Performance Analysis of Three Phase Induction

Generators During Fault

Dawit Seyoum Peter Wolfs Nasser Hoessein Zadeh Central

Central Queensland University, Central Queensland University, Queensland University,
Rockhampton, Australia Rockhampton, Australia Rockhampton, Australia
d.seyoum@cqu.edu.au p.wolfs@cqu.edu.au n.zadeh@cqu.edu.au

ABSTRACT this case initiation of voltage build up is dependent on

initial DC voltage in the DC capacitor [3].
When there is fault at the terminals of self excited
induction generator the voltage will collapse and as a
result the magnetic flux in the core will not exist. This
will stop the continuity of generation of electrical power
after the fault. The inherent characteristic of an isolated
self excited induction generator gives rise to a self
protecting mechanism during faults. After the fault,
whether it is cleared or not, reconnection to the load is
only possible by following the procedures that should be
done in starting an isolated self excited induction
generator. As a result automatic reconnection is not
possible.
However in grid connected induction generators the
study of their performance characteristics is important
during electrical faults and after clearance of the fault.
Based on critical angular speed and critical clearing time
the analysis of steady state stability limit and transient
1. INTRODUCTION stability limit of induction generators has been
developed in a similar way to the well established
Three phase induction generators are good candidates to synchronous generator stability limit analysis [4]. But
generate electrical power in non-conventional energy this stability limit based on the increase in angular speed
conversion systems. Induction machines are more robust is not of practical concern as there are also mechanical
and cheaper than other electrical machines for the same arrangements to protect the rotor from exciding the rated
rating. They need less maintenance when manufactured angular speed of the speed.
with a squirrel cage rotor. There is no need for
synchronization. Depending on the condition of Induction generators have received more attention in
operation the induction machine can be used as a motor wind powered electric generating plants. With low
or generator. penetration of wind power the practice has been to
disconnect wind turbines from the grid during a network
For a grid connected induction generator electrical fault. However with an increase in the use of wind power
connection to the grid network can be done by closing the wind powered generators are required to operate
the circuit breaker with zero flux while rotating at rated during faults and to assist in stabilizing the grid voltage
speed [1]. There will be large inrush current decaying to and frequency. Different countries have varying
the normal magnetizing current in a few cycles. If there connection requirements. For example in Australia,
is no mechanism to control the large inrush current, it significant grid connected units of any generation type
will create a voltage dip in the system must ride through 0% voltage for 175ms without being
isolated from the grid [5].
However for an isolated self-excited induction generator
excited by ac capacitors the procedure of operation is Induction generator generators require external reactive
first the generator has to rotate at rated speed second the power source for their excitation. When the voltage at
capacitors are connected to the stator terminals of the the terminals of the induction generator drops the
generator and voltage will start to build up starting from magnetic flux in the core will drop which will force the
the remnant magnetic flux in the iron core or from initial internally generated voltage to drop. After clearance of
charge in the capacitors. Finally the generator is the fault the grid voltage will rise to its rated value. Hi
connected to the load when the voltage build up reaches current will be drawn from the grid to excite the
rated voltage or its steady state value [2]. The self- induction generator.
excited induction generator can be also excited by a
single DC capacitor and three phase inverter/rectifier. In To solve the problem associated with the drop in the
magnetic flux in the induction generator there should be
a way of maintaining the magnetic flux at its rated value.
This can be implemented by supplying excitation
through the rotor of the induction generator in doubly-
IG
fed wound rotor induction generator [6] or through a
second stator winding in brushless doubly-fed induction
generator with twin windings in the stator [7]. During Fault
fault the excitation will come from a charged DC Grid
capacitor and fed to the generator via an inverter.
Figure 1: Induction generator connected to a grid during
This paper deals with the performance analysis of fault
different induction generator schemes for grid-connected
as well as isolated system applications during electrical
faults and after clearance of the fault. The relevant
Australian grid connection rules relevant to the issues Using Fig.2 the following equation, Equation 1, can be
discussed in this paper are given. derived.

