 1983 and
 Since 1993 data have been submitted by the “Sec- 1984 there are breaks in time series due to the in-
retaría de Energía”. troduction of more comprehensive surveys on end-
 Natural gas reported in the IEA publications may use consumption.
be different from what is reported in the Mexican
energy publications, as the IEA includes only dry Supply
gas and excludes natural gas liquids, which are  A production cap of natural gas was set by the gov-
considered as part of oil products. ernment in 2015, which has been extended and
gradually tightened for 2016 and 2017.
Consumption
 Due to confidentiality issues, the split of LNG im-
 The split of natural gas used for hydrogen manu- ports is estimated by the Dutch administration
facture and used in refineries is not currently avail- based on trade data.
able and it will be provided in the 2020 edition of
this publication.  In the past, the amounts reported under indigenous
production also included quantities coming from
 Losses and pipeline transport are included in oil and
stock changes. The reason was that the Dutch ad-
gas extraction.
ministration could not distinguish between quanti-
 Not elsewhere specified (Energy) was estimated by ties of natural gas falling under marketable pro-
the Mexican administration for 2017 and will be
duction and amounts being moved from offshore
revised in the 2020 edition.
fields to onshore fields without undergoing any pu-
 Revisions are expected to not elsewhere specified rification and/or other necessary production pro-
(Industry) in the 2020 edition, as the Mexican ad- cesses. From 2015 the data reported distinguish be-
ministration works on the disaggregation of the in- tween amounts to be reported as indigenous pro-
dustry subsectors over the course of the year.
duction and amounts that should be classified as
 From 1993 to 1999 oil and gas extraction and not stock changes. This created a break in stocks levels
elsewhere specified (Industry) data were esti- between 2014 and 2015.
mated.
 Dutch trade figures include transit volumes.
 Since 1993 the breakdown of the energy sector and
of other sectors is available.  Imports from Germany include imports from
Russia.
 Due to the revision in 2018 of inflows and outflows
from stored gas held in Germany, there have been
Netherlands amendments to historical imports and exports data.
 International marine bunkers were reported for the
first time in the 2019 edition.
Source
Statistics Netherlands, The Hague. Transformation
 The values for not elsewhere specified (Energy)
General note
represents natural gas combusted by the distribu-
 In the 2018 edition, the Dutch administration re- tion operator for the purpose of operating the grid.
vised the supply side data for 1990-2016 in order  In 2009 the increase in main activity electricity con-
to (i) better account for flows from underground sumption is due to the opening of a new plant in
storages which used to be incorporated in the pro- the second half of 2008.
duction data and also (ii) handle inflows/outflows
of gas stored in Germany as imports/exports.
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 NATURAL GAS INFORMATION: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2021 Edition) - 41

