Track: ZigBee

ZigBee™: Wireless
Control Made Simple
Wireless & Mobile WorldExpo
NTC Toronto, Canada

Matt Maupin
Technical Marketer TM

Freescale Semiconductor Confidential and Proprietary Information. Freescale™ and the

Freescale logo are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service
names are the property of their respective owners. © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 2005.
 Agenda

• ZigBee Market Overview

ƒ Wireless Technology
ƒ Market Applications
ƒ Market Forecast
• IEEE® STD 802.15.4 Primer
ƒ Robust and Reliable, Standards-based radio and protocol
• ZigBee Overview
ƒ Mission and Objectives
ƒ Organization
ƒ Feature Set
ƒ Application Examples
• ZigBee Networking Basics

TM Freescale Semiconductor Confidential and Proprietary Information. Freescale™ and the Freescale logo are trademarks of Freescale
Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 2005.
 Where Does ZigBee Fit?

Wireless
Faster

Video
Applications

UWB
Wireless Data
802.11g Applications

802.11a
Peak Data Rate

IrDA
Wi-Fi®

802.11b
Wireless
Sensors 2.5G/3G

Bluetooth™

Wireless
Slower

ZigBee™
Networking

Closer Range Farther

Sources: WRH + Co

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 ZigBee Alliance

TM
 ZigBee Mission

• The ZigBee Alliance is an association of companies working

together to enable reliable, cost-effective, low-power,
wirelessly networked, monitoring and control products based
on an open global standard

TM Freescale Semiconductor Confidential and Proprietary Information. Freescale™ and the Freescale logo are trademarks of Freescale
Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 2005.
 ZigBee Alliance

• ZigBee Alliance: Consortium of >150 companies

> Freescale is one of 8 World-Class Promoter Companies with a total
market cap of more than US $150B
> Over 140 Participant and adopter companies including over a dozen
OEMs with a market cap of US $200B
• Solid Hardware/Software Platform base available now
> Silicon ready for volume production
• 1.0 Specification approved in December
> Home Control Lighting Profile included
– HVAC, security, home automation and industrial process control will
follow
– Specification available to public in April 2005
• Interoperability Program
> Freescale’s product had passed compliance testing
• Certification Program ready in Q2 2005
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Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 2005.
 ZigBee

• ZigBee is designed to be a low power, low cost, low data rate, wireless
solution.
• ZigBee relies upon the robust IEEE 802.15.4 PHY/MAC to provide reliable
data transfer in noisy, interference-rich environments
• ZigBee layers on top of 15.4 with Mesh Networking, Security, and
Applications control
• ZigBee Value Propositions
ƒ Addresses the unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
network applications
> Infrequent, low rate and small packet data
ƒ Enables the broad-based deployment of wireless networks with low
cost & low power solutions
> Example: Lighting, security, HVAC,
> Supports peer-to-peer, star and mesh networks
ƒ Monitor and sensor applications that need to have a battery life of
years on alkaline batteries
> Example – security systems, smoke alarms

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Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 2005.
 Protocol Stack Features

• ZigBee
ƒ Based upon the robust,
reliable, international IEEE
APPLICATION/PROFILES ZigBee
802.15.4 standard
• IEEE STD 802.15.4®
APPLICATION FRAMEWORK
ƒ Designed by Motorola, Philips
and other companies to supply NETWORK/SECURTIY
the radio and protocol, allowing LAYERS ZigBee
the designer to concentrate on Alliance
the application and their MAC LAYER Platform
customers’ needs IEEE
PHY LAYER

Application
ZigBee Platform Stack
Silicon

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 ZigBee is Mesh Networking

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 Network Topology Models

Mesh

Star

PAN coordinator (PANC)

Full Function Device (FFD,Router)

Cluster Tree Reduced Function Device (RFD)

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 ZigBee is Mesh Networking

ZigBee Coordinator
ZigBee Router
ZigBee End Device
ZigBee Device Associations

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 ZigBee Markets
and
Applications

TM
 ZigBee Wireless Markets and Applications

CONSUMER
BUILDING ELECTRONICS
AUTOMATION
Remote Control PC & PERIPHERALS
Security, HVAC,
AMR, Mouse, Keyboard,
Lighting Control, Joystick
Access Control

