Independent  University  
School  of  Business  
BUS202:  Business  Mathematics  
Final  Exam  Syllabus  Solution  Manual  
 
And    
 
Lecture  Plan  (10  Lecture)  
 
 
Course  Instructor:  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani  
         Professor  
                                                               Department  of  Mathematics  
                                                 Jahangirnagar  University  
                             Savar,  Dhaka-­‐1342.  
                                                                                                           E-­‐mail:  osmanganijusbe@iub.edu.bd  
                                           Mobile:  01712-­‐280-­‐992  
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   1  
 BUS 202: Business Mathematics
Problem Sheet for Final Examination

Exponential  &  Logarithmic  Functions  (Chapter-­‐5)  

• Rules of exponential and logarithmic function (page 355 & page 364)
• Page 366 : Example Problem
• Page 372 : Problem 1-28 (problem set 5-2)
• Page 385 : Review problem 25-33
Introduction to the mathematics of Finance (Chapter-06)
• Page 390 : Example problem
• Page 392 : Example problem & exercise problem
• Page 408 : Example problem
• Page 409 : Future value Problem 9-14 (problem set 6-2)
• Page 414 : Example problem & exercise problem
• Page 428 : Sinking Fund Payment example problem
• Page 430 : Problem set 6-6 (question no 6-10)
• Page 434 : Amortization problem example
• Page 436: Example problem
• Page 439 : Problem set 6-7 (question no 5-7)

Differential calculus (Chapter-7)

• Page 508 : Example problem

• Page 509 : Exercise and Example problem
• Page 511 : Problem 1-24 (problem set 7-6)
• Page 514 : Example problem
• Page 517 : Example and exercise problem
• Page 518 : Problem 1-20 (problem set 7-7)

Application of differential calculus (Chapter-8)

• Page 530 : Exercise problem

• Page 531 : Exercise and example problem
• Page 544 : Example problem
• Page 546 : example problem
• Page 549 : Problem 13, Problem 17
• Page 561 : Example problem
• Page 568 : Problem 1,2,3,4

Introduction to Integral Calculus (Chapter- 10)

• Page 650 : Problem 1-40 (problem set 10-1)

• Page 663 : Problem 1-20 (problem set 10-2)
• Page 674 : example problem
• Page 675 : Example problem
• Page 686 : Exercise problem 5,6 7
• Page 691 : example problem
• Page 693 : Example problem
• Page 695 : Problem 17,18,19,20

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   2  
Chapter  05  
Exponential  and  Logarithmic  Functions  
 
 
Ø Rules of exponential and logarithmic function
(page 355 & page 364)

Brief Review:

• Index/Exponent:  If  a  positive  integer   a is  multiplied  by  itself  n  times,  we  get  
          a n ,  i.e.,   a.a.a..........n times = a n  
Then  the  constant  𝑎  is  called  the  base  and  the  positive  integer  𝑛  is  called  the  
index  or  exponent  or  power.  For  example:   9 = 3.3 = 32 ,  here  3  is  base  and  2  is  
index  .  
• Fractional   Indices:   In   a   positive   fractional   index   the   exponent   represents   a  
fraction.  For  example:  
1 1
 (i)   2 a = a = a 2 ;  is  called  a  square  root  ;  (ii) 3 a = a 3 ,is  called  a  cubic  root  
1 ! !
   (iii)   n a = a n ; is  called  a  nth  root  or  nth  root  radical.      (iv)       𝑎! = 𝑎 ! .  

• Logarithm:   For   any   number   N,   if   N = a x (a > 0, a ≠ 1),   then   the   index   x   is   called  
the  logarithm  of  the  number   N  to  the  base  a,  and  we  write   x = log a N .  
For examples: If 81 = 34 ⇒ 4 = log3 81, logarithm of 81 to the base 3 is
equal to 4.
• Common Logarithm: The logarithm of a number with ‘10’ as base is called
the common logarithm of that number. Common logarithm log10 x is generally
written as: log x.
For  example:  We  know   10 2 = 100    ∴log10 100 = 2  or,   log100 = 2.  

• Natural   Logarithm:   The   logarithm   of   a   number   to   the   base   ‘e’  

[e = 2.718281 ....... ≅ 2.72]  is   called   natural   logarithm   of   that   number.   Natural  
logarithm   log e x  is  generally  written  as:   ln x    
             For  example:        (i) log e e = ln e = 1      (ii)  𝑦 = 𝑒 ! ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑦.  

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   3  
Ques. What is an exponential function?

A function of the form

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 ! ,             𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1 ,

is called an exponential function, where the base 𝑎 is fixed and the exponent 𝑥
varies over all real numbers.

Ques. Write down the rules or laws or properties of exponents.

Answer. For all 𝑎, 𝑏 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1, 𝑏 ≠ 1, the laws of exponent are as follows:

1. 𝑎! = 1.  
2. 𝑎 ! . 𝑎 ! = 𝑎 !!! . For example: 𝑎! . 𝑎! = 𝑎!!! = 𝑎! .
3. 𝑎 ! ÷ 𝑎 ! = 𝑎 !!! . For example: 𝑎! ÷ 𝑎! = 𝑎!!! = 𝑎! .
4. 𝑎 ! ! = 𝑎 !" . For example: 𝑎! ! = 𝑎!" .
5. 𝑎𝑏 ! = 𝑎 ! 𝑏 ! . For example: 𝑎𝑏 ! = 𝑎! 𝑏 ! .
! ! !! !
6. = . For example: 𝑎/𝑏 = 𝑎! /𝑏 ! .
! !!
!! !
7. 𝑎 = . For example: 𝑎!! = 1/𝑎! .
!!
8. a x = a y iff x = y ( a ≠ 1) . For example: 5! = 5!  implies 𝑥 = 2.
9. a x = b x iff a = b (x ≠ 0).    For example: 𝑥 ! = 5!  implies 𝑥 = 5.

Definition  [Logarithm]  
For  any  number  N,  if   N = a x (a > 0, a ≠ 1),  then  the  index  𝑥  is  called  the  logarithm  of  
the  number   N  to  the  base  a,  and  we  write   x = log a N .  

If   x = log a N  is  given,  we  can  write   N = a x .  

Thus,   N = a x  and   x = log a N ( a > 0, a ≠ 1)  are  equivalent  relations.    

               i.e.,     N = a x ⇔ x = log a N   (a > 0, a ≠ 1)  

Examples:
1. 34 = 81 ⇒ 4 = log 3 81, i.e.  logarithm  of  81  to  the  base  3  is  equal  to  4.    
2. 23 = 8 ⇒ 3 = log 2 ,8, i.e.  logarithm  of  8  to  the  base  2  is  equal  to  3.    
1 1
3. (25)1/ 2 = 5 ⇒ = log 25 5, i.e.  logarithm  of  5  to  the  base  25  is  equal  to   .    
2 2
4. Since   26 = 64,   43 = 64,   8 2 = 64 ;  we  can  write   log 2 64 = 6,   log4 64 = 3   log 8 64 = 2.  

Thus, we see that the logarithms of the same number with different bases will be
different.

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   4  
Ques. What is a logarithm function?

A function of the form

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑥,             𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1 ,

is called a logarithm function, where the base 𝑎 is fixed and the number 𝑥 varies
over all positive real numbers.

ü Note that exponential function and logarithm function are inverse function.

Ques. Write down the rules or laws or properties of logarithms.

Answer. For all 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1 the laws of logarithm are as follows:

1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑦.  

!
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔! = 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑦,
!
!
3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑥 = 𝑦(𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑥),
4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 1 = 0,
5. 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑎 = 1.
!"#! !
6. 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑥 = (𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1)
!"#! !

Ø Page 366: Example Problem

Example. Assume that for some base 𝑎, 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑥 = 0.3000, 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑦 = 2.8642, and
! ! ! !/!
𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑧 = 1.7642. Find 𝑙𝑜𝑔! .
!
! ! ! !/!
Solution: 𝑙𝑜𝑔! = 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑥 ! + 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑦 !/! − 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑧
!
1
= 3𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑦 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑧
2
!
= 3 0.3000 + ! 2.8642 − 1.7642 = 0.5679. (Answer)

Exercise. Assume that for some base 𝑎, 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑥 = 0.5, 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑦 = 1.5, and
!"
𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑧 = 3. Compute the value of 𝑙𝑜𝑔! . Answer. 1.
! !/!

Example. Rewrite the following using the log symbols only once:
! !! !/!
𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑥 − 2𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑦 + ! 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑧. Answer. 𝑙𝑜𝑔! .
!!

Ø Page 372: Problem 1-28 (problem set 5-2)

Ques. Remember that 𝑙𝑜𝑔!" 𝑥 = log 𝑥 and 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑥 = ln 𝑥. Write the

following in inverse form.

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   5  
 1. 3! = 9, 2. 2! = 32, 3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑁 = 𝑥,

4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑁 = 𝑦, ! !
5. 1/2 = 0.125, 6. 0.2 = 0.04,

7. 𝑙𝑜𝑔!" 4 = 1/2, 8. 𝑙𝑜𝑔!" 3 = 1/3, 9. 2!! = 0.125

10. 3!! = 1/9, 11. 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 0.04 = −2 12. 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 0.0625 = −4

13. ln 20 = 2.9957 14.     ln 10 = 2.3026 16.     ln 0.5 = −0.6931

Ques. What is the value of 𝑥 in problems 17 through 24?

17.    𝑙𝑛𝑒 = 𝑥 18.    𝑙𝑜𝑔  10 = 𝑥, 19.    𝑙𝑜𝑔! 4 = 𝑥,

20. 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 27 = 𝑥 21. 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 7 = 𝑥 22. 𝑙𝑜𝑔!.! (0.5) = 𝑥

23.          𝑙𝑜𝑔! 2 = 𝑥 24.    𝑙𝑜𝑔!" 4 = 𝑥

Ques. Given that 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑥 = 4.2, 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑦 = 1.4 and 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑧 = −1.2. Compute
the value of each of the following:

25.    𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑥𝑦𝑧 26.        𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑧 , 27. 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑥/𝑧 ,

28. 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑥𝑦/𝑧 .