 In 2008 the large increase in autoproducer CHP  In February 1997 production of synthetic gasoline
plants consumption is due to a new autoproducer from natural gas ended.
CHP plant which came on-stream.  Since 1990 a detailed consumption breakdown for
industry is available.
Consumption
 Between 1987 and 1988 there is a break in the time
series in the commercial/public services consump-
tion due to a major reorganisation of three public Norway
utility companies.
 In the 2018 edition, the Dutch administration pro-
vided data on the not elsewhere specified (Other) Source
Non-energy use flow for the years 2007-2014, Statistics Norway, Oslo.
which represent the volume of gas injected as
cushion gas in a new underground storage. General note
 At the time of publication of the 2019 edition, the
Norwegian administration had qualified the natu-
ral gas data for 2017 as provisional figures.
New Zealand
 In the 2018 edition, the Norwegian administration
made widespread revisions to their data back to
Source 2010, following the introduction of a new system
Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, for energy balances and energy accounts. Breaks
Wellington. in series may appear between 2009 and 2010 as a
result.
General notes
 Since 2008 data on stocks are available.
 2018 data was estimated based on monthly data sub-
mitted to the IEA Secretariat. Supply
 Between 2012 and 2013 there are breaks in series
 For Norway, the supply of natural gas is the resid-
for the final consumption breakdown due to the in-
ual of two very large and opposite amounts: indig-
troduction of a new survey.
enous production and exports. As a result, large
 From 1977 to 1979 and from 1986 to 1989 losses statistical differences in some years may lead to
are included in the statistical difference. discrepancies in the growth rates of supply and de-
Supply mand of natural gas.
 There are no imports or exports of natural gas for  In 2008 there is a break in the time series for indig-
New Zealand. enous production as the production of gas amounts
consumed by the offshore platforms were in-
Transformation cluded.
 In 1998 there is a large increase in autoproducer  In 2000 non-associated gas production ceased.
CHP plants consumption as two new autoproducer  In 1992 the large increase in oil and gas extraction
CHP plants came on-stream. is due to the start-up of new fields.
Consumption  For the years 2010-2014 no split between countries
of origin was provided, therefore these were esti-
 In 2005 the decline in chemical and petrochemical mated by the IEA Secretariat.
industry consumption was due to the closure of the
Motunui methanol production plant. The Motunui Transformation
plant was then reopened in late 2008.
 Since 2007 gas inputs to all electricity and CHP
 Prior to 2003 natural gas consumed in industry in-
plants are included in autoproducer electricity
cludes some gas for energy industry own-use.
plants due to confidentiality.
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 The last main activity electricity producer plant  In 2013 and 2014 some CHP plants were used as
closed down in 2016. backup reserve plants, resulting in a decrease in con-
sumption under main activity producers CHP plants.
Consumption  In 2004 and 2005 small amounts of gas were used
 In 2007 the increase in not elsewhere specified to start up main activity electricity producer plants.
(Transport) is due to the wider use of gas-powered  In the 2017 data, local small-CHP & heat plants
sea vessels. were reclassified from the commercial/public ser-
 Since 2002 domestic navigation is included under vices to the transformation sector and the residen-
not elsewhere specified (Transport). tial sub-sector.
 Before 2000 oil and gas extraction consumption Consumption
also included some data which should have been
included under total final consumption.  Not elsewhere specified (Energy) own use includes
 Consumption for pipeline transport is included in gas used for heating and pumping operations in the
oil and gas extraction. distribution network.

Poland Portugal
Source Source
Central Statistical Office, Warsaw. Direcção-Geral de Energia e Geologia, Lisbon.
General notes
Supply
 Distribution losses may include some statistical dif-
 The imports reported under not elsewhere specified
ferences.
represent gas entering Portugal through the pipe-
Supply line from Spain.
 Prior to February 2004 most LNG imports from Ni-
 Exports include all the gas sold by companies oper- geria arrived via the Huelva terminal in Spain,
ating in Poland (these are mainly re-exports). where they were regasified and sent by pipeline to
 Imports from Germany mainly represent natural Portugal. From February 2004 LNG imports arrive
gas purchased through virtual reverse flow in the directly at the Sines terminal.
Polish section of the Yamal-Europe pipeline  The surge in 2017 imports is attributed to the con-
 Since 2010 gas imports from Russia include gas sumption of gas-fired power plants that filled in the
produced in Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Kazakh- gap of decreased hydro-generation due to a
stan or Uzbekistan. drought.
 In 2009 imports reported from Other FSU are from
Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan or Uzbekistan. Transformation
 Natural gas reported in associated gas production  In 2014, the decrease in autoproducer CHP plants
contains some heavier hydrocarbons. This results consumption was due to a plant closure.
in a high gross calorific value for this flow.
 Since 2012, data reported for not elsewhere speci-
Transformation fied (Transformation) represent natural gas used
for hydrogen manufacture. Prior to this year, these
 Not elsewhere specified (Transformation) data repre- quantities are reported under oil refineries.
sent natural gas used for hydrogen manufacture.
 In 2002 the decrease in natural gas used for gas
This hydrogen is used for hydrodesulphurization in
works is due to the closing of the Lisbon gas works
oil refineries.
plant in May 2001.
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 NATURAL GAS INFORMATION: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2021 Edition) - 43

Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Source
Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava. Source
Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia,
General notes Ljubljana.
 Data for losses were not available between 2009
and 2013. General notes
 Between 1970 and 1971, and between 1978 and 1979  From 1990 data for Slovenia are available. Prior to
there are breaks in time series due to a revision of that, they are included in Former Yugoslavia.
data for 1968-1969 and 1979-92 made in 2003. Data  Between 1999 and 2000 there are some breaks in
for 1970 were estimated by the Secretariat. series due to the implementation of a new energy
data collection system in January 2001.
Supply
 In 2002 the GCV of indigenous production in- Supply
creased significantly as extraction from a field with
 The country of the trading station where the gas was
a low GCV ended.
purchased is often reported as the country of origin
 Imports include gas used for pipeline compressor for the imports, instead of the country where the
stations. gas was produced.
 In 2017 Slovenia started exporting small quantities
Transformation
of natural gas to Croatia.
 In 2014, the decrease in autoproducer CHP plants
consumption was due to a plant closure. Transformation
 The last autoproducer electricity plant stopped op-  In 2014, improvements in a main activity producer
eration in 2016. CHP plant resulted in a substantial reduction of
 Not elsewhere specified (Transformation) data rep- natural gas consumption in this sector.
resent natural gas used for hydrogen manufacture. Consumption
This hydrogen is used for hydrodesulphurization
and for hydrocracking in oil refineries.  In 2011, the decrease in the chemical and petro-
chemical sector non-energy use consumption is
Consumption due to minimal use of gas for production of meth-
anol.
 In 2018, following a change in the nature of its eco-
nomic activity (as per the NACE classification), a  There are inconsistencies in the time series for com-
big consuming company is now accounted for in mercial/public services as this sub-sector is com-
the natural gas consumption for the mining sector, puted by the Slovenian administration as a residual.
leading to a substantial increase.
 In 2016, non-energy use of natural gas in the chem-
ical and petrochemical industry decreased due to a
Spain
two-month stoppage in ammonia production.
 In 2001, there is a break in time series for energy Source
use in oil and gas extraction due to the application Ministry of Energy, Tourism and the Digital Agenda,
of the IEA’s definition starting that year. Madrid.
 There are inconsistencies in the time series for com-
mercial/public services as this sub-sector is com-
puted as a residual.
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General notes  Since 1990 the decrease of natural gas inputs into
gas works gas production is due to the substitution
 Spain in the 2018 edition implemented an improve- of natural gas by manufactured gas.
ment in data collection for industry, so there are
currently breaks in the time series and historical re- Consumption
visions for 2015.
 Since 2001 the final consumption breakdown is es-
 In 2014, there are breaks in series for some trans- timated by the Spanish administration.
formation sectors due to the implementation of a
new tool for data collection.  Since 1988 the increase of natural gas used as
feedstock is due to a substitution of naphtha for
 Between 2008 and 2009 there is a break in stock the production of fertilisers.
levels due to the exclusion of mechanically recov-
erable cushion gas from the reported levels.  Prior to 1982 natural gas consumption in textiles
and leather, transportation equipment and ma-
 Between 2006 and 2007 there is a break in stocks chinery has been included in not elsewhere speci-
levels due to a new methodology of including fied (Industry).
stocks in transport facilities and in storage facilities
during testing phase.
 Between 2005 and 2006 there are some breaks in
time series for the energy industry own use and for
final consumption due to a change in the estima- Sweden
tion methodology.
 Between 2002 and 2003 there is a break in stock
levels due to an improvement in stocks level data Source
from 2003 onwards. Energimyndigheten, Eskilstuna.
Supply General notes
 Between 1996 and 1997 total imports and domestic  In 2013, the natural gas consumed by oil refineries
supply increased due to the enlargement of the gas has been estimated by the Secretariat.
grid.
 In 2008, total final consumption and its breakdown
 Pipeline imports data from France are reported have been estimated by the Secretariat based on
based on the country of last consignment. other Statistics Sweden publications.
 Exports include re-exported gas volumes.  Since 2005 the natural gas inputs to gas works has
been estimated by the Secretariat.
Transformation
 The increase in the transformation sector consump- Supply
tion for 2017 comes from more gas-fired plants be-  Natural gas consumption data in international ma-
ing used to compensate decreased hydro genera- rine bunkers are available for the first time for the
tion due to a drought. year 2017.
 Due to the implementation of an updated tool for
gathering information on electricity generation Transformation
plants in 2013 many autoproducer electricity  Autoproducer inputs to waste-heat production that
plants were reclassified as autoproducer CHP are sold are reported in the respective end-use sec-
plants. tors and not in the transformation sector.
 In 1997 the increase in main activity producer elec-
tricity consumption is due to two main activity elec- Consumption
tricity producers running on natural gas.  Prior to 1993 road transport is included in
 Between 1993 and 1994 there is a break in time se- commercial/public services.
ries in autoproducer CHP plants consumption,
since a new survey revealed a large number of
CHP autoproducers that were previously included
in industry consumption.
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 NATURAL GAS INFORMATION: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2021 Edition) - 45

