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A Project Report
On
“Load flow analysis and Short circuit analysis”
A Project report was submitted to the Department of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering (EEE) of Bangladesh University of Business and Technology
(BUBT)

By

Name ID Intake - sec

Akram Hossen 17182108001 23 - 1
Md.Injam-ul-Haque Prodhan 17182108010 23 - 1
Robaeyet Hasan 17182108018 23 - 1
Abhijit Kumar Das 17182108018 23 - 1
Md. Orin Mia 17182108083 23 - 2

Supervised by
Avijit Kundu
Department of EEE.

24 March 2022

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)

Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT)
Mirpur-2, Dhaka-1216
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Declaration

We do hereby declare that the thesis titled “ Load flow analysis and
short circuit analysis” is submitted to the Department of Electrical and
Electron Engineering Bangladesh University of Business and
Technology in partial fulfillment of the Bachelor of Science in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Contents of work found by
other researchers are mentioned by reference.

Signature of Supervisor

……………………………...
Avijit Kundo

Signature of Authors

…...…………………………… …...…………………………… …...……………………………

Akram Hossen Md Injum-ul-haque Prodghan Robaeyet Hasan

…...…………………………… …...……………………………
Abhijit kumer Dash Md. Orin Mia
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ABSTRACT

This paper examines the load flow analysis of a high-voltage substation using ETAP,
and explores options for improving the voltage profile of the system. This study yields
critical information about the system, such as the voltage drop at each feeder, the
voltage at each bus, as well as real and reactive power losses at the different branches
and feeders. In this power flow examination, the system’s performance is evaluated for
different operating conditions, so that control measurements can be applied if
necessary. The experimental results are used for proposing a plan of using fixed and
switched shunt capacitor banks to improve the voltage stability of the substation.
Distribution systems include inductive loads along with transformers and transmission
lines, which account for quite significant power loss due to lagging current. The
introduction of strategically sized and positioned shunt capacitors within the
distribution system, helps to counteract losses due to inductive elements and improves
the voltage profile of the network. The problem of capacitor allocation includes the
location, type (fixed or switched), and size of capacitor. To determine the sizing of the
shunt capacitor bank necessary to compensate inductive effect of the loads, power flow
equations are used along with the ETAP simulation results. The results obtained in the
load flow analysis will be substituted into these equations to perform a power factor
correction. Overall, the purpose of this paper is to use the ETAP software to analyze
the load flow operation of the substation, and perform the necessary adjustments so
that it meets the National Standards for Electrical Power Systems.
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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................5
MOTIVATION.....................................................................................................................................5
BACKGROUND....................................................................................................................................6
LITERATURE REVIEW...........................................................................................................................7
METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................................................8
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM............................................................................................................................10
SIMULATION..................................................................................................................................11- 12
RESULT & DISCUSSIONS.....................................................................................................................12
SOCIAL-ECONOMIC IMPACT...............................................................................................................15
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT..................................................................................................................15
CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................................15
FUTURE WORK…..................................................................................................................................16
REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................16-17
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher avijit Kundo who
gave us the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic of Design of a
load flow analysis and short circuit analysis, which also helped us in doing a lot of
research and we came to know about so many new things I am thankful to them.
Secondly, I would also like to thank friends who helped a lot in finalizing this project
within the limited time frame.
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INTRODUCTION

The load flow study is performed to calculate the see steady-state conditions
and determine the network voltage profile, current, real and reactive power flow
of the power system network. The objective is to identify whether there is any
voltage violation to the system or not. The short circuit study is an analysis to
determine the magnitude of the currents during an electrical fault hence it helps
to minimize the potential short circuit in the system. It is to verify whether the
existing busbar short circuit ratings are sufficient to withstand and interrupt the
fault current to choose the most suitable protective equipment. To perform the
load flow study and short circuit study, the system configuration of the case
study is determined from the single-line diagram to identify all the loads. The
base caseload flow that reflects the normal operating conditions is established
for comparison purposes with other system conditions. For offshore platforms,
its electrical power system is different from the one in the onshore industrial
plants because of the power source and the environmental effects on the
electrical system and loads. Electrical power rise either supplied by local
generation without connection to a power grid, remote generation of electric
grids, or a combination of a local and remote generation. Furthermore, the
related capacity of offshore electrical systems approximately equals the
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demand [2]. This paper evaluates the Tangga Barat Central Processing
(TBCP-A) Central Processing Platform which h located about 185 km offshore.
The load flow and short circuit study a performed or using ERACS and EDSA
software for several system conditions.

