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Vector Algebra

1. Vector algebra defines vectors as quantities having both magnitude and direction. A position vector OP from the origin O to a point P(x,y,z) represents the vector's components along the x, y, and z axes. 2. Direction cosines and ratios describe a vector's direction relative to the axes. Scalar and vector multiplication and addition follow specific properties like commutativity and associativity. 3. The scalar (dot) product of two vectors a and b results in a scalar quantity equal to the product of the magnitudes and cosine of the angle between the vectors. The vector (cross) product of two vectors a and b results in a new vector perpendicular to both vectors.

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Harshit Katiyar
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210 views

Vector Algebra

1. Vector algebra defines vectors as quantities having both magnitude and direction. A position vector OP from the origin O to a point P(x,y,z) represents the vector's components along the x, y, and z axes. 2. Direction cosines and ratios describe a vector's direction relative to the axes. Scalar and vector multiplication and addition follow specific properties like commutativity and associativity. 3. The scalar (dot) product of two vectors a and b results in a scalar quantity equal to the product of the magnitudes and cosine of the angle between the vectors. The vector (cross) product of two vectors a and b results in a new vector perpendicular to both vectors.

Uploaded by

Harshit Katiyar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Vector Algebra - Part I

Vector It is a quantity which has both magnitude and direction.


Position Vector
For a point P(x, y, z) in 3-D coordinate system, OP or r is the position vector
with origin O as initial point. Z

Magnitude of OP = |OP| = x2+ y2 + z2


P(x, y, z)
r
Y
O(0, 0, 0)
X

Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios


1 Position vector OP makes angle α, β and γ with x, y and z axes.
2 cos α, cos β and cos γ are the direction cosine of vector OP and denoted
by l, m and n.
3 Direction cosines are unique for a given line
4 Number proportional to direction cosines are called as direction ratios,
denoted by a, b and c. Z
P(x, y, z)
r
γ
z
β y
O Y
x
α
X
5 We also have l2+ m2 + n2 = 1.

Types Of Vectors
1 Zero Vector Vector with zero magnitude, denoted as ō

2 Unit Vector Vector whose magnitude is 1 unit. Unit vector along a is


denoted as â
3 Cointial Vectors Two or more vectors with same initial point

4 Collinear Vectors Two or more vectors lying on the same or parallel lines.

5 Equal Vectors Two or more vectors with same magnitude and direction.
6 Negative Vectors Vector with same magnitude but opposite direction
as that of the given vector.

Addition Of Vectors
Triangle Law Of Addition
C
AC = AB + BC
i.e AB + BC - AC = 0
AB + BC + CA = 0
B
AB + BC + CA = AA
A

Parallelogram Law Of Addition


B a
C
OA + OB = OC c
b b
i.e a + b = c
a
O A
Properties Of Vector Addition
a + b = b + a ; commutative property
(a + b ) + c = a + (b + c) ; Associative property
Vector Algebra - Part II
Multiplication Of Scalar and Vector
1 Multiplication of scalar λ with vector a is λa.
2 λa is collinear to vector a.
3 Direction of λa depends upon λ.
a If λ is positive its direction is same as that of a.
b If λ is negative its direction is opposite to that of a.
4 Magnitude of λ a = | λ a |
=|λ||a|

Components Of Vectors
For position vector OP of a point P(x, y, z), We have
OP = xi + yj + zk
Where i, j and k are unit vectors along x, y and z - axes , and
Z
R

P(x, y, z)
zk

xi yj
Y
O S
P1
X
xi , yj and zk are the components of vector OP along x , y and z - axes.
Vector Joining Two Points
p1(x1, x1, z1) p2(x2, x2, z2) Z
p1(x1, x1, z1)
p1p2 = (x2 - x1)i + (y2- y1)j + (z2 - z1)k
k
|p1p2| = (x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2 + (z2 - z1)2 p2(x2, x2, z2)
i Y
O j

Section Formula
Q
Internal Division
b n
mb + na r R
r=
m+n O m

a
P
External Division R
n
m
mb - na b
r= Q
m-n O

a
P
Midpoint Formula

a+b
r=
2
Vector Algebra - Part III
Scalar Product
For vectors a and b. It is denoted as
a.b = |a| |b| cos θ
Where θ is angle between a and b , 0 7 θ 7 Л
Properties Of Scalar Product
1 a.b is a scalar quantity. 8 a.b = b.a
2 a.b = 0 _ a B b 9 a.(b + c ) = a.b + a.c
3 a.b = |a| |b| _ θ = 00 10 if a = a1i + a2j + a3k
4 a.b = - |a| |b| _ θ = 1800 and
5 i.i = j.j = k.k = 1 b = b1i + b2j + b3k
6 then
i.j = j.k = k.i = 0
a.b = a1b1+ a2b2 + a3b3
a.b
7 cos θ =
|a| |b| 11 (λa).b = λ(a.b)
= a.(λ.b)

Vector Product

For vectors a and b it is defined as n̂


a x b = |a| |b| sin θ n̂ b
Where θ is an angle between a and b, 0 7 θ 7 Л θ
and n̂ is the unit vector perpendicular to both a
and b such that a, b and n̂ form a right handed system -n̂ a
Properties Of Vector Product
1 a x b is a vector. 6 a x b = -b x a
2 a x b = 0 _ a || b 7 a x (b + c) = a x b + a x c
3 ixi =jxj=kxk=0 8 λ(a x b) = (λa) x b = a x (λb)
4 i x j = j x k = i, k x i = j 9 if a = a1i + a2i + a3k and
b = b1i + b2j + b3k then
k
i j k
a x b = a1 a2 a3
i j
b1 b2 b3
|axb|
5 sin θ =
| a |.|b|

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