Ø Page 385 : Review problem 25-33

Ques. What is the value of 𝑥 in each of the following?

25.    𝑙𝑜𝑔! 32 = 𝑥. 26.        𝑙𝑜𝑔! 81 = 𝑥. 27.      𝑙𝑜𝑔!.! 0.04 = 𝑥.

28.    𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑥 = 3. 29.      𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑥 = 4. 30.    𝑒 !"# = 𝑥.

31.    3!"#! ! = 𝑥.   32.    5!"#! ! = 𝑥.

Ques. 33. If, for base 𝑎, 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑥 = 0.6, 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑦 = 1.8 and 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑧 = 1.2,
!!
compute the value of 𝑙𝑜𝑔! .
(!")!/!

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   6  
Chapter-06
Introduction to the Mathematics of Finance
Simple   Interest:   When   interest   is   calculated   only   on   the   original   principal,   then   it   is   called   simple  
interest  (S.I.).  Mathematically,  S.I.  =  Pin.  Where  p  is  the  principal,  𝑖  is  the  rate  of  interest  per  year  and  𝑛  
is  the  number  of  years.  

Compound   Interest:   When   interest   is   calculated   on   both   principal   and   successive   interests   then   it   is  
called  compound  interest  (C.I.).  Mathematically,  C.I.  =  𝐴 − 𝑃,  𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖)!  ,  Where    𝑃  is  the  principal,  
𝑖  is  the  rate  of  interest  per  year  and  𝑛  is  the  number  of  years.  

Nominal  Interest:  The  annual  compound  interest  rate  is  called  nominal  rate  of  interest.  

Effective  Interest:  When  interest  is  compounded  more  than  once  in  a  year,  then  the  actual  percentage  
of  interest  rate  per  year  is  called  effective  rate  of  interest.    

Annuity:  A  sequence  of  equal  payments  made  at  equal  time  intervals  is  called  an  annuity.  

Annuity  Certain:  An  annuity  payable  for  a  fixed  number  of  years  is  called  annuity  certain.    

Annuity   Due:   An   annuity,   in   which   all   payments   are   made   at   the   beginning   of   each   period,   is   called  
annuity  due.  Examples:  saving  schemes,  life  insurance  payments,  etc.      

Immediate   Annuity:   An   annuity,   in   which   all   payments   are   made   at   the   end   of   each   period,   is   called  
immediate  annuity  or  ordinary  annuity.  Examples:  car  loan,  repayment  of  housing  loan  etc.  

Annuity   Contingent:   In   case   the   term   of   payment   depends   on   some   uncertain   event,   the   annuity   is  
called  annuity  contingent.  

Deferred   Annuity:   If   the   payments   are   deferred   or   delayed   for   a   certain   number   of   years,   then   it   is  
called   deferred   annuity.   For   ex.:   pension   plan   etc.   Many   financial   organizations   give   loan   amount  
immediately  and  regular  installments  may  start  after  specified  time  period.  

Perpetual   annuity:   An   annuity   whose   payments   are   continue   forever   is   called   perpetual   annuity   or  
a
perpetuity.  In  this  case,  PV  =    ;  where  a  =  payment  of  each  installment,    i=  rate  of  interest.    
i
Present  value  of  an  annuity:   The   present   value   of   an   annuity   is   the   sum   of   the   present   values   of   all   the  
payments  of  annuity  at  the  beginning  of  the  annuity.  

Future   value   of   an   annuity:  The  future  value  of  an  annuity  is  the  sum  of  all  payments  made  and  interest  
earned  on  them  at  the  end  of  the  term  of  annuities.  

Sinking   Fund:   A   type   of   savings   fund,   in   which   deposits   are   made   regularly,   with   compound   interest  
earned,   to   be   used   later   for   a   specific   purpose,   such   as   purchasing   equipment   or   buildings,   is   called  
sinking  fund.    

Amortization:  A  loan  with  fixed  rate  of  interest  is  said  to  be  amortized  if  both  principal  and  interest  are  
paid  by  a  sequence  of  equal  payments  with  equal  time  periods.  Purchasing  a  car  by  making  a  series  of  
periodic  payments  is  an  example  of  a  loan  that  is  amortized.  

Formulae:  

1. 𝑆. 𝐼. = 𝑃𝑖𝑛    
!"#$
(for   (i)   exact   method  𝑛 =  and   for   ordinary   method   [or   Banker’s   rule]  
!"#
!"#$
𝑛=  )  
!"#
2. 𝐶. 𝐼. = 𝐹 − 𝑃=  Future  value  –  Present  value  
3. (i)  𝐹 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖)! ,  when  interest  is  compounded  yearly  

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   7  
 (ii)  𝐹 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖/2)!! ,   when   interest   is   compounded   semi-­‐annually   or   half  
yearly  
(iii)  𝐹 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖/4)!! ,  when  interest  is  compounded  quarterly    
(iv)  𝐹 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖/12)!"! ,  when  interest  is  compounded  monthly  
where   P   indicates   present   value,  F   indicates   future   value,  𝑖  indicates   rate   of  
interest  per  year  and    𝑛  is  the  number  of  years.  
4. Nominal  rate  =  rate  per  year  =  𝑗  
! !"#$%&'  !"#$  !"#  !"#$
5. 𝑖 = ! = !"#$%&  !"  !"#$%&'("#'  !"#  !"#$  
6. The   effecter   rate   is   the   equivalent   annual   simple   interested   rate.   It   is  
denoted  by  𝑟! .  
! ! !
7. 𝑟! = 1 + 𝑖 −1= 1+! − 1.  

Annuity  (Ordinary  Annuity)  [payments  are  made  at   the   end  of  each  
period]  
! !
8. 𝑃𝑉 = 1− ,    
! !!! !
[we   use   this   formula   in   case   of   amortization,   loan,   debt,   borrow  
because  PV  is  the  amount  of  amortization,  loan,  debt,  borrow]  
! !
9. 𝐹𝑉 = 1+𝑖 − 1  
!
[we   use   this   formula   in   case   of   sinking   fund,   any   kind   of   fund,  
because  FV  is  the  amount  of  sinking  fund  or  any  kind  of  fund]  
where  𝑎 =  payment  of  each  installment  
                       𝑛 =  number  of  installments  
!
                       𝑖 =  
!
                       𝑗 =  nominal  rate  per  year  
                       𝑚 =  number  of  conversions  per  year  
 
ü Page 390 : Example problem

Question:  Find  the  interest  on  $𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟎  for  72  days  at  10  percent  interest  using  (a)  the  exact  
method  and  (b)  the  ordinary  method.  
 
Solution:  Given  that,  𝑷 = $𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟎, 𝒊 = 𝟏𝟎% = 𝟎. 𝟏.  
 
!" !"
(a)  For  exact  method,  𝑛 = !"#.  So,  the  simple  interest  (S.I)  =  𝑃𝑛𝑖  =  1460× !"# ×0.10 = $28.80.    
!" !"
(b)  For  ordinary  method,  𝑛 = !"#.  So,  the  S.I  =  𝑃𝑛𝑖  =  1460× !"# ×0.10 = $29.90.  

ü Page 392: Example problem & exercise problem

Exercise. Find the future value of $5000 at 10% for 9 months.

Answer. $5375. [Try yourself]

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   8  
Example.  Jan  received  $50  for  a  diamond  at  a  pawnshop  and  a  month  later  paid  $53.50  to  get  
the  diamond  back.  Find  the  percent  interest  rate.  
!
Solution:  Given  that,  P=  $50,  F=$53.50  and  𝑛 =  year,  𝑖 =?  
!"
We  know,  𝐹 = 𝑃 + 𝑃𝑛𝑖    
!
                               ⇒ 53.50 = 50 + (50× ×𝑖)    
!"
!"!
                               ⇒ = 3.50    
!"

= 0.84 = 0.84×100% = 84%  (Answer)  

!.!"×!"
                           ⇒ 𝑖 =
!"

Page  393  
Exercise.  Fran  has  placed  $500  in  an  employees’  savings  account  that  pays  8  percent  simple  
interest.  How  long  will  it  be,  in  months,  until  the  investment  amounts  to  $530?  
 
Solution:  Given  that,  P=  $500,    F=$530,  𝑖  =  8%  or  0.08,  𝑛 =?  
We  know,  𝐹 = 𝑃 + 𝑃𝑛𝑖    
! !"!
⇒ 530 = 500 + (500× !" ×0.08)    ⇒ !"
= 30    
! !"
⇒ !" = !"  ⇒ 𝑛 =9  months  [Ans.]  
 
ü Page 408: Example problem

Question:  At what interest rate compounded annually will a sum of money double in 10
years?

Solution:  Let,  PV=  $𝑥,  so  according  to  the  question,  FV=  $2𝑥,    𝑛 =  10  years,  𝑖 =?  
We  know,  𝐹 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖)!  ⇒ 2𝑥 = 𝑥(1 + 𝑖)!"    ⇒ 2 = (1 + 𝑖)!"    
!"
⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 + 𝑖  ⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 = 10log  (1 + 𝑖)    ⇒ 10 log 1 + 𝑖 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2    
!"#!
⇒ log  (1 + 𝑖) = !"
   ⇒ log  (1 + 𝑖) = 0.0301     ⇒ (1 + 𝑖) = 10!.!"!#    

⇒ 1 + 𝑖 = 1.071766    ⇒ 𝑖 = 1.071766 − 1    ⇒ 𝑖 = 0.071766      

⇒ 𝑖 = 0.071766X100%  ⇒ 𝑖 =7.17%  (Answer)  

ü Page 409 : Future Value Problem 9-14 (problem set 6-2)

Question  no.  9  
How  many  years  will  it  take  at  7  percent  compounded  annually  for  $5,000  to  amount  to  
$20,000?  
 