In this paper, a load flow analysis is performed to a 138/69kV substation using ETAP.
The substation layout and equipment choice were provided by Black & Veatch (B&V)
as part of a Senior Design project. The scope of this report encompasses the load flow
results, and explains how these were used to implement changes on the feeders that
resulted in an improved voltage profile. In this context, the load flow study is
performed for different operating conditions or scenarios to determine what control
measurements are necessary to prevent system breakdown. The results of the load flow
study for the different scenarios, will be substituted into power flow equations destined
to improve the power factor of a given bus. The equations define the relationship of the
real and reactive power with the desired power factor. They yield the updated size of
fixed or switched shunt capacitor banks required to compensate the inductive effect of
the loads. To verify that the theoretical results are accurate, the load flow is performed
with the updated parameters for the capacitor banks. As early introduced, the power
flow study for this substation will be performed on ETAP. The acronym ETAP stands
for Electrical Transient and Analysis Program. This software is a comprehensive
platform for the design, simulation, and protection of electrical networks. ETAP not
only provides solutions to substation designs, but also specializes in generation,
transmission, and distribution of power systems. The software relies on predictive
simulation. This allows the user to perform analysis using real-time system parameters
and may also simulate “what if” scenarios to predict equipment malfunctioning. ETAP
also uses preventive simulation, which allows the user to see any automated alarms and
warnings. These alarms and warnings are based on events that could potentially occur
(generator outages/contingencies) and corrective action will be suggested. ETAP
analyses are always verified and validated against field results, real system
measurements, and hand calculations. The one-line diagram of the electrical system in
question is composed by several pieces of equipment, each with a specific function.
All of the components for this substation are highvoltage components. Some of the
most important components are the power source, disconnect switches, circuit
breakers, capacitor banks, transmission lines, as well as power transformers, potential
transformers, and current transformers. The layout for the substation and the operation
University of Arkansas EE Department Page | 6 parameters for each component on the
one-line were specified in the documentation provided by Black & Veatch, with the
exception of the transmission line parameters. The process of choosing the most
suitable type of conductors for the transmission lines is discussed in the next section
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MOTIVATION

OBJECTIVE

Load flow and short circuit studies are the two important power system
analysis components to ensure the system upgrades, future upgrades, and
present distribution equipment meets the present and future requirements.
Several power system analysis software is used to perform the analysis. This
paper presents the analbeginner-level circuit for basic electronics projects here
platform using Etap software and analyses its performance by comparing with
the existing EDSA software results. The Etap software is commonly used in
industries because of its accuracy and reliability while ERACS offers a user-
friendly with a powerful graphical user interface. The system analysis of an
offshore platform, namely TBCP-A is performed to identify the peak load of full
load and load shedding conditions.

BACKGROUND

The load flow is analysis is performed to determine whether the system voltages
operate within the specified voltage limits under normal or fault operating conditions.
It is used to determine the voltage drop at different points of the system, the voltage
reading at each bus, and real and reactive power losses through each branch and feeder.
ETAP creates warnings if a feeder bus is below the nominal voltage. Likewise, the
load flow study is often performed to identify the need for additional generation units,
and the addition or replacement of capacitors and/or reactors to maintain system
voltages within specified limits [1]. From the information gathered from the load flow
test, the voltage profile of the system is of critical importance. If there is a substantial
variation in the voltage over the system, large reactive flows will occur. This could
lead to an increase in real power losses, and extreme scenarios, a likelihood for system
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breakdown. It is a common practice to install capacitor banks when a particular bus

exhibits particularly low-voltage, to provide reactive compensation to the load. The
major cause of all the major power system disturbances is due to under-voltage. The
load flow study can also be performed to determine the optimum size and location of
capacitors. The simplest way to improve power factor is by adding power factor (PF)
correction capacitors to the electrical system. PF correction capacitors act as reactive
current generators. They help offset the non-working power used by inductive loads,
thereby improving the power factor
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LITERATURE REVIEW
Load flow analysis using software is accurate and gives highly reliable results. This
research makes effective use of the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) to
carry out load flow analysis of 220 kV substations. The actual ratings of Power
Transformers, Circuit Breakers, Current Transformers, Potential Transfor,mers, and
Isolating switches are taken and modeled accordingly in ETAP[1].

