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Circular Cylindrical Coordinate

1. Circular cylindrical coordinates describe a point P in three dimensions using coordinates (ρ, φ, z), where ρ is the distance from the z-axis, φ is the angle in the xy-plane, and z is the height. 2. A vector in cylindrical coordinates is written as Aρ aρ + Aφ aφ + Az az, where the components are functions of ρ, φ, and z. 3. Spherical coordinates describe a point P using coordinates (r, θ, φ), where r is the distance from the origin, θ is the angle from the z-axis, and φ is the azimuthal angle in the xy-plane.

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158 views4 pages

Circular Cylindrical Coordinate

1. Circular cylindrical coordinates describe a point P in three dimensions using coordinates (ρ, φ, z), where ρ is the distance from the z-axis, φ is the angle in the xy-plane, and z is the height. 2. A vector in cylindrical coordinates is written as Aρ aρ + Aφ aφ + Az az, where the components are functions of ρ, φ, and z. 3. Spherical coordinates describe a point P using coordinates (r, θ, φ), where r is the distance from the origin, θ is the angle from the z-axis, and φ is the azimuthal angle in the xy-plane.

Uploaded by

Rey Ambag
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE

- Is the three dimensional version of the polar coordinates of analytic geometry

Point P is described by three coordinates in


z circular cylindrical (𝜌, 𝜑, 𝑧)

𝜌 is the perpendicular distance between the z-axis


and the point P

𝑷(𝝆, 𝝋, 𝒛) 𝜑 is measured in the xy plane beginning along the


x-axis and increasing toward the y-axis
Its limits are 0 ≤ 𝜑 ≤ 2𝜋

y
𝝋

A point P may also be described by the intersection of three orthogonal surfaces.

Unit vector of cylindrical


coordinate is directed
toward increasing coordinate
values and are perpendicular
to the surface on which the
coordinate value is constant

Component forms of a vector


𝐴⃗ = 𝐴𝜌 𝑎𝜌 + 𝐴𝜑 𝑎𝜑 + 𝐴𝑧 𝑎𝑧

A differential volume element in cylindrical coordinates may be obtained by increasing 𝜌, 𝜑 and 𝑧 by the
differential increments 𝑑𝜌, 𝑑𝜑 and 𝑑𝑧.

𝑑𝑉 = 𝜌𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜑𝑑𝑧

𝑑𝑆 = 𝜌𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜑

𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝑧

𝑑𝑆 = 𝜌𝑑𝜑𝑑𝜑
The variables of rectangular and cylindrical coordinate systems are easily related to each other

𝑥 = 𝜌 cos 𝜑 Expressing cylindrical variables in terms of


x, y and z
𝑦 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑 𝜌 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 (𝜌 ≥ 0)
𝜑 = tan−1 (𝑦⁄𝑥 )
𝑧=𝑧 𝑧=𝑧

A rectangular vector is given 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝑎𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 𝑎𝑧 where each component is given as function of x, y and z


A vector in cylindrical coordinates 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴𝜌 𝑎𝜌 + 𝐴𝜑 𝑎𝜑 + 𝐴𝑧 𝑎𝑧 where each component is given as function of 𝜌, 𝜑
and 𝑧
To find any desired component of a vector, we take the dot product of a vector given and a unit vector in
the desired direction

Example: From rectangular to cylindrical


𝐴𝜌 = 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑎𝜌
𝐴𝜑 = 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑎𝜑

THE SPHERICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM


We have no two-dimensional coordinate system to help us understand the three-dimensional spherical coordinate
system, as we have for the circular cylindrical coordinate system.

In certain respects we can draw on our knowledge of the latitude and longitude system of locating a place on the
surface of the earth

z
𝑟 – is the distance from the origin to any
point

𝜃 – an angle between the z-axis and the


line drawn from the origin
𝑷(𝒓, 𝜽, 𝝋) 𝜑 – an angle between the x-axis and the
𝒓 projection in the z = 0 plane of the line
drawn from the origin to the point
y
𝝋

x
A point P may also be described by the intersection of three perpendicular surfaces.

Each unit vector is


perpendicular to one of the
three mutually perpendicular
surfaces and oriented in that
direction in which the
coordinate increases

A differential volume element may be constructed in spherical coordinates by increasing 𝒓, 𝜽 and 𝝋 by


𝑑𝑟, 𝑑𝜃 and 𝑑𝜑

𝑑𝑉 = 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜑

𝑑𝑆 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑆 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜑

𝑑𝑆 = 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜑

Scalar transformation from rectangular to spherical coordinate system


𝑥 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜑
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜑
𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃

Transformation in the reverse direction


𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑟≥0
−1 2 2 2
𝜃 = cos (𝑧⁄√𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) (0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180°)
−1 (𝑦⁄ )
𝜑 = tan 𝑥

The vector in rectangular coordinate system can be converted into spherical components by dotting the vector with
the appropriate unit vectors.

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