RESIDENTIAL/
LIGHT COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
INDUSTRIAL
Security, HVAC, CONTROL
Lighting Control,
PERSONAL
Access Control Asset Mgt,
HEALTH CARE
Process Control,
Energy Mgt
Patient monitoring

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 802.15.4/ZigBee Market Size

• Strong growth in areas such as wireless sensors will help fuel

the growth of 802.15.4 and ZigBee
ƒ Harbor Research reports that by 2008, 100 million wireless
sensors will be in use
ƒ On World reports that by 2010, more then 500 million nodes will
ship for wireless sensor applications
• ABI Research forecasts shipments of ZigBee devices in 2005
at about 1 million, growing to 80 million units by the end of
2006
• In-Stat 2004 report has an aggressive forecast of over 150
million annual units of 802.15.4 and ZigBee chipsets by 2008

TM Freescale Semiconductor Confidential and Proprietary Information. Freescale™ and the Freescale logo are trademarks of Freescale
Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 2005.
 IEEE 802.15.4
Overview

TM
 IEEE 802.15.4 Basics

• Simple packet data protocol for lightweight wireless networks

ƒ Released in May 2003
ƒ Channel Access is via Carrier Sense Multiple Access with collision avoidance
and optional time slotting
ƒ Message acknowledgement and an optional beacon structure
ƒ Multi-level security
ƒ Works well for
> Long battery life, selectable latency for controllers, sensors, remote monitoring and
portable electronics
ƒ Configured for maximum battery life, has the potential to last as long as the
shelf life of most batteries

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 Normal Channel Occupancy

2.412 2.437 2.462 2.4835

(end of ISM Band)

2.40 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.48

Possible 802.11 Channel (North America)
802.11 DSSS 802.11 Spectrum Occupancy (Typical)

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 IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

• Employs 64-bit IEEE & 16-bit short addresses

ƒ Ultimate network size can be >> nodes (more than we’ll probably
need…)
ƒ Using local addressing, simple networks of more than 65,000 (2^16)
nodes can be configured, with reduced address overhead
• Three devices specified
ƒ Network Coordinator
ƒ Full Function Device (FFD)
ƒ Reduced Function Device (RFD)
• Simple frame structure
• Reliable delivery of data
• Association/disassociation
• AES-128 security
• CSMA-CA channel access
• Optional superframe structure with beacons
• Optional GTS mechanism

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 Freescale 802.15.14 Radio Example

• Key Features
ƒ IEEE® 802.15.4 Compliant
MC13191/2/3
MC9S08GT Family
Analog GPIO

Digital Transceiver
> 2.4GHz Receiver HCS08 CPU BDM Sensors
SPI 8-ch
> 16 selectable channels Frequency
Flash
Memory
10-Bit
MMA Series
Accelerometers
Generator ADC
> 250Kbps Data Rate Timers
RAM 2xSCI MPX Series
> 250Kbps 0-QPSK DSSS Analog Control
Logic
Pressure Sensors
SPI IIC
ƒ Multiple Power Saving Modes
Transmitter
MC Series
Buffer RAM LVI 4-ch 16-bit Ion and
> Hibernate 2.3uA IRQ COP
Timer Smoke Photo
RAM Arbiter Sensors
> Doze 35uA Arbiter Internal
Clock
Up to
Power Voltage 36 GPIO
> Idle 500uA Management Regulators Generator

ƒ RF Data Modem
ƒ Up to 7 GPIO ƒ 2V to 3.4 operating voltage
ƒ SPI Interface to Micro ƒ -40˚C to +85˚C operating
ƒ Internal Timer comparators temperature
(reduce MCU resources) ƒ Low external component count
ƒ -16.6dBm to +3.6dBm output > Requires single 16Mhz Xtal (Auto
power Trim)
> Software selectable ƒ 5mmx5mm QFN-32
> On-chip regulator > Lead-Free
ƒ Up to -92 Rx sensitivity at 1% PER

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Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 2005.
 ZigBee
Technology
Overview

TM
 ZigBee Architecture Objectives

• Enables cost-effective, low power, reliable devices for

monitoring and control
• ZigBee’s architecture developed to target environments and
applications best suited to the technology
• Provide a platform and implementation for wirelessly
networked devices
• Ensure interoperability through the definition of application
profiles
• Define the ZigBee network and stack models
• Provide the framework to allow a separation of concerns
for the specification, design, and implementation of ZigBee
devices
• Allow future extension of ZigBee