General notes
Switzerland
 From 2009 there are some breaks in time series
across all sectors as consumption data started
Source being collected by a different institution, the
Swiss Federal Office of Energy - SFOE, Ittigen. Turkish Energy Market Regulatory Authority.
 In 2008, there is a break in time series for stock
General notes change due to a revision of storage capacity data.
 Since the 2019 edition, the non-specified other flow  In 2006 there is a break in time series for non-en-
is calculated as residual flow for natural gas. Prior ergy use in chemical and petrochemical industry
to this, the statistical differences used to be ab- due to classification improvements.
sorbed by agriculture/forestry.  Not elsewhere specified (Industry) includes the nat-
ural gas distributed by OIZ (Organised Industrial
Zones).
Supply  In December 2016 the first Floating Storage and
Regasification Unit (FSRU) terminal started to
 Gas imports are attributed according to the import- work allowing thus greater import quantities and
ing company’s registered office, instead of gas’s stock levels.
ultimate country of origin.
Supply
Transformation
 Exports reported the by the Turkish administration
 Since 2013 there are fluctuations in natural gas represent transit gas.
consumption of main activity producers CHP
plants due to the fuel flexibility of a plant. Transformation
 In 1996 the increase of gas consumption in main ac-
 In the 2018 edition, the Turkish administration re-
tivity CHP plants is due to more complete account-
vised 2014 and 2015 data, as some main activity
ing for all producing entities.
producing plants in Turkey were reclassified as au-
toproducers.
Consumption
 Not elsewhere specified (Transformation) of natural
gas represents amounts used to produce hydrogen
 Between 1998 and 1999 there are breaks in series for hydrocracking in refineries.
for the final consumption breakdown due to the in-
troduction of a new survey. Consumption
 Between 1977 and 1978 there are breaks in time se-  In 2015, a new survey was introduced by the Turkish
ries due to the introduction of a new survey by in- administration to collect industrial consumption data,
dustry type. resulting in a substantial decrease of consumption
 In the 2019 edition, the not elsewhere specified reported under not elsewhere specified (Industry).
(Other) flow is calculated as residual flow for nat-  In 2013 no natural gas was consumed by blast fur-
ural gas. Up until the 2018 edition, the statistical naces due to it being replaced by coal and coke.
differences used to be absorbed by agriculture/for-  Prior to 2001 commercial/public services consump-
estry. tion was included in the residential data.
 Between 1999 and 2001 the decrease in natural gas
Turkey consumption in petrochemical feedstocks is due to
the fertiliser industry.
 Since 1988 natural gas consumption data in the
Source chemical and petrochemical industry (for fertilis-
Petrol İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara. ers) and in not elsewhere specified (Industry) (dye
industry) are available.
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 Not elsewhere specified (Energy) sector includes Transformation

gas used for heating and pumping operations in the
distribution network.  The natural gas reported in coke oven transfor-
mation is used to form synthetic coke oven gas ra-
ther than undergoing a coking process.