2. RELEVANT RULES TO CONNECT

GENERATING UNITS TO THE GRID 0 0
Each country has a rule to connect generating unit to the 0 0
grid. Some of the relevant points in connecting induction - -
generating unit to the grid in relation to disturbance ride
through taken from the National Electricity Rules
(extracted from clauses S5.2.5.3 and S5.2.5.4) [8] are: (1)

(a) The voltage dip caused by a transmission system Where is the electrical rotor speed.
fault which causes voltage at the connection point to - rotor winding resistance,
drop to zero for up to 0.175 seconds in any one phase or - rotor leakage inductance, H
combination of phases, followed by a period of ten - q-axis stator voltage
seconds where voltage may vary in the range 80-110 - d-axis stator voltage
percent of the nominal voltage, and a subsequent period - q-axis rotor voltage
of three minutes in which the voltage may vary within - d-axis rotor voltage
the range 90-110 percent of the nominal voltage. - q-axis stator current
- d-axis stator current
(b) Each generating unit must be capable of continuous - q-axis rotor current
uninterrupted operation during and following a loading - d-axis rotor current
level reduction directly imposed from the power system - is the electrical rotor speed, rad/s
in less than 10 seconds from a fully or partially loaded - rotor winding resistance,
condition provided that the loading level reduction is - rotor leakage inductance, H
less than 30 percent of the generating unit's nameplate
- stator winding resistance,
rating and the loading level remains above minimum
- stator leakage inductance, H
load.
- magnetising inductance, H
During fault, as shown in Fig. 1, the output power from - +
the induction generator will be reduced and as a result - +
the rotor speed will increase. The angular rotor speed =
stability limit of induction generators is much higher
than the rated angular rotor speed [4]. Therefore the
For doubly fed induction machine referring the stator
increase in angular rotor speed should be monitored
voltage and current to the stationary stator reference
using mechanical regulators to satisfy the mechanical
frame and the rotor voltage and current to a reference
rating of the system. The main issue of stability related
frame rotating at an electrical rotor speed, the equations
to grid connected induction generators is the voltage
relating the voltages and currents are given as[9]:
stability to decide whether the induction generator will
be able to continue to generate power after the fault is
cleared.
0 cos sin
3. MODELLING OF INDUCTION
GENERATORS 0 sin cos
cos sin 0
The modelling of an induction generator is the same as
the general induction machine modelling. The d-q sin sin 0
equivalent circuit of an induction machine when the
(2)
rotor and start variables are referred to a stationary
reference frame fixed in the stator is given in Fig. 2.
 -
+

(a)

(b)
Figure 2: D-Q representation of induction machine in the stationary reference frame (a) d-axis circuit (b) q-axis circuit

Where is the electrical rotor angle. connected to the stator terminals via inverter/rectifier
- D-axis stator voltage power converter, shown in Fig. 4..
- Q-axis stator voltage
- -axis rotor voltage
- -axis rotor voltage
- D-axis stator current
- Q-axis stator current
- -axis rotor current
IG Load
- -axis rotor current

The parameters of the induction generator used in this

paper have been obtained by conducting tests when it is
C C
used as a motor. The traditional tests used to determine
the parameters are the open circuit (no load) test and the
short circuit (locked rotor) test. The induction machine C
used as induction generator in this investigation is a
three-phase squirrel cage 22kW WEG induction motor
with specification on the name plate: 4 pole, 415V delta Figure 3: Induction generator excited with ac capacitors
connected, 41A, 22kW, 50Hz, 1470rpm. The parameters
are obtained by conducting parameter determination
tests on the above mentioned induction machine. The
parameters obtained from the test at rated values of
voltage and frequency are = =8.5mH, =140mH, IG C
=0.5 =0.36 . For self excited induction generator
application the variation of with current has been
taken into consideration. Inverter/
Rectifier
4. ISOLATED SELF-EXCITED INDUCTION
GENERATOR Load

An isolated three phase self-excited induction generator

is excited by three ac capacitors connected at the stator
terminals, shown in Fig. 3, or a single DC capacitor Figure 4: Induction generator excited by Inverter/rectifier
5. FAULT ON THE LINES OF STATOR generator is not shown because the value after the fault
SUPPLIED INDUCTION GENERATOR is almost zero, difficult to see its magnitude on a figure
size given in this paper.
When there is fault close to the induction generator high
fault further from the terminals
current will flow to the point of fault and the terminal
voltage at the terminals of the induction generator will 200

drop. As the only source of excitation to produce the 150

magnetic flux required for the operation of the induction
100
generator is coming from the stator terminals, any drop