Solution:  Here,  P  =  $5000,  F  =  $20000,  𝑖  =  7%  =  0.07,  𝑛 =?  
We  know,  𝐹 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖)!    
⇒ 20,000 = 5000(1 + 0.07)!    

⇒ 5000(1 + 0.07)! = 20,000    

⇒ (1 + 0.07)! = 4    

⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 0.07)! = 𝑙𝑜𝑔4    (Taking  log  on  both  sides)  

⇒ nlog  (1 + 0.07) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔4    

!"#!
⇒ 𝑛 = !"#!.!"  ⇒ 𝑛 = 20.49  years.  (Answer)  

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   9  
  
Question  no.  10  
How  many  years  will  it  take  for  a  sum  of  money  to  double  at  10  percent  compounded  
annually?  
 
!"
Solution:  Suppose,  PV=  $𝑥,  FV=  $2𝑥,  𝑖 = 10% = !"" = 0.1,  𝑛 =?  
We  know,  𝐹𝑉 = 𝑃𝑉(1 + 𝑖)!    
⇒ 2𝑥 = 𝑥(1 + 0.10)!      ⇒ 2 = (1 + 0.10)!    

⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 + 0.10 !      (Taking  log  on  both  sides)  

⇒ 𝑛 log 1 + 0.10 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2    

!"#!
⇒ n = !"#  (!.!")    ⇒ 𝑛 = 7.27  𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠    
 

Question  no.  11  

Find  the  rate  of  interest  compounded  annually  at  which  a  sum  of  money  will  double  in  20  
years?  
 
Solution:  Suppose,  PV=  $𝑥,  FV=  $2𝑥,  𝑛 =20  years,  𝑖 =?    
We  know,  𝐹𝑉 = 𝑃𝑉(1 + 𝑖)!    
⇒ 2𝑥 = 𝑥(1 + 𝑖)!"    ⇒ 2 = (1 + 𝑖)!"    
⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 + 𝑖 !"    (Taking  log  on  both  sides)  
⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 = 20log  (1 + 𝑖)    ⇒ 20 log 1 + 𝑖 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2    
!"#!
⇒ log  (1 + 𝑖) = !"
   ⇒ log  (1 + 𝑖) = 0.01505    
!.!"#!#
⇒ (1 + 𝑖) = 10    
⇒ 1 + 𝑖 = 1.03526    ⇒ 𝑖 = 1.03526 − 1    ⇒ 𝑖 = 0.03526    
⇒ 𝑖 = 0.03526X100%  ⇒ 𝑖 = 3.526%  (Answer).  
 
Question  no.  12  
Find  the  rate  of  interest  compounded  semiannually  at  which  $𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎  will  grow  to  $𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎  in  8  
years.  
 
Solution:  Here,  we  are  given  PV  =  $5,000,    FV=  $12,000,  𝑛 = 8  years,  𝑖 =?  
We  know,  𝐹 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖/2)!! ,  when  interests  are  compounded  semiannually    
!
⇒ 12,000 = 5,000(1 + !)!!!    
!
⇒ 12,000 = 5,000(1 + !)!"    
!
⇒ (1 + !)!" = 2.4    
!
⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + !)!" = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2.4    
!
⇒ 16 log 1 + ! = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2.4    
! !"#!.!
⇒ log  (1 + !) = !"
   
!
⇒ log  (1 + !) = 0.02376    
!
⇒ (1 + !) = 10!.!"#$%    
!
⇒ ! = 0.0562  ⇒ 𝑖 = 0.112467  ⇒ 𝑖 = 11.246%.  (Answer)    
 

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   10  
Question  no.  13  
A  bank  pays  5.25  percent  compounded  daily  on  certificate  accounts  running  for  6  years.  Using  
365  days  per  year  compute  the  future  value  of  a  deposit  of  $5,000  for  6years.  
 

Solution:  Given,    PV=  $5,000  ,  n=8  years,  𝑖 = 5.25% = 0.0525, 𝐹𝑉 =?    

!
We  know,  𝐹𝑉 = 𝑃𝑉(1 + !"#)!"#!    
⇒ 𝐹𝑉 = 5,000(1 + 0.000143835)!×!"#    
⇒ 𝐹𝑉 = 5,000(1 + 0.000143835)!"#$  ⇒ 𝐹𝑉 = 6,851.14    (Answer)  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
Question  no.  14  
A  bank  pays  5.25  percent  compounded  daily  on  certain  accounts.  Find  the  future  value  of  a  
deposit  of    $2,000  for  45  days.  
 
!"
Solution:  PV=  $2,000  ,𝑛 = !"#  year,  𝑖 = 5.25% = 0.0525,  FV=?    
!
⇒ 𝐹𝑉 = 𝑃𝑉(1 + !"#)!"#!    
!.!"#" !"
⇒ 𝐹𝑉 = 2,000(1 + !"#
)      ⇒ 𝐹𝑉 = 2,000𝑋1.00649    
⇒ 𝐹𝑉 = 2,012.986    
 
Page  414  
Example  problem  
Find  the  effective  rate  of  24  percent  compounded  monthly.  
 
Solution:  Given  that,  𝑗 = 24% = 0.24,  𝑚 = 12,  𝑟! =?  
! !
We  know,  effective  rate,  𝑟! = 1 + − 1    
!
!.!" !"
⇒ 𝑟e  =  (1 + !"
) − 1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
⇒ 𝑟e  =  (1 + 0.02) − 1 = 0.268241795                ⇒ 𝑟e  =  26.82  %  
!"

 
Exercise  Problem  
Find  the  effective  rate  of  16  percent  compounded  quarterly.  
 
Solution:  Given  that,  𝑗 = 16% = 0.16  ,  𝑚 = 4,  𝑟! =?  
! !
We  know,  effective  rate,  𝑟! = 1+! − 1    
!.!" !
⇒ 𝑟e  =  (1 + !
) − 1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
⇒ 𝑟e  =  (1 + 0.04)! − 1 = 0.1699            ⇒ 𝑟e  =  16.99  %  
 
ü Page 428 : Sinking Fund Payment example problem

 
Question:  How  much  should  be  deposited  in  a  sinking  fund  at  the  end  of  each  quarter  for  5  
years  to  accumulate  $𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎  if  the  fund  earns  8  percent  compounded  quarterly?  
   
Solution:  Given  that,  𝐹𝑉 = $10,000,  
! !% !.!"
                                                                             𝑖 = ! = !
= !
= 0.02  ,    
                                                                           𝑛 = 5𝑚 = 5×4 = 20, 𝑎 =?    
 

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   11  
 !
We  know,  𝐹𝑉 = ! [(1 + 𝑖)! − 1]    
!
⇒ 10,000 = !.!" [(1 + 0.02)!" − 1]    
! !",!!!×!.!"
⇒ !.!" ×0.4859 = 10,000      ⇒ 𝑎 = !.!"#$
   ⇒ 𝑎 = $411.61    
 
Thus,  $411.61  should  be  deposited  quarterly  and  the  total  sum  of  the  deposits  will  be  
411.61×20  =  8,232.15  dollar.  

Page#429 [Excess]

Question:  A  company  wants  to  accumulate  $100,000  to  purchase  replacement  machinery  8  
years  from  now.  To  accomplish  this,  equal  semiannual  payments  are  made  to  a  fund  that  
earns  7%  compounded  semiannually.  Find  the  amount  of  each  payment.    
   
Solution:  Given  that,  𝐹𝑉 = $100,000,  
! !% !.!"
                                                                             𝑖 = ! = !
= !
= 0.035  ,    
                                                                           𝑛 = 8𝑚 = 8×2 = 16, 𝑎 =?    
 
!
We  know,  𝐹𝑉 = ! [(1 + 𝑖)! − 1]    
!
⇒ 10,0000 = !.!"# [(1 + 0.035)!" − 1]    
 ⇒ 𝑎 = $4768.48  .  
 
ü Page 430 : Problem set 6-6 (question no 6-10) [no need for Spring 2020]

 
Question  no.6  
Greg   has   $100   deducted   from   his   salary   at   the   end   of   each   month   and   invested   in   an  
employees’   fund   that,   because   of   company   contributions,   pays   12   percent   interest  
compounded   monthly.   How   much   will   Greg’s   account   amount   to   when   he   retires   3   years  
from  now  after  receiving  his  last  salary  check?  
 
! !"% !.!"
Solution:  Given  that,  a  =  $100,  𝑖 = ! = !"
= !"
= 0.01,  𝑛 = 12𝑚 = 12×3 = 36, 𝐹𝑉 =?  
 
We  know,  
!
𝐹𝑉 = ! [(1 + 𝑖)! − 1]    
!""
𝐹𝑉 = !.!" [(1 + 0.01)!" − 1]  ⇒ 𝐹𝑉 = 10,000×0.4307      ⇒ 𝐹𝑉 = $4,307  (Answer)  
 
Question  no.  7  
What   amount   should   be   deposited   at   the   end   of   each   quarter   in   a   sinking   fund   earning   8  
percent  compounded  quarterly  if  the  amount  in  the  fund  after  4  years  is  to  be  $90,000?  
 
! !% !.!"
Solution:  We  have,  𝑖 = ! = !
= !
= 0.02  ,  𝑛 = 4𝑚 = 4×4 = 16,  FV=  $90,000,  𝑎 =?  
 
!
We  know,  𝐹𝑉 = ! [(1 + 𝑖)! − 1]    
 
! !
⇒ 90,000 = !.!" [(1 + 0.02)!" − 1]    ⇒ !.!" ×0.37278 = $90,000    

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   12  
 !",!!!×!.!"
⇒𝑎= !.!"#"$
   ⇒ 𝑎 = $4,828.58  (Answer)  
   
Question  no.  8  
What   amount   should   be   deposited   at   the   end   of   each   6-­‐month   period   in   a   sinking   fund  
earning  6  percent  compounded  semiannually  if  the  amount  in  the  fund  after  15  years  is  to  be  
$75,000?  
 