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 ZigBee Feature Set

• ZigBee V1.0
ƒ Ad-hoc self forming networks
> Mesh, Cluster Tree and Star
ƒ Logical Device Types
> Coordinator, Router and End Device
ƒ Applications
> Device and Service Discovery
> Messaging with optional responses
> Home Controls Lighting Profile
> General mechanism to define private Profiles
ƒ Security
> Symmetric Key with AES-128
> Authentication and Encryption at MAC, NWK and Application levels
> Master Keys, Network Keys and Link Keys
ƒ Qualification
> Conformance Certification (Platform and Profile)
> Interoperability Events

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Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 2005.
 How A ZigBee Network Forms

• Devices are pre-programmed for their network function

ƒ Coordinator scans to find an unused channel to start a network
ƒ Router (mesh device within a network) scans to find an active
channel to join, then permits other devices to join
ƒ End Device will always try to join an existing network
• Devices discover other devices in the network providing
complementary services
ƒ Service Discovery can be initiated from any device within the
network
• Devices can be bound to other devices offering
complementary services
ƒ Binding provides a command and control feature for specially
identified sets of devices

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 ZigBee Stack Architecture Basics

• Addressing
ƒ Every device has a unique 64 bit MAC address
ƒ Upon association, every device receives a unique 16 bit network
address
ƒ Only the 16 bit network address is used to route packets within
the network
ƒ Devices retain their 16 bit address if they disconnect from the
network, however, if the LEAVE the network, the 16 bit address
is re-assigned
ƒ NWK broadcast implemented above the MAC:
> NWK address 0xFFFF is the broadcast address
> Special algorithm in NWK to propagate the message
> “Best Effort” or “Guaranteed Delivery” options
> Radius Limited Broadcast feature

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 How a ZigBee
Network Forms?

TM
 ZigBee Network Model

ZigBee Coordinator (FFD)

ZigBee Router (FFD)

ZigBee End Device (RFD or FFD)
Mesh Link

• Star networks support a single ZigBee coordinator with one or more ZigBee End
Devices (up to 65,536 in theory)
• Mesh network routing permits path formation from any source device to any
destination device

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 Wireless Networking Basics

• Network Scan
ƒ Device scans the 16 channels to determine the best channel to
occupy.
• Creating/Joining a PAN
ƒ Device can create a network (coordinator) on a free channel or
join an existing network
• Device Discovery
ƒ Device queries the network to discover the identity of devices on
active channels
• Service Discovery
ƒ Device scans for supported services on devices within the
network
• Binding
ƒ Devices communicate via command/control messaging

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Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 2005.
 Network Pieces –PAN Coordinator

• PAN Coordinator
ƒ “owns” the network
> Starts it
> Allows other devices to join it
> Provides binding and address-
table services
> Saves messages until they can
be delivered
> And more… could also have i/o
capability
ƒ A “full-function device” – FFD
ƒ Mains powered

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 Network Pieces - Router

• Routers
ƒ Routes messages
ƒ Does not own or start network
> Scans to find a network to join
– Given a block of
addresses to assign
ƒ A “full-function device” – FFD
ƒ Mains powered depending on
topology
ƒ Could also have i/o capability

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 Network Pieces – End Device

• End Device
ƒ Communicates with a single
device

ƒ Does not own or start

network
> Scans to find a network to
join

ƒ Can be an FFD or RFD

(reduced function device)

ƒ Usually battery powered

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Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 2005.
 Summary

TM
 Summary

• IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee

ƒ Allows Designer to concentrate on end application
> Silicon vendors and ZigBee Alliance take care of transceiver, RF
channel and protocol, ZigBee “look and feel”
ƒ Reliable and robust communications
> PHY and MAC outperform all known non-standards-based products
currently available
ƒ Flexible network architectures
ƒ Very long primary battery life (months to years to decades)
ƒ Low system complexity for the OEM
• More Information
ƒ Freescale: www.freescale.com/zigbee
ƒ ZigBee: www.zigbee.org

TM Freescale Semiconductor Confidential and Proprietary Information. Freescale™ and the Freescale logo are trademarks of Freescale
Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 2005.