Line current (A)

in terminal voltage will create a drop in the magnetic 50

flux. 0

The simulation results for a fault accruing at about -50

0.5sec and close to the terminals of the induction -100

generator are shown in Fig. 5, for current, and in Fig. 6, -150

for voltage. The current waveform, shown in Fig. 7 and
voltage waveform, shown in Fig. 8 are for a fault further -200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
time(sec)
from the induction generator.
Figure 7: Current waveform for a fault further from the
induction generator
fault close to the terminals
400
fault further from the terminals
800

300
600

200
400
Terminal voltage (V)
Line current (A)

100
200

0 0

-100 -200

-200 -400

-600
-300

-800
-400 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 time(sec)
time(sec)

Figure 5: Current waveform for a fault close to the Figure 8: Voltage waveform for a fault further from the
induction generator induction generator

fault further from the terminals

2

fault close to the terminals

800 1.5

600 1
flux linkage (web-turn)

400 0.5
Terminal voltage (V)

200 0

0 -0.5

-200 -1

-400 -1.5

-600
-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
time(sec)
-800
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
time(sec)
Figure 9: flux linkage waveform for a fault further from the
Figure 6: Voltage waveform for a fault close to the induction generator
induction generator

During the fault the value of the flux has dropped

The stator flux linkage associated with the fault further significantly even if the fault is cleared quickly. For an
from the induction generator is given in Fig. 9. The isolated self excited induction generator once fault
negative offset just after the fault happened (at about 0.5 occurs all the operation has to be stopped and restarted
sec) is due to numerical integration error [10]. The flux again.
linkage wave form for the fault close to the induction
Based on the National Electricity Rules the grid 6. DOUBLY FED INDUCTION GENERATOR
connected induction generator should be able to ride
through any fault, including zero voltage at the There are two types of arrangements of doubly fed
connection point, for 175ms without being isolated from induction generator. The first one is implemented by
the grid. When the fault is cleared with in 0.175seconds supplying additional excitation through the rotor of the
the magnetic flux in the induction machine has dropped induction generator in a wound rotor induction
significantly. Hence the induction machine will draw generator, as shown in Fig. 12. The second one is
high inrush current for its excitation. An induction implemented by special induction generator having twin
generator drawing all of the excitation current required windings in the stator, ash shown in Fig. 13.
for re-magnetisation from its stator terminals will reduce
the network voltage after the fault clearance.
Due the fault the circuit breaker may open the lines. The
voltage and flux linkage waveforms of the induction
generator, when the lines are opened just before 0.5sec,
are given in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 respectively. Grid
Induction
Open Circuit
800 Generator
600

400
C
Terminal voltage (V)

200

-200
Figure 12: Doubly-fed wound rotor induction generator
-400

-600

-800
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
time(sec)

Figure 10: Voltage waveform when the lines are opened

Induction
Grid
Generator
for open circuit
2.5

1.5

1
flux linkage (web-turn)

0.5
C
0

-0.5

-1

-1.5
Figure 13: Brushless doubly-fed (twin stator winding)
induction generator
-2

-2.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
In both types of doubly fed induction generators the
time(sec) reactive current required to produce magnetic flux from
the stator terminals directly connected to the grid or from
Figure 10: flux linkage waveform when the lines are the inverter. The DC capacitor will be charged from the
opened grid through the grid side converter. When there is fault
the stator terminal voltage will be dropped but the
When the circuit breaker closes the line high inrush magnetic flux will not drop as the DC capacitor will be
current will be withdrawn from the grid. Hence for a used as a reactive current source to maintain the flux in
stator a stator excited induction generator, whether the the generator.
line is opened or still connected during the fault, it will
not be able to satisfy the National Electricity Rules. Using doubly-fed induction generators it is possible
satisfy the National Electricity Rules. The doubly-fed
wound rotor induction generator, shown in Fig. 12, is the
most commonly used because it is the normal wound
rotor induction machine. However for the brushless
doubly-fed (twin stator winding) induction generator the
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