Consumption
United Kingdom  In the 2018 edition, natural gas consumption in the
sectors of industry, residential, commercial/public
services, was revised back to 2008 to include in-
Source formation from other data sources such as the Pur-
chases Inquiry, EU ETS and ONS Index of Ser-
Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strat- vices and Production.
egy - BEIS, London.
 In the 2019 edition, the UK administration pro-
General notes ceeded to revisions back to 2015 based on im-
proved data from the Purchases Inquiry annual sur-
 Since 1992 distribution losses include metering dif- vey of the Office of National Statistics (ONS).
ferences and losses due to pipeline leakage.  Before 2008 consumption of natural gas in the
 Prior to 1985 distribution losses include stock commercial sector is included in not elsewhere
changes. specified (Other) while public services consump-
tion is shown separately.
Supply  Between 2007 and 2008 there are some breaks in
 In the 2018 edition, the UK administration revised time series in sectoral consumption due to a new
the supply balance back to 2008 to update Norwe- methodology of data estimation.
gian imports from two terminals previously re-  Consumption includes substitute natural gas made
ported as indigenous production. at gas works and piped into the natural gas distri-
bution system.
 In 2009 the increase in LNG imports is due to the
expansion of the Isle of Grain terminal and to two  Not elsewhere specified (Energy) includes gas used
new terminals at Milford Haven. These included for heating and pumping operations in the distribu-
gas that arrived at the Isle of Grain terminal in tion network.
November and December 2008 but which was not  Data in the not elsewhere specified (Industry) sector
unloaded until 2009. refer to sales by independent gas suppliers unallo-
cated by categories.
 In 2002 the increase in imports is due to increased
supplies from the Norwegian sector of the North  Natural gas consumed by the mining and quarry-
Sea through the Vesterled pipeline, which was ing and the wood and wood products sub-sectors is
commissioned in the 4th quarter of 2001. included under not elsewhere specified (Industry).
 Imports from Belgium reflect physical flows from
unknown origin through the Bacton-Zeebrugge
Interconnector.
United States
 Exports reported under not elsewhere specified are
all delivered to the Isle of Man, whereas not else-
where specified imports come from the Dominican Source
Republic. Energy Information administration, Washington, DC.
 In 2017 data the decrease in closing stock levels is
related to the cessation of storage operations in General notes
Rough, UK’s single largest storage facility.  Since the 2014 edition of this publication, energy
final consumption data for the United States shows
breaks in time series with historical data due to a
change in methodology. The break in time series
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occurs between 2011 and 2012 for oil; and be- these consumptions are included with industry and
tween 2001 and 2002 for electricity and natural commerce/public services.
gas. The new methodology is based on the last his-
torical year of the most recent Annual Energy Out- Consumption
look (AEO) publication. Changes occur primarily
 In the 2019 edition, revisions were made to the in-
in reported energy final consumption in the indus-
dustry sector from 2015 onwards, by reallocating
trial sector and its subsectors, including the non-
natural gas consumption to the chemical and pet-
manufacturing industries of mining, construction
rochemical sub-sector from other industrial sub-
and agriculture. Historical revisions are pending.
sectors.
 Between 1995 and 2001 the detailed breakdown of
 Due to revisions made to the iron and steel model,
industry consumption is estimated by the Energy
there is a break in the time series between 2014 and
Information Administration using the Manufactur-
ing Energy Consumption Survey (MECS), which 2015 for the consumption in blast furnaces (En-
is conducted quadrennially. ergy).
 Puerto Rico is currently not included in US data  Until 2001 agriculture/forestry consumption is in-
with the exception of natural gas consumed for cluded under industry.
electricity generation in 2017. LNG imports into  Prior to 1995 a detailed breakdown of industry con-
Puerto Rico are reported in the Other non-OECD sumption is not available (between 1990 and 1994
Americas regional aggregate. chemical consumption is estimated by the Ameri-
can administration).
Supply  In 1991 data on natural gas use in the road sector
 In the 2017 edition of this publication, the indige- were collected for the first time, and are not avail-
nous production data for 2014 was revised by able for previous years.
the US administration creating a break in the time  Not elsewhere specified (Energy) industry own use
series between 2013 and 2014 due to a change in represents gas consumed for the production of eth-
the methodology. In addition, this increased the anol.
statistical difference that remained high in 2015
 Consumption in fisheries is included under industry.
and 2016.
 The LNG exports have been increasing since 2015,
due to new liquefaction capacity (i.e. Sabine Pass)
coming online which also resulted in numerous
new export destinations. LNG exports include re-
exports.

Transformation
 Since 2012, data reported for not elsewhere speci-
fied (Transformation) represent natural gas used
for hydrogen manufacture. Prior to 2012, these
quantities are reported under the chemical and pet-
rochemical sector.
 Between 1999 and 2000 there are some breaks in
time series for the transformation subsectors due to
a new data reporting method.
 Between 1990 and 2002 the amounts of gas works
gas that are blended with natural gas have been
estimated on the basis of the output efficiency of
the process.
 Since 1989 consumption by autoproducer CHP
plants is available, while consumption by autopro-
ducer electricity and main activity producer CHP
plants is available since 1991. Prior to these years
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7. UNITS AND CONVERSIONS