!.!"
Solution:  We  have,  𝑖 = !
= 0.03  ,  n  =  15×2  =  30,  FV=  $75,000,  𝑎 =?  
 
We  know,  
!
𝐹𝑉 = ! [(1 + 𝑖)! − 1]    
!
⇒ 75,000 = !.!" [(1 + 0.03)!" − 1]    
! !",!!!!!.!"
⇒ !.!" ×1.42726 = $90,000  ⇒ 𝑎 = !.!"#"$
   ⇒ 𝑎 = $1,576.45    
 
Question  no.9  
New  Venture  Corporation  has  decided  to  transfer  a  sum  of  money  to  a  reserve  amount  at  the  
end   of   each   year   to   accumulate   $1,00,000   to   be   used   to   replace   machinery   10   years   from  
now.  How  much  should  be  transferred  each  year  if  interest  at  8  percent  compound  annually  if  
credited  to  the  reserve?  
 
Solution:  Given  that,  FV=  $1,00,000,  n  =  10,  i  =  8%  or  0.08  
!
We  know,  𝐹𝑉 = ! [(1 + 𝑖)! − 1]    
!
⇒ 1,00,000 = !.!" [(1 + 0.08)!" − 1]    
! !",!!!×!.!"
⇒ !.!" ×1.1589 = $1,00,000  ⇒ 𝑎 = !.!"#$
   ⇒ 𝑎 = $6,903.10    
 
Question  no.  10  
In  order  to  accumulate  $15,000  for  a  down  payment  on  a  home  8  years  from  now,  the  joneses  
are  going  to  deposit  a  sum  of  money  at  the  end  of  each  6-­‐month  period  in  an  account  earning  
8  percent  compounded  semiannually.  What  should  be  the  amount  of  each  deposit?  
 
!.!"
Solution:  We  have,  𝑖 = !
= 0.04  ,  n  =  8×2  =  16  
FV=  $15,000  
!
We  know,  𝐹𝑉 = ! [(1 + 𝑖)! − 1]    
!
⇒ 15,000 = !.!" [(1 + 0.04)!" − 1]    
! !",!!!×!.!"
⇒ !.!" ×0.8729 = $15,000    ⇒ 𝑎 = !.!"#$
   ⇒ 𝑎 = $687.36    

ü Page 432 : Example problem

Question. What sum deposited now in an account earning 8% interest

compounded quarterly will provide quarterly payments of $1000 for 10
years, the first payment to be made 3 months from now?

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   13  
 ! !% !.!"
Solution:  Given  that,  PV=?,  𝑖 = ! = !
= !
= 0.02,    𝑛 = 10𝑚 = 10×4 = 40, 𝑎 = $1000.  
 
! !
We  know,  𝑃𝑉 = ! [1 − !!! !
]    

!""" !
⇒ 𝑃𝑉 = !.!"
1− !!!.!" !"
= $27355.48  (Answer)    

ü Page 434 : Amortization problem example

Question. Sam borrowed $5,000 to buy a car. He will amortize the loan by monthly payments
of $R each over a period of 3 years. a) Find the monthly payment if interest is 12 percent
compounded monthly. b) Find the total amount Sam will pay.
 
! !"% !.!"
Solution:  Given that, PV=$5,000, 𝑖 = ! = !"
= !"
= 0.01, 𝑛 = 3𝑚 = 3×12 = 36,
𝑎 = 𝑅 =?

! !
We know, 𝑃𝑉 = ! [1 − !!! !
]

! !
⇒ 5,000 = !.!" [1 − !!!.!" !"
]

! !
⇒ 5,000 = !.!" [1 − !.!"#$%]

! !,!!!×!.!"
⇒ 5,000 = !.!" ×0.30439    ⇒ 𝑅 = !.!"#!$
 ⇒ 𝑅 = $164.2629    
 
(b)  The  total  amount  will  be    $164.2629×36 = $5,913.69  

ü Page 436: Example problem

 
Question. A $70,000 condominium is to be purchased by paying $10,000 in cash and a $60,000
mortgage for 30 years at 9.75 percent compounded monthly. a) Find the monthly payment on the
mortgage. b) What will be total amount of interest paid?
 
!.!"#$
Solution:  Given  that,  PV=$60,000,  𝑖 = !"
= 0.008125,  n=30m=  30X12=360  
 
! !
We  know,  𝑃𝑉 = ! [1 − !!! !
]    

! !
⇒ 60,000 = !.!!"#$% [1 − !!!.!!"#$% !"#
]    

! !
⇒ 60,000 = !.!!"#$% [1 − !".!"#$%]    

! !",!!!×!.!!"#$%
⇒ 60,000 = !.!!"#$% ×0.945697    ⇒ 𝑎 = !.!"#$!%
   ⇒ 𝑎 = $515.49    
 
The  total  amount  will  be    $515.49×360 = $1,85,576.40  
 
Interest  paid  will  be  
= $1,85,576.40 − $60,000 = $1,25,576.40    

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   14  
ü Page 439 : Problem set 6-7 (question no 5-7) [No need for Spring 2020]

Question  no.5  
A company offers its salespeople a bonus of $500 per quarter for 3 year. To win a bonus, a
salesperson must have sold at least $1 million worth of the company’s products in the
period January 1 through December 31, and the first bonus payment is made at the end of
the first quarter following. The company funds each bonus on December 31 by a lump-sum
deposit in a bank account that pays 8 percent compounded quarterly, and the bank sends
out the bonus checks. a) What total sum is received by each bonus winner? b) How much
does it cost the company to fund each bonus?
 
Solution: (a) Total sum received by each bonus winner is ($500X12) = $6,000
(b) The cost the company to fund each bonus is calculated as follows:

!.!"
Given that, a=$500, n=3x4=12, 𝑖 = !
= 0.02
! ! !"" !
⇒ 𝑃𝑉 = ! [1 − !!! !
] ⇒ 𝑃𝑉 = !.!" [1 − !!!.!" !"
]

!"" ! !""
⇒ 𝑃𝑉 = !.!" [1 − !.!"#!$] ⇒ 𝑃𝑉 = !.!" ×0.21151

⇒ 𝑃𝑉 = $5,287.75    
 
Question  no.6  
A college alumni club has decided to establish a scholarship fund that will provide grants of
$5,000 a year for 25 years, with the first grants to be made a year from now. a) What
should be the sum placed in the fund if interest on it is earned at the rate of 8 percent
compounded annually? b) What is the total amount of scholarship aid the fund will provide
over its life?
 
Solution:  Given  that,  a=$5,000,  n=25,  𝑖 = 8%  𝑜𝑟  0.08    
 
We  know,  
 
! ! !,!!! !
 ⇒ 𝑃𝑉 = ! [1 − !!! !
]    ⇒ 𝑃𝑉 = !.!"
[1 − !!!.!" !"
]    

!,!!! ! !,!!!
⇒ 𝑃𝑉 = !.!"
[1 − !.!"!"#$]    ⇒ 𝑃𝑉 = !.!"
×0.85398    

⇒ 𝑃𝑉 = $53,373.75    

(b)  The  total  amount  will  be  ($5,000×25)  =  $1,25,000  

 
Question  no.  7  
What payment at the end of each month for 2 years will discharge a current debt of $1000
if the interest charge on the debt balance at any time is 12 percent compounded monthly?
!.!"
Solution: PV=$1,000, n=2x12=24 , 𝑖 = 12% = !"
= 0.01
We know,
! ! ! !
𝑃𝑉 = ! [1 − !!! !
] ⇒ 1,000 = !.!" [1 − !!!.!" !"
]

! !,!!!×!.!"
⇒ 1,000 = !.!" ×0.2124 ⇒ 𝑎 = !.!"!#
⇒ 𝑎 = $47.08
 

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   15  
Chapter-07
Introduction to Differential Calculus

Calculus is the mathematical tool used to measure changes in physical quantities. Many real-
world problems can be solved using calculus.

!"
• !"
  is the change of the dependent variable 𝑦 with respect to (w. r. to) the
change of independent variable 𝑥.
• In a straight line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 is the slope of the line and
!"#$%&  !"  ! !"#$ ! !!
𝑚 = !"#$%&  !"  ! = !"#
= !! !!! .
! !
𝑑𝑦
Therefore, for a straight line, slope of the line 𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥 = Marginal Cost
𝑑𝑦
• If total cost, 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, then 𝑚 =   𝑑𝑥 is the Marginal Cost
𝑑𝑦
• For a curve, 𝑑𝑥
at a point is the slope of the tangent line at that point.

Notations:

𝒅
v 𝒅𝒙
  means the derivative with respect to 𝑥.
𝒅𝒚
v 𝒅𝒙
  means the derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥. It is called first derivative
of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥.
𝒅
v 𝒅𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒇! (𝒙).
! 𝑑𝑦 !!!
v !" 𝑑𝑥
= ! 𝑥2
= 𝒇!! (𝒙). It is called second derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥.
! !!! !!!
v !" ! 𝑥2
= ! 𝑥3
= 𝒇!!! (𝒙). It is called third derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥.

Formulae:
! !
1. !"
𝑥 ! = 𝑛𝑥 !!! . For example. !"
𝑥 ! = 5𝑥 !!! = 5𝑥4 .
! !
2. !"
𝑐 = 0, where 𝑐 is a constant. Example. !"
5 =0
! !
3. !"
𝑘𝑥 ! = 𝑘𝑛𝑥 !!! . For example. !"
10𝑥 ! = 10×5𝑥 !!! = 50𝑥4 .
! ! !
4. !"
𝑓 𝑥 ±𝑔 𝑥 = !" [𝑓(𝑥)] ± !" [𝑔 𝑥 ].

!
For example. !"
5𝑥4 + 3𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 7

! ! ! !
= !" 5𝑥 ! + !" 3𝑥 ! − !" 2𝑥 + !" 7
= 20𝑥3 + 6𝑥 − 2 + 0
= 20𝑥3 + 6𝑥 − 2
! ! !!! !
5. !"
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) . !" [𝑓(𝑥)]

!
For example. !"
(2𝑥 − 7)!"