METHODOLOGY
For a deeper understanding of this thesis, it is important to cover important information
about the load flow analysis. The load flow is analysis is performed to determine
whether the system voltages operate within the specified voltage limits under normal
or fault operating conditions. It is used to determine the voltage drop at different points
of the system, the voltage reading at each bus, and real and reactive power losses
through each branch and feeder. ETAP creates warnings if a feeder bus is below the
nominal voltage. Likewise, the load flow study is often performed to identify the need
for additional generation units, and the addition or replacement of capacitors and/or
reactors to maintain system voltages within specified limits [1]. From the information
gathered from the load flow test, the voltage profile of the system is of critical
importance. If there is a substantial variation in the voltage over the system, large
reactive flows will occur. This could lead to an increase in real power losses, and in
extreme scenarios, a likelihood for system breakdown. It is a common practice to
install capacitor banks when a particular bus exhibits particularly low-voltage, to
provide reactive compensation to the load. The major cause of all the major power
system disturbances is due to under voltage [2]. The load flow study can also be
performed to determine the optimum size and location of capacitors. The simplest way
to improve power factor is by adding power factor (PF) correction capacitors to the
electrical system. PF correction capacitors act as reactive current generators. They help
offset the non-working power used by inductive loads, thereby improving the power
factor [3]. In the one-line drawing, the first two current transformers closer to the
138kV bus have a winding ratio of 3000:5. The rest of the transformers below it, have
a winding ratio of 2000:5

Key

 Electrical Fault: An electrical fault is defined as a condition in the electrical system

that causes failure of the electrical equipment in the circuit such as: generators,
transformers, cables and all other equipment in the system that operate at within
defined voltage limits [4].
 Equipment Overloading: A circuit overload takes place when the amount of current
flowing through the circuit exceeds the rating of the protective devices. Exceeding
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the rated load for the circuit will cause the circuit breaker to trip, shutting off the
power of an entire region in the system. If there were no breakers in the circuit, an
overload would cause the circuit wiring to overheat, which could melt the wire
insulation and lead to a fire [5].

I. Required Components:
ETAP Software
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Software Tools: ETAP

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RESULT & DISCUSSIONS

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT

This project working a technological simulation .its working softer

analysis this project has no socio-economic impact.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

In this project working on analysis and simulation using Etap sofwer there
is no environmental impact

CONCLUSION

Power flow or load-flow studies are important for planning the future expansion of
power systems as well as in determining the best operation of existing systems. In this
paper design analysis load flow and short circuit, ETAP software is carried out with an
approach to overcome the problem of an under-voltage. Load Flow Studies using
ETAP software is an excellent tool for system planning. Several operating procedures
can be analyzed such as the loss of a generator, a transmission line, a transformer, or a
load. This can be used to determine the optimum size and location of capacitors to
surmount the problem of an under-voltage. Also, they are useful in determining the
system voltages under conditions of suddenly applied or disconnected loads. Load flow
studies determine if system voltages remain within specified limits under various
contingency conditions and whether equipment such as transformers and conductors
are overloaded. It was often used to identify the need for additional generation,
capacitive, or inductive VAR support, or the placement of capacitors and/or reactors to
maintain system voltages within specified limits.

FUTURE WORK
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REFERENCES

[1] Kiran Natkar1, Naveen Kumar “Design Analysis of 220/132 KVKSubstation Using
ETAP” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
Volume: 02 Issue: 03 | June-2015

[2] K. Tilakul, P. Buasri, A. Kaewrawang and J. Triyangkulsri, "Capacitor Location

and Size Determination to Reduce Power Losses of a Distribution Feeder in Lao PDR,"
International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, pp. 32-36, 2012.
Available: 10.7763/ijcee.2012.v4.447.

[3] "Understanding The Power Factor - Laurens Electric Cooperative", Laurens

Electric Cooperative, 2019. [Online]. Available:
https://www.laurenselectric.com/home/business/understandingpower-factor/.

[4] "Faults in Electrical Systems (back to basics)", Electrical engineering Community,

2019. [Online]. Available: http://engineering.electrical-equipment.org/electrical-
distribution/faultsin-electrical-systems-back-to-basics.html

[5] Jamil, M. and Sharma, A., "Reconfiguration of Electrical Distribution System

Using ACO Methodology," pp. 1-8, 2018.

[6] T. Gonen, Electric Power Distribution Engineering, Third Edition. Abingdon: CRC
Press, 2014.

[7] "IEEE Guide for the Application of Shunt Power Capacitors", Ieeexplore.ieee.org,
2019. [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?
arnumber=5703189.

[8] "All Aluminum Conductor AAC", Priority Wire & Cable, 2018. [Online].
Available: http://www.prioritywire.com/specs/AAC%20All%20Aluminum
%20Conductor.pdf.

[9] "Understanding The Power Factor - Laurens Electric Cooperative", Laurens

Electric Cooperative. [Online]. Available:
https://www.laurenselectric.com/home/business/understanding-powerfactor/