General conversion factors for energy
To: TJ Gcal Mtoe MBtu GWh
From: multiply by:
Terajoule (TJ) 1 2.388x102 2.388x10-5 9.478x102 2.778x10-1
Gigacalorie (Gcal) 4.187x10-3 1 1.000x10-7 3.968 1.163x10-3
Million tonnes of oil
4.187x104 1.000x107 1 3.968x107 1.163x104
equivalent (Mtoe)
Million British thermal
1.055x10-3 2.520x10-1 2.520x10-8 1 2.931x10-4
units (MBtu)
Gigawatt hour (GWh) 3.600 8.598x102 8.598x10-5 3.412x103 1

Conversion factors for mass

To: kg t lt st lb
From: multiply by:
Kilogramme (kg) 1 1.000x10-3 9.842x10-4 1.102x10-3 2.205
Tonne (t) 1.000x103 1 9.842x10-1 1.102 2.205x103
Long ton (lt) 1.016x103 1.016 1 1.120 2.240x103
Short ton (st) 9.072x102 9.072x10-1 8.929x10-1 1 2.000x103
Pound (lb) 4.536x10-1 4.536x10-4 4.464x10-4 5.000x10-4 1

Conversion factors for volume

To: gal U.S. gal U.K. bbl ft3 l cm
From: multiply by:
U.S. gallon (gal U.S.) 1 8.327x10-1 2.381x10-2 1.337x10-1 3.785 3.785x10-3
U.K. gallon (gal U.K.) 1.201 1 2.859x10-2 1.605x10-1 4.546 4.546x10-3
Barrel (bbl) 4.200x101 3.497x101 1 5.615 1.590x102 1.590x10-1
Cubic foot (ft3) 7.481 6.229 1.781x10-1 1 2.832x101 2.832x10-2
Litre (l) 2.642x10-1 2.200x10-1 6.290x10-3 3.531x10-2 1 1.000x10-3
Cubic metre (cm) 2.642x102 2.200x102 6.290 3.531x101 1.000x103 1
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Conversion factors from mass or volume to heat

(Gross calorific value)
GAS
LNG2
Norway Netherlands Russia Algeria Qatar
To: MJ Btu MJ Btu MJ Btu MJ Btu MJ Btu MJ Btu
From: multiply by:
cm1 40.00 37 913 40.00 37 913 33.32 31 581 38.23 36 235 39.19 37 145 41.17 39 018
Kg 54.25 51 417 52.22 49 495 42.07 39 875 55.25 52 363 52.46 49 726 54.98 52 107
1. At 15oC and 760 mm Hg
2. In gaseous state – average OECD imports

Conversion factors for natural gas

Scm versus Ncm LNG versus GAS
Standard Normal t of cm of Standard
To: cm cm To: LNG LNG cm

From: multiply by: From: multiply by:

Standard cm3 1 9.480x10-1 t of LNG 1 2.220 1.360x103
Normal cm4 1.055 1 cm of LNG 4.500x10-1 1 6.150x102
3. 1 Scm measured at 15oC and 760 mm Hg Standard cm5 7.350x10-4 1.626x10-3 1
4. 1 Ncm measured at 0oC and 760 mm Hg
5. 1 Scm = 40 MJ

Gross versus net calorific value

1 NCV6 = 0.9 GCV7

6. NCV = Net Calorific Value

7. GCV = Gross Calorific Value

Conversion factors for natural gas flow rates8

Bcm Mt Bcf/d Tcf PJ TWh MBtu Mtoe
To
per year per year per year per year per year per year per year
From: multiply by:
Bcm per year 1 7.350x10-1 9.681x10-2 3.534x10-2 4.000x101 1.111x101 3.790x107 9.554x10-1
Mt per year 1.360 1 1.317x10-1 4.808x10-2 5.440x101 1.511x101 5.160x107 1.299
Bcf/d 1.033x101 7.595 1 3.650x10-1 4.132x102 1.148x102 3.910x108 9.869
Tcf per year 2.830x101 2.081x101 2.740 1 1.132x103 3.145x102 1.070x109 2.704x101
PJ per year 2.500x10-2 1.838x10-2 2.420x10-3 8.834x10-4 1 2.778x10-1 9.470x105 2.388x10-2
TWh per year 9.000x10-2 6.615x10-2 8.713x10-3 3.180x10-3 3.600 1 3.410x106 8.598x10-2
MBtu per year 2.638x10-8 1.939x10-8 2.554x10-9 9.320x10-10 1.055x10-6 2.930x10-7 1 2.520x10-8
Mtoe per year 1.047 7.693x10-1 1.013x10-1 3.698x10-2 4.187x101 1.163x101 3.970x107 1
8. Based on gas with calorific value of 40 MJ/cm at standard conditions
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50 - NATURAL GAS INFORMATION: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2021 edition)