!
= 10(2𝑥 − 7)! . !" 2𝑥 − 7
= 10(2𝑥 − 7)! . 2
= 20(2𝑥 − 7)!

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   16  
 ! ! !
6. !"
𝑓 𝑥 .𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 . !" 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 . !" 𝑓 𝑥 (Product rule)
= 𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑔! 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 . 𝑓 ! 𝑥
= 𝑓𝑔! + 𝑔𝑓 !

! ! !
Or, !"
𝑢. 𝑣 = 𝑢. !" 𝑣 + 𝑣. !" 𝑢 .

! !
! ! ! ! ! . ! ! !! ! . ! !
7. !" ! !
= !"
!(!) !
!"
(Quotient rule)

! !
! ! !. ! !!. !
Or, !" !
= !"
𝑣2
!"
.

ü Page 508: Example problem

Question. Find 𝑓 ! 𝑥 if 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 ! − 2𝑥 + 5 !/!

.
𝑑𝑦
Or, Find 𝑑𝑥
if 𝑦 = 3𝑥 ! − 2𝑥 + 5 !/!
.

Solution.

ü Page 509 : Exercise and Example problem

!
Exercise. Find 𝑓 ! 𝑥 if 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 ! − 3𝑥2 − 10 !/!
. Ans. 8𝑥 𝑥 − 1 2𝑥 ! − 3𝑥2 − 10 ! .

!" !!"
Example. Find 𝑓 ! 𝑥 if 𝑓 𝑥 = !.!!!!. [Answer. 𝑓 ! 𝑥 = (!.!!!!)! ].

!"
Example. Find 𝑓 ! 1 if 𝑓 𝑥 = 10𝑥 − !𝑥2 !! !/!
. [Answer. 𝑓 ! 1 = 20]

ü Page 511 : Problem 1-24 (problem set 7-6)

Find 𝑓 ! 𝑥 if

1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 6𝑥 − 5 ! . 2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 6 ! .

[Ans. 30 6𝑥 − 5 ! ] [Ans. 10 2𝑥 + 6 ! ]

3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 ! . 4. 𝑓 𝑥 = 6𝑥 !/!
.

[Ans. 24𝑥2 ] [Ans. 2/(6𝑥)2/3 ]

!/! !/!
5. 𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 . 6. 𝑓 𝑥 = 9𝑥 .

[Ans. 1/ 𝑥] [Ans. 12(9𝑥)1/3 ]

!/! !/!
7. 𝑓 𝑥 = 8𝑥 − 3 . 8. 𝑓 𝑥 = 12𝑥 − 9 .
!/! !/!
Ans. 12 8𝑥 − 3 Answer. 20 12𝑥 − 9 .
!/! !/!
9. 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 2 . 10. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥3 − 3𝑥2 + 6𝑥 .

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   17  
 !/! !/!
Answer. 15(𝑥 − 1) 3𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 2 . Answer. 4(𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 2) 𝑥3 − 3𝑥2 + 6𝑥
!/! !/!
11. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3 . 12. 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥2 + 5 .

Ans. 1/(2𝑥 − 3)!/! Ans. 4𝑥/(3𝑥2 + 5)!/!

! !
13. 𝑓 𝑥 = !!!!. 14. 𝑓 𝑥 = !!!!.

Ans. −8/(2𝑥 − 3)! Ans. −18/(3𝑥 − 3)!

15. 𝑓 𝑥 = 1/𝑥 − 2 ! . 16. 𝑓 𝑥 = (5 − 1/𝑥2 )! .

! !
Ans. (−2/𝑥2 )(! − 2) Ans. (6/𝑥3 )(5 − 𝑥2)!

! !"
17. 𝑓 𝑥 = !!!! !
. 18. 𝑓 𝑥 = !!!!" !
.

Ans. −54/(3𝑥 − 5)! Ans. −72/(2𝑥 + 10)!

!" !
19. 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 + !!!!. 20.  𝑓 𝑥 = 0.1𝑥 + !!!.!!.

Ans. 5 − 30/(3𝑥 + 2)! Ans. 0.1 + 1/(5 − 0.2𝑥)!

! !
21. 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + !!!! !/!
. 22. 𝑓 𝑥 = !!!! !/!
− 2𝑥.

Ans. 3 − 1/(5 + 2𝑥)!/! . Ans. −2 − 3/[2(3𝑥 − 7)!/! ]

!" !
23. Find 𝑔! (2), if 𝑔 𝑥 = 10𝑥 + !!!! !/!
. 24. Find ℎ! (3), if ℎ 𝑥 = 7𝑥 + 𝑥2 !! !/!
.

Ans. 28/3 Ans. 13/2

ü Page 514 : Example problem

!
Question. Find !"
𝑥 − 1 (𝑥3 + 2)!/! .

Or, Find 𝑓 ! 𝑥 , if 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥3 + 2)!/! .

𝑑𝑦
Or, Find 𝑑𝑥
, if 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥3 + 2)!/! .

Or, Find the first derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥3 + 2)!/! .

𝑑𝑦 !
Solution. 𝑑𝑥
= !"
𝑥 − 1 (𝑥3 + 2)!/!
! !
! !
= 𝑥−1 !"
𝑥3 + 2 ! + 𝑥3 + 2 !
!"
(𝑥 − 1)

! !
!
= 𝑥−1 !
𝑥3 + 2 ! (3𝑥2 ) + 𝑥3 + 2 !

! !
= 𝑥 − 1 𝑥3 + 2 ! (4𝑥2 ) + 𝑥3 + 2 !

!
= 𝑥3 + 2 ! (4𝑥3 − 4𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 2)
!
= 𝑥3 + 2 ! (5𝑥3 − 4𝑥2 + 2) (Answer).

ü Page 517 : Example and exercise problem

!!!! !!"
Question. Find the first derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = !!!!. Answer. !!!! !
.

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   18  
 !! !"
Question. Find the first derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = !!!!. Answer. !!!! !

𝑥2 !(!!!!)
Question. Find the first derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = !!!! !/!
. Answer. ! !!!! !/!
.

𝑥3 𝑥2 (!"!!!")
Question. Find the first derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = !!!! !/!
. Answer. ! !!!! !/!
.

ü Page 518 : Problem 1-20 (problem set 7-7)

Question. Find the first derivative of each of the following functions:

1.  𝑓 𝑥 = (3𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 + 5).   2.  𝑓 𝑥 = (7𝑥 + 3)(4 − 3𝑥).  

 
3.  𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥 ! + 2)(3𝑥 − 5).   4.  𝑓 𝑥 = (3 − 𝑥 ! )(5𝑥 + 6).  
 
5.  𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)! .   6.  𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ! (𝑥 + 5)! .  
 
7.  𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ! (𝑥 + 3)!/! .   8.  𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ! (6𝑥 − 1)!/! .  
 
9.  𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥(3𝑥 ! + 7)!/! .   10.  𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥(2𝑥 ! + 5)!/! .  
 
! !!!
11.    𝑓 𝑥 = .   12.    𝑓 𝑥 = .  
!!! !!!
 
!! !!
13.    𝑓 𝑥 = .   14.    𝑓 𝑥 = .  
!!!! !!!!
 
! !!
15.    𝑓 𝑥 = .   16.    𝑓 𝑥 = .  
!!!! ! !!!! !
 
! !!
17.    𝑓 𝑥 = .   18.    𝑓 𝑥 = .  
(!!!!)!/! (!!!!) !/!

   
!!!! !!!!
19.    𝑓 𝑥 = .   20.    𝑓 𝑥 = .  
(! ! !!)!/! (! ! !!)!/!
   
 
 

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   19  
Chapter-08
Applications of Differential Calculus
Stationary  point:  A  stationary  point  on  𝑓 (𝑥)  is  a  point  where  𝑓 ! 𝑥 = 0.  
Increasing  function:  A  function  𝑓 (𝑥)  is  increasing  if  𝑓 ! 𝑥 > 0.      
Decreasing  function:  A  function  𝑓 (𝑥)  is  decreasing  if  𝑓 ! 𝑥 < 0.  
Inflection  point:  An  inflection  point  is  one  where  the  curve  changes  concavity.        
 
Question No.1: (Page#529, Out of syllabus)

Find the coordinates of all local maxima, local minima and stationary inflection points of
𝒙𝟑
𝒇 𝒙 =   𝟑
+ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟒 by first derivative test.

!!
Solution: Given, 𝑓 𝑥 =   !
+ 𝑥 ! − 8𝑥 + 4

∴    𝑓 ! 𝑥 =   𝑥 ! + 2𝑥 − 8

To get stationary points, Let, 𝑓 ! 𝑥 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 ! + 2𝑥 − 8 = 0, ⇒ 𝑥 ! + 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 8 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 𝑥 + 4 − 2(𝑥 + 4) = 0, ⇒ (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 2) = 0 ∴ 𝑥 = 2, −4

So, the stationary points are 𝑥 = 2, −4

For 𝒙 = 𝟐

Let, 𝑥! = 1 be a point on the left side of 𝑥 = 2, and 𝑥! = 3 be a point on the right side of 𝑥 =
2.

Now, 𝑓 ! 𝑥! = 𝑓 ! 1 = 1! + 2 − 8 =   −5 < 0 ,and

𝑓 ! 𝑥! = 𝑓 ! 3 = 3! + 6 − 8 =  7 > 0

So, at 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓(𝑥) has a minimum value and the minimum value is,
! !" !"
𝑓!"# 2 = ! + 4 − 16 + 4 =   − !  . So, the coordinate of local minima is 2, − !
.