Decimal prefixes
101 deca (da) 10-1 deci (d)

102 hecto (h) 10-2 centi (c)

103 kilo (k) 10-3 milli (m)

106 mega (M) 10-6 micro (µ)

109 giga (G) 10-9 nano (n)

1012 tera (T) 10-12 pico (p)

1015 peta (P) 10-15 femto (f)

1018 exa (E) 10-18 atto (a)

Country specific conversion factors

Average1 Gross Calorific Value of Natural Gas (kJ/m3)
Production Imports Exports Consumption
Albania 34 887 - - 34 726
Algeria 39 565 39 565 39 565 39 565
Angola 38 000 38 000 38 000 38 000
Argentina 38 937 38 937 38 937 38 937
Armenia 38 000 38 190 38 000 38 190
Australia 39 755 40 903 41 743 37 762
Austria 38 451 38 451 38 451 38 451
Azerbaijan 39 060 39 060 39 060 39 060
Bahrain 38 000 38 000 38 000 38 000
Bangladesh 38 861 38 861 38 861 38 861
Belarus 38 622 38 622 - 38 622
Belgium - 37 756 39 535 37 666
Plurinational State of Bolivia 38 940 38 940 38 940 38 940
Bosnia and Herzegovina 38 000 37 861 38 000 37 862
Brazil 39 609 39 609 39 425 39 609
Brunei Darussalam 39 413 39 413 39 413 39 413
Bulgaria 38 410 38 714 39 038 38 700
Cameroon 38 000 38 000 38 000 38 000
Canada 39 072 39 072 39 102 39 072
Chile 39 116 39 112 39 109 39 210
People's Republic of China 38 931 38 865 38 931 38 931
Colombia 34 598 34 598 34 598 34 598
Republic of the Congo 38 000 38 000 38 000 38 000
Cote d'Ivoire 37 283 37 283 37 283 37 283
Croatia 38 396 38 396 38 396 38 393
Cuba 36 957 36 957 36 957 36 957
Czech Republic 38 296 38 342 41 875 38 322
Democratic Republic of the Congo 38 333 38 333 38 333 38 333
Denmark 41 610 41 610 41 610 41 610
Dominican Republic 38 000 37 458 38 000 37 458
Ecuador 34 783 34 783 34 783 34 783
Egypt 38 063 38 000 38 000 38 063
Estonia - 38 315 - 38 315
Finland - 38 292 37 523 38 289
Republic of North Macedonia - 38 414 - 38 659
France 41 760 41 192 41 760 41 115
Gabon 37 700 37 700 37 700 37 700
Georgia 39 354 39 354 39 133 39 354
Germany 33 787 38 436 38 988 37 998
Ghana 38 000 38 000 38 000 38 000
Greece 50 357 39 312 - 39 360
Hong Kong (China) 38 000 38 000 38 000 38 000
Hungary 36 092 38 784 38 839 38 171
India 39 000 41 400 38 520 39 913
Indonesia 40 600 40 600 40 600 40 600
Islamic Republic of Iran 39 356 39 356 39 356 39 356
1. Average values for 2015 to 2019
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 NATURAL GAS INFORMATION: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2021 Edition) - 51

Average1 Gross Calorific Value of Natural Gas (kJ/m3)

Production Imports Exports Consumption
Iraq 38 000 38 000 38 000 38 000
Ireland 37 803 39 573 - 38 917
Israel 38 086 38 091 37950e 38 087
Italy 38 100 38 100 38 100 38 100
Japan 42 562 41 732 - 42 024
Jordan 31 223 31 223 31 223 31 223
Kazakhstan 40 207 39 428 39 428 40 157
Korea 41 719 41 714 - 41 714
Kuwait 38 000 38 000 38 000 38 000
Kyrgyzstan 37 046 39 023 38 000 38 821
Latvia - 38 145 - 38 079
Lebanon 38 000 38 897 38 000 38 897
Libya 38 000 38 000 38 000 38 000
Lithuania - 38 419 38 359 38 410
Luxembourg - 40 733 - 40 719
Malaysia 39 249 39 249 39 249 39 249
Mexico 39 275 38 431 36 572 37 057
Republic of Moldova 33 873 33 863 38 000 33 863
Morocco 35 253 39 339 39 685 39 030
Mozambique 41 270 41 270 41 270 41 270
Myanmar 39 269 39 269 39 269 39 269
Netherlands 33 339 33 339 33 339 33 339
Nigeria 38 000 38 000 38 000 38 000
Norway 39 471 39 227 39 269 42 999
New Zealand 38808 - - 38 712
Oman 37 865 41 400 41 700 38 060
Other Africa 38 000 38 000 38 000 38 000
Other Non-OECD Asia 38 000 38 000 38 000 38 000
Other Non-OECD Americas 38 000 38 000 38 000 38 000
Pakistan 32 291 33 433 32 291 32 291
Peru 44 922 44 922 44 922 44 922
Philippines 38 549 38 549 38 549 38 549
Poland 28 455 38 427 37 948 35 573
Portugal - 40 189 - 40 189
Qatar 41 400 41 400 41 400 41 400
Romania 37 221 37 027 37 618 37 124
Russian Federation 38 230 38 230 38 230 38 451
Saudi Arabia 38 000 38 000 38 000 38 000
Senegal 34 500 34 500 34 500 34 500
Serbia 37 042 37 042 38 000 37 042
Singapore 38 000 38 000 38 000 38 000
Slovak Republic 38 903 38 647 38 567 38 640
Slovenia 39 832 37 862 39 688 37 872
South Africa 38 000 38 000 38 000 38 000
Spain 40 864 40 474 40 483 40 474
Sweden - 41 463 44 107 40 145
Switzerland - 38 088 - 38 088
Syrian Arab Republic 37 700 37 700 37 700 37 700
Chinese Taipei 37 255 41 519 37 263 41 293
Tajikistan 37 429 38 333 37 700 38 322
United Republic of Tanzania 38 139 38 000 38 139 38 139
Thailand 36 396 36 396 36 396 36 396
Trinidad and Tobago 38 937 38 937 38 937 38 937
Tunisia 39 784 40 232 37 700 40 211
Turkey 38 297 38 303 38 305 38 300
Turkmenistan 37 889 37 889 37 889 37 889
United Arab Emirates 37 679 38 000 37 679 37 679
United Kingdom 39 823 39 354 39 612 39 636
Ukraine 35 969 38 357 38 000 36 952
Uruguay 38 000 38 000 38 000 38 000
United States 38 534 37 996 37 800 38 625
Uzbekistan 37 889 37 889 37 889 37 889
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela 39 705 39 705 39 705 39 705
Viet Nam 38 612 38 612 38 612 38 612
Yemen 40 089 40 600 40 089 40 089
1. Average values for 2015 to 2019.
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52 - NATURAL GAS INFORMATION: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2021 edition)

8. ABBREVIATIONS
Bcm: billion cubic metres
Btu: British thermal unit
cm: cubic metre
GWh: gigawatt hour
kcal: kilocalorie
kg: kilogramme
kJ: kilojoule
m3: cubic metre
Mcm: million cubic metres
Mt: million metric tonnes
Ncm normal cubic metre
Scm standard cubic metre
t: metric ton = tonne
TJ: terajoule
toe: tonne of oil equivalent

CHP: combined heat and power

GCV: gross calorific value
LNG: liquefied natural gas
NCV: net calorific value
TPES: total primary energy supply

IEA: International Energy Agency

OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development

c confidential
e estimated
.. not available
- nil
x not applicable
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This publication reflects the views of the IEA Secretariat but does not necessarily reflect those of individual IEA member
countries. The IEA makes no representation or warranty, express or implied, in respect of the publication’s contents
(including its completeness or accuracy) and shall not be responsible for any use of, or reliance on, the publication.
Unless otherwise indicated, all material presented in figures and tables is derived from IEA data and analysis.

This publication and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory,
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