For 𝒙 = −𝟒

Let, 𝑥! = −5 be a point on the left side of 𝑥 = −4, and 𝑥! = −3 be a point on the right side of
𝑥 = −4. Now, 𝑓 ! 𝑥! = 𝑓 ! −5 = (−5)! − 10 − 8 =  7 > 0 ,and

𝑓 ! 𝑥! = 𝑓 ! −3 = (−3)! − 6 − 8 =   −5 < 0

So, at 𝑥 = −4, 𝑓(𝑥) has a maximum value and the maximum value is,
64 92
𝑓!"# −4 = − + 16 + 32 + 4 =
3 3
!"
So, the coordinate of local maxima is −4, !
.

!" !"
Answer: Maximum point is −4, !
and minimum point is 2, − !
. There is no stationary
inflection point.  
 
 
 

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   20  
ü Page 530 : Exercise problem

Question. Find the coordinates of all local maxima, local minima and stationary inflection
𝒙𝟑
points of 𝒇 𝒙 =   𝟑
− 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕 by first derivative test.

Solution:  Given,  
!!
𝑓 𝑥 =   !
− 𝑥 ! − 3𝑥 + 7

∴  𝑓 ! (𝑥) = 𝑥 ! − 2𝑥 − 3

To  get  stationary  points,  

Let, 𝑓 ! 𝑥 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 ! − 2𝑥 − 3 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 ! − 3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 3 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 𝑥 − 3 + (𝑥 − 3) = 0

⇒ (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) = 0

∴ 𝑥 =  3, −1

So,  the  stationary  points  are 𝑥 = 3, −1

For 𝒙 = 𝟑,

Let,  𝑥! = 2  be  a  point  on  the  left  side  of  𝑥 = 3,  and  𝑥! = 4  be  a  point  on  the  right  side  of    
𝑥 = 3.  

Now, 𝑓 ! 𝑥! = 𝑓 ! 2 = 2! − 4 − 3 =   −3 < 0 ,and

𝑓 ! 𝑥! = 𝑓 ! 4 = 4! − 8 − 3 =  5 > 0

So,  at 𝑥 = 3, 𝑓(𝑥) has  a  minimum  value  and  the  minimum  value  is,    
!"
𝑓!"# 3 = !
− 9 − 9 + 7 =   −2

So,  the  coordinate  of  local  minima  is (3, −2).

For  𝑥 = −1  

Let,  𝑥! = −2  be  a  point  on  the  left  side  of  𝑥 = −1,  and  𝑥! = 0  be  a  point  on  the  right  side  of  
𝑥 = −1  

Now, 𝑓 ! 𝑥! = 𝑓 ! −2 = (−2)! + 4 − 3 =  5 > 0 ,and  

𝑓 ! 𝑥! = 𝑓 ! 0 = 0! − 0 − 3 =   −3 < 0

So,  at 𝑥 = −1, 𝑓(𝑥) has  a  maximum  value  and  the  maximum  value  is,    
1 26
𝑓!"# −1 = − − 1 + 3 + 7 =    
3 3
!"
So,  the  coordinate  of  local  maxima  is −1, !
.

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   21  
 !"
Answer:  Maximum  point  is   −1, !
 and  minimum  point  is  (3, −2).  There  is  no  stationary  
inflection  point.

ü Page 531 : Exercise and example problem

Question.  Find  the  coordinates  of  all  local  maxima,  local  minima  and  
stationary  inflection  points  of 𝒇 𝒙 =   𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 by  first  derivative  
test.  

Solution:  Given, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ! − 6𝑥 ! + 12𝑥 − 3 ∴ 𝑓 ! 𝑥 = 3𝑥 ! − 12𝑥 + 12  

To  get  stationary  points,  

Let, 𝑓 ! 𝑥 = 0, ⇒ 3𝑥 ! − 12𝑥 + 12 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 ! − 4𝑥 + 4 = 0, ⇒ 𝑥 ! − 2. 𝑥. 2 + 2! = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 2 !
=0∴𝑥=2

So,  the  stationary  point  is 𝑥 = 2.

For  𝒙 = 𝟐  
Let,  𝑥! = 1  be  a  point  on  the  left  side  of  𝑥 = 2,  and  𝑥! = 3  be  a  point  on  the  right  side  of    
𝑥 = 2.  

Now, 𝑓 ! 𝑥! = 𝑓 ! 1 = 3.1! − 12 + 12 = 3 > 0 ,  and  

𝑓 ! 𝑥! = 𝑓 ! 3 = 3.3! − 12.3 + 12 = 3 > 0

Since, 𝑓 ! 𝑥! = 𝑓 ! 𝑥! .  So,  at 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓 𝑥 does  not  have  any  local  extremum.  

But, 𝑓 ! 𝑥! > 0 and 𝑓 ! 𝑥! > 0.  So,  at  𝑥 = 2,  there  is  an  inflection  point.

∴𝑓 2 = 2! − 6.2! + 12.2 − 3 = 5

So,  the  coordinate  of  the  inflection  point  is  (2, 5)  but  no  local  maxima  and  no  local  minima.    

Answer:  There  is  no  local  extremum  at  stationary  point  𝑥 = 2,  and  stationary  inflection  
point  is  (2, 5).  

ü Page 531 : Exercise problem

Question.  Find  the  coordinates  of  all  local  maxima,  local  minima  and  
stationary  inflection  points  of 𝒇 𝒙 =   𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓 by  first  derivative  
test.  

Answer.  There  is  a  stationary  inflection  point  at  (1,  6),  with  no  local  maxima  
and  no  local  minima.

ü Page 544 : Example problem

Question.  Find  all  local  optimum  points  of  the  following:    

𝟏
(a)  𝒇 𝒙 =   𝟑𝟎𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟓.  (b)  𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎.  

Answer.  (a)  Local  maximum  at  (5,  100).    (b)  Local  minimum  at  (9,  11).  

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   22  
ü Page 546 : example problem

Question.  Determine  all  local  optimum  points  and  all  inflection  points  of  

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟒 + 𝟖𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏  by  second  derivative  test.  

Solution:  Given,  𝑓 𝑥 = 15𝑥 ! + 8𝑥 ! − 18𝑥 ! + 1  

∴𝑓 ! 𝑥 = 60𝑥 ! + 24𝑥 ! − 36𝑥

∴𝑓 !! 𝑥 = 180𝑥 ! + 48𝑥 − 36   ∴𝑓 !!! 𝑥 = 360𝑥 + 48

To  get  stationary  points,  

put, 𝑓! 𝑥 = 0

⇒ 60𝑥 ! + 24𝑥 ! − 36𝑥 = 0

⇒ 5𝑥 ! + 2𝑥 ! − 3𝑥 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 5𝑥 ! + 2𝑥 − 3 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 5𝑥 ! + 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 3 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 5𝑥 𝑥 + 1 − 3 𝑥 + 1 =0
!
⇒ 𝑥 𝑥 + 1 5𝑥 − 3 = 0. So,  𝑓 𝑥  has  stationary  points  at,  𝑥 = 0, −1, !.

For 𝒙 = 𝟎

𝑓 !! 𝑥 = 𝑓 !! 0 = −36 < 0,  which  is  a  negative  number.  

So, 𝑓 𝑥 has  a  maximum  value  at 𝑥 = 0 and  the  maximum  value  is 𝑓!"# 𝑥 = 𝑓 0 = 1

So,  maximum  point  is   0, 1 .  

For 𝒙 = −𝟏

𝑓 !! 𝑥 = 𝑓 !! −1 = 180. −1 ! + 48. −1 − 36 = 180 − 48 − 36 = 96 > 0,  which  is  a  

positive  number.  So, 𝑓(𝑥) has  a  minimum  value  at  𝑥 = −1,  and  the  minimum  value  is  
𝑓!"# 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 = 15. −1 ! + 8. −1 ! − 18. −1 ! + 1 = 15 − 8 − 18 + 1 = −10

So,  minimum  point  is  (−1, −10).  

𝟑
For 𝒙 = 𝟓

! ! ! ! !""
𝑓 !! 𝑥 = 𝑓 !! !
= 180. !
+ 48. !
− 36 = !
> 0,  which  is  a  positive  number.  So,  𝑓 𝑥  
!
has  a  minimum  value  at  𝑥 = !  and  the  minimum  value  is    

! ! !
3 3 3 3 226
𝑓!"# 𝑥 =𝑓 = 15. + 8. − 18 +1=−
5 5 5 5 125
! !!"
So,  minimum  point  is   !
, − !"# .  
Here,    
∴absolute  minimum  point  is  (−1, −10)   3
𝑓 !!! !− ! = −168 ≠ 0  
Inflection  point:  Let, 𝑓 !! 𝑥 = 0   5
,  and  
⇒ 180𝑥 ! + 48𝑥 − 36 = 0
!
  𝑓 !!! !!! = 168 ≠ 0  

 
Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   23  
 ⇒ 15𝑥 ! + 4𝑥 − 3 = 0

⇒ 15𝑥 ! − 5𝑥 + 9𝑥 − 3 = 0

⇒ 5𝑥 3𝑥 − 1 + 3 3𝑥 − 1 = 0

⇒ 3𝑥 − 1 5𝑥 + 3 = 0
! !
∴𝑥 = − !  , !

Coordinates  of  inflection  points:  

! ! !
1 1 1 1 14
𝑓 = 15. + 8. − 18. +1=−
3 3 3 3 27
! !"
So,  an  inflection  point  is   !
, − !" .  

! ! !
3 3 3 3 658
𝑓 − = 15. − + 8. − − 18. − +1=−
5 5 5 5 125
! !"#
So,  another  inflection  point  is   − ! , − !"# .  

Answer:  Maximum  point:  (0, 1).  

! !!"
     Minimum  points:   −1, −10 , !
, − !"# .  

! !" ! !"#
     Inflection  points:   !
, − !" , − ! , − !"# .  

ü Page 549 : Problem 13, Problem 17

Question.  Determine  all  local  optimum  points  and  all  inflection  points  of  

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏.

Solution: Given, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ! − 6𝑥 ! + 9𝑥 + 1

∴𝑓 ! 𝑥 = 3𝑥 ! − 12𝑥 + 9 ∴𝑓 !! 𝑥 = 6𝑥 − 12

∴𝑓 !!! 𝑥 = 6.

To  get  stationary  points,    

Let, 𝑓 ! 𝑥 = 0

⇒ 3𝑥 ! − 12𝑥 + 9 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ! − 4𝑥 + 3 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 ! − 3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 3 = 0

⇒𝑥 𝑥−3 −1 𝑥−3 =0⇒ 𝑥−3 𝑥−1 =0

∴ 𝑥 = 3, 1. So,  the  stationary  points  are,  𝑥 = 3, 1.

For 𝒙 = 𝟑

𝑓 !! 𝑥 = 𝑓 !! 3 = 6.3 − 12 = 6 > 0,  which  is  a  positive  number.  So,  𝑓 𝑥  has  a  minimum  

value  at  𝑥 = 3,  and  the  minimum  value  is  𝑓!"# 𝑥 = 𝑓 3 = 3! − 6.3! + 9.3 + 1 = 1.  

So,  minimum  point  is  (3, 1).  

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   24  
For  𝒙 = 𝟏  

𝑓 !! 1 = 6.1 − 12 = −6 < 0,  which  is  a  negative  number.  So,  the  function  has  a  maximum  
value  at  𝑥 = 1,  and  the  maximum  value  is  𝑓!"# 𝑥 = 𝑓 1 = 1! − 6.1! + 9.1 + 1 = 5.    

So,  maximum  point  is  (1, 5).  

Inflection  point:  
Here,  
Let, 𝑓 !! 𝑥 = 0
𝑓 !!! (2) = 6 ≠ 0
⇒ 6𝑥 − 12 = 0

⇒𝑥−2=0∴𝑥 =2

Coordinates  of  inflection  point:  

𝑓 2 = 2! − 6.2! + 9.2 + 1 = 3

So,  the  inflection  point  is  (2, 3).  

Answer:  Maximum  point  (1,5).  Minimum  point  (3, 1).  Inflection  point  (2, 3).  

ü Page 549 : Problem 17

Question.  Determine  all  local  optimum  points  and  all  inflection  points  of  

𝒇 𝒙 = −𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐.

ü Page 561 : Example problem

Question  No.6:    

When  x  gallons  of  olive  oil  are  produced,  the  average  cost  per  barrel  is  𝑨 𝒙 ,  
where  
𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑨 𝒙 = 𝟎.𝟏𝒙!𝟐𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒙, 𝒙 > 𝟎.

(a)  Find  the  value  of  x  that  minimizes  average  cost  per  barrel.  

(b)  Compute  the  minimum  average  cost  per  barrel.  

Solution:    

(a)  Given,    
4000
𝐴 𝑥 = + 0.25𝑥, 𝑥 > 0  
0.1𝑥 + 20
                   =  4000(0.1𝑥 + 20)!! + 0.25𝑥  

Now,  𝐴! 𝑥 = 4000  (−1)(0.1𝑥 + 20)!! (0.1) + 0.25  

400
=− !
+ 0.25
0.1𝑥 + 20

∴ 𝐴!! 𝑥 = −400  (−2)(0.1𝑥 + 20)!! 0.1 = 80(0.1𝑥 + 20)!!

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   25  
For  stationary  points,    

Let,  𝐴! 𝑥 = 0  
!"" !""
⇒  − !.!!!!" !
+ 0.25 = 0        ⇒ !.!!!!" !
= 0.25          

!! !.!" ! ! !
⇒ 0.1𝑥 + 20 = !""
= !"## = !"

!! ! !
⇒ 0.1𝑥 + 20 = !"

!! ! !
⇒ 0.1𝑥 + 20 = !"
(by taking square root on both sides)

! !
⇒ !.!!!!" = !" ⇒ 0.1𝑥 + 20 = 40 ⇒ 0.1𝑥 + 20 = 40  

∴ 𝑥 = 200.

Now,    
8.200 + 1600 1
𝐴!! 200 = = > 0, which  is  positive.  
20 + 20 ! 800

So,  the  given  function  has  a  minimum  value  at  𝑥 = 200.  (Answer)  

(b)  

Since,  for  𝑥 = 200,  𝐴(𝑥)  has  minimum  value.  [From  (a)]  

So,  the  minimum  average  cost  per  barrel  will  be,    

4000
𝐴!"# 200 = + {(0.25).200}  
{ 0.1 . 200} + 20

                     
4000
= + 50  
40

= 150 (Answer)  

ü Page 568 : Problem 1,2,3,4

 
Question-1: When 𝒚 gallons of crude oil are produced the average cost per barrel is 𝑨 𝒚 ,
𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎
where 𝑨 𝒚 = 𝟎.𝟎𝟒𝒚!𝟗 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝒚,        𝒚 > 𝟎.

(a) Find the value of 𝒚 that minimizes average cost per barrel. [Ans. 𝒚 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 barrels]
(b) Compute the minimum average cost per barrel. [Ans. $164 per barrel]
!"##  
Solution: (a) Given, 𝐴(𝑦) = !.!"!!! + 0.16𝑦

⇒ 𝐴 𝑦 = 2500 0.04𝑦 + 9 !!
+ 0.16𝑦  

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   26  
∴ 𝐴! 𝑦 = 2500 −1 0.04𝑦 + 9 !!
0.04 + 0.16  
                                           
 = −100 0.04𝑦 + 9 !!
+ 0.16  

!!  
∴ 𝐴!! 𝑦 = −100   −2 0.04𝑦 + 9 !!
0.04 = 8 0.04𝑦 + 9 .
Now  put, 𝐴! 𝑦 = 0  

⇒ −100(0.04𝑦 + 9)!! + 0.16 = 0  

!!
⇒100 0.04𝑦 + 9 = 0.16  

!! !.!" !" !
⇒ 0.04𝑦 + 9 = = =    
!"" !""×!"" !"×!"

!! ! !
⇒ 0.04𝑦 + 9 =  
!"

!! !
⇒ 0.04𝑦 + 9 =  
!"

! !
⇒ =                              ⇒0.04𝑦 + 9 = 25  
!.!"!!! !"

!"
⇒0.04𝑦 = 25 − 9              ⇒𝑦 =                    ∴ 𝑦 = 400  barrels.  
!.!"

!
Now,  ∴ 𝐴!! 400 = 8 0.04×400 + 9 !!
= 8(25)!! = !"#$",  which  is  positive.  

So, at 𝑦 = 400, there is average minimizes average cost per barrel.  

(b)  So,  the  minimum  average  cost  per  barrel  is,    Amin(400)= !"##
+ 0.16 400  
!.!" !"" !!

2500
= + 64 = $164  per  barrels.  
25

Question-2: When 𝒙 gallons of olive oil are produced the average cost per barrel is 𝑨 𝒙 ,
𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
where 𝑨 𝒙 = 𝟎.𝟏𝒙!𝟐𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒙,        𝒙 > 𝟎.

(a) Find the value of 𝒙 that minimizes average cost per barrel. [Ans. 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 barrels]
(b) Compute the minimum average cost per barrel. [Ans. $150 per barrel]
!"""
Solution: Given, 𝐴(𝑥) = !.!!!!" + 0.25𝑥  
                                                                                                                                       
= 4000 0.1𝑥 + 20 !!
+ 0.25𝑥  

∴ 𝐴! 𝑥 = 4000 −1 0.1𝑥 + 20 !!
0.1 + 0.25   = −400(0.1𝑥 + 20)!! + 0.25  
!!  
∴ 𝐴!! 𝑥   = −400 −2 0.1𝑥 + 20 !!
0.1 = 80 0.1𝑥 + 20 .
Now,  put   !  
𝐴 𝑥 =0
⇒ −400(0.1𝑥 + 20)!! + 0.25 = 0  
!!
⇒400 0.1𝑥 + 20 = 0.25  

!! ! !! ! !
⇒ 0.1𝑥 + 20 =                                  ⇒ 0.1𝑥 + 20 =  
!"## !"

!! ! ! !
⇒ 0.1𝑥 + 20 =                                          ⇒   =  
!" !.!!!!" !"

⇒0.1𝑥 + 20 = 40                                                        ⇒  0.1𝑥 = 40 − 20  
!"
⇒𝑥 =          ∴ 𝑥 = 200  barrels.  
!.!

80 1
∴ 𝐴!! 𝑥 = 80 0.1×200 + 20 !!
= = > 0.  
6400 80
 

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   27  
(b)  So,  the  minimum  average  cost  per  barrel  is,    Amin(200)= !"""
+ 0.25 200  
!.! !"" !!"

4000
= + 50 = $150  per  barrels.  
40

Question-3: Profit realized when 𝒙 thousands gallons of antifreeze are produced and solid
𝟏/𝟐
is 𝑷 𝒙 thousand dollars, where 𝑷 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝒙.

(a) Find the value of 𝒙 that leads to maximum profit. [Ans. 𝒙 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟓 thousand gallons]
(b) Compute the maximum profit. [Ans. $14.5 thousand]
!
Solution: P x = 100 + 10x ! − 0.2x  
! !
! ! !
               ∴ 𝑃 ! x    = 100 + 10𝑥 ! 10 − 0.2    = 5 100 + 10𝑥 ! − 0.2  
!

! !
! ! !
Now,  𝑃 !! x  = 5 − 100 + 10𝑥 ! (10)  = −25 100 + 10𝑥 ! ,  which  is  always  negative.  So  the  profit  
!
function  𝑃(𝑥)  has  a  maximum  value  at  the  stationary  point.    

Now,  to  calculate  stationary  point  let  us  consider,  

𝑃 𝑥 = 0  
! !
! !
⇒5 100 + 10𝑥 ! − 0.2 = 0                          ⇒5 100 + 10𝑥 ! = 0.2  
!
! ! ! !
⇒ 100 + 10𝑥 ! =                                                      ⇒ =  
!" !""!!"! !"

⇒ 100 + 10𝑥 = 25                                                            ⇒100 + 10𝑥 = 25!  

⇒100 + 10𝑥 = 625                                                            ⇒10𝑥 = 525              ∴ 𝑥 =52.5  thousand  gallons.    

!
(b)  Pmax= 100 + 10 52.5 !
− 0.2 52.5   = 25 − 10.5        = $14.5  thousand.  

Question-4: The output of a chemical process that is applied for 𝒕 hours is 𝒌(𝒕) hundreds of
𝟏/𝟐
pounds, where 𝒌(𝒕) = 𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝒕 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝒕.

(a) Find the value of 𝒕 that leads to maximum profit. [𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎 hours]

(b) Compute the maximum profit. [2.5 hundred pounds]
!
Solution: Given, k t = 6 + 0.3t ! − 0.05t  
!
! !
                                                             k ! t = 6 + 0.3𝑡 ! 0.3 − 0.05  
!

3 !
!
                   = 6 + 0.3𝑡 ! − 0.05  
20
!
! ! ! !
 k !! t =  = − 6 + 0.3𝑡 ! 0.3 = − 6 + 0.3𝑡 !!/!
,  which  is  always  negative.  
!" ! !""

Now,  put  𝑘 ! 𝑡 = 0  
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
⇒   6 + 0.3𝑡 ! − 0.05 = 0                ⇒   6 + 0.3𝑡 ! = 0.05        ⇒ 6 + 0.3𝑡 ! =  
!" !" !

! !
⇒ =                                                      ⇒ 6 + 0.3𝑡 =3  
!!!.!! !

!
⇒6 + 0.3𝑡 = 3!                                        ⇒0.3𝑡 = 9 − 6                    ⇒𝑡 =              ∴ 𝑡 =10  hours.  
!.!

!
!
(b)  kmax(10)= 6 + 0.3 10 !
− 0.05 10 = 3 −     = 2.5  hundred  pounds.    
!

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   28  
Chapter-10
Introduction to Integral Calculus

Integration: Integration is the inverse process of differentiation.

Notation of integration: Integration of the function 𝑓 𝑥 is denoted by

𝑓 𝑥  𝑑𝑥.
!
For example. If !"
𝑥 = 1,  then 1  𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶 ⋯ ⋯ (1).

Now the basic question is where this 𝐶 comes from? Let us try to get the
answer of this question.
! !
Since !"
𝑥 = 1 and !"
𝑥 + 𝐶 = 1, That is reason we need to add an integration
constant after the integration. i.e., 1  𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶.

Types of integrations: Integrations are of two kinds

(i) Indefinite integration: 𝑦  𝑑𝑥. (Integration without limits)

!
(ii) Definite integration: !
𝑦  𝑑𝑥 . (Integration with limits)

v Note that in case of a definite integration, we do not need to add the

integrating constant 𝐶.

Formulae: (Indefinite Integrals)

! !!!
1. 𝑥 ! 𝑑𝑥 = !!!
+ 𝐶;        if  𝑛 ≠ −1.

2. 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶.

3. 𝑘𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶.

4. 𝑘𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.

5. 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.

(!!!!)!!!
6. (𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏)! 𝑑𝑥 = !(!!!)
+ 𝐶;        if  𝑛 ≠ −1.

ü Page 650: Problem 1-40 (problem set 10-1)

1. 𝑑𝑥. 2. 𝑑𝑧. 3. 5  𝑑𝑦.

4. −7  𝑑𝑤. 5. 1 + 𝑥  𝑑𝑥. 6. 3 − 𝑦  𝑑𝑦.

7. (2𝑥 ! − 3𝑥 + 4)  𝑑𝑥. 8. (3𝑦 ! + 4𝑦 − 1)  𝑑𝑦. 9. 𝑝  𝑑𝑞.

10. 𝑞  𝑑𝑝. 11. (𝑝𝑞)  𝑑𝑝. 12. (𝑝𝑞)  𝑑𝑞.

13. (𝑥 ! + 𝑥 ! − 1)  𝑑𝑥. 14. (𝑦 ! + 𝑦 ! − 1)  𝑑𝑦. 15. (3𝑦 ! + 5𝑦 ! + 1)  𝑑𝑦.

16. (4𝑥 ! − 6𝑥 ! + 1)  𝑑𝑥. 17. 𝑥 !! 𝑑𝑥. 18. 7!! 𝑑𝑦.

!"
19. . 20.
!"
. 21. (5 − 2𝑦 !! )  𝑑𝑦.
!! !!

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   29  
 !
22. (7 − 3𝑥 !! )  𝑑𝑥. 23. (2𝑥 −
!
+ 1)  𝑑𝑥. 24. (𝑦 + + 1)  𝑑𝑦.
!! !!

25. 𝑝!/! 𝑑𝑝. 26. 𝑞!/! 𝑑𝑞. 27. 3𝑥 !!/! 𝑑𝑥.

! ! ! !
28. 5𝑦 !!/! 𝑑𝑦. 29. (2 − − 1)  𝑑𝑥. 30. (2𝑥 − − )  𝑑𝑥.
!! !! !/! !! !! !/!

31. 12(𝑥 ! + 𝑥 ! )  𝑑𝑥. 32. 3(𝑥 ! + 2𝑥)  𝑑𝑥. 33. 16(2𝑥 − 9)! 𝑑𝑥.

34. 30(3𝑥 + 5)! 𝑑𝑥. 35. (3𝑥 − 9)!! 𝑑𝑥. 36. (2𝑥 + 3)!! 𝑑𝑥.

!" !" !  !"

37. . 38. . 39. .
!!!! !/! !!!! ! !!!! !/!

!"  !"
40. .
!!!! !/!

Ø Formulae: (definite Integrals)

! !
1. If 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝐶, then !
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) !
= 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹(𝑎).
! ! !
2. !
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = !
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + !
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. (𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏)
! !
3. !
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − !
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .

ü Page 663 : Problem 1-20 (problem set 10-2)

! ! !
1. !
2  𝑑𝑥 2. !
3  𝑑𝑥 3. !!
2𝑥  𝑑𝑥

! ! !
4. !!
3𝑥  𝑑𝑥 5. !
𝑥 + 1  𝑑𝑥 . 6. !!
(2𝑥 − 1)  𝑑𝑥

! !/! ! !/! ! !
7. !
𝑥  𝑑𝑥 . 8. !
𝑥  𝑑𝑥 . 9. !
(𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 5)  𝑑𝑥 .

! ! ! !
! !
10. !
(𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 2)  𝑑𝑥 . 11. !
(5 + 𝑦 !!  )  𝑑𝑦. 12. !
(1 + 2𝑦 !!  )  𝑑𝑦.
! ! ! !"!"
13. !
 (2𝑥 − 3)!/! 𝑑𝑥 . 14. !
 (5𝑥 − 4)!!/! 𝑑𝑥 . 15. ! (!!!!)!
.

! !" ! !
16. ! !!!! !/!
𝑑𝑥 . 17. !
3𝑥 !  𝑑𝑥 . 18. !
4𝑥 !  𝑑𝑥 .

! !
19. !
𝑥 + 1  𝑑𝑥 . 20. 2𝑥 − 1  𝑑𝑥 .
!

ü Page 674 : example problem

Question. The total amount of coal of a country will consume in a period of
years depends upon the rate of consumption and this rate increases as time, t
years, increases. Suppose it is estimated that the consumption rate, 𝑟 ! 𝑡 , 𝑡
years from now, will be 𝑟 ! 𝑡 = (20 + 1.2𝑡) million tons per year.

(a) Compute the total amount of coal the country will consume in the next
ten years.
(b) How much coal will be consumed in the following ten years, that is,
during the second decade from now?
(c) If the total supply of coal available to the country now and in the future
is 2500 million tons, how long will it be until the total supply is
exhausted?

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   30  
Solution: (a) The total amount of coal the country will consume in the next
!"
ten years is = !
(20 + 1.2𝑡)𝑑𝑡 =260 million tons.

(b) The coal will be consumed in the following ten years, that is, during the
!"
second decade from now is = !"
(20 + 1.2𝑡)𝑑𝑡 =380 million tons.

(c) Let 2500 million tons coal will last 𝑇 years. So we have
!
!
(20 + 1.2𝑡)𝑑𝑡 =2500

⇒ 0.6𝑇 ! + 20𝑇 − 2500 = 0

⇒ 6𝑇 ! + 200𝑇 − 25000 = 0

⇒ 3𝑇 ! + 100𝑇 − 12500 = 0

⇒ (3𝑇 + 250)(𝑇 − 50) = 0

⇒ 𝑇 − 50 = 0, since T can not be negative,

∴ 𝑇 = 50 years.

Therefore, the total supply of coal will be exhausted in 50 years.

ü Page 686 : Exercise problem 5,6 7

Question#5. At time 𝑡 years, an industry consumes fuel at the rate of
(2𝑡 + 9)!/! million barrels per year. If the total supply of fuel available to the
industry now and in the future is 63 million barrels, how many years will the
supply last? [Ans. 13.5 years]

Solution. [Try yourself]

Question#6. At time 𝑡 years, sales of a currently new product are expected to

be

10
(0.5𝑡 + 16)!/!

million dollars per year. How many years will it take for total sales to amount
to $40 million? [Ans. 18 years]

Solution. [Hints] Let the total sales to amount to $40 million in 𝑇 years.

So according to the question we have

!
10
! 𝑑𝑡 = 40.
! 0.5𝑡 + 16 !

⇒ 𝑇 = 18 years.

Question#7. The population of a trading area is currently 100 thousand. At

time 𝑡 years from now population will be growing at the rate of

20
(0.5𝑡 + 9)!/!

thousand per year. What will total population be 14 years from now?

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   31  
Solution. Since, the population of the trading area is currently 100 thousand.
So, after 14 years the total population will be as follows:
!"
20
100 + 𝑑𝑡
(0.5𝑡 + 9)!/!
!

!" 14
= 100 + (!.!)(!/!) (0.5𝑡 + 9)!/! = 100 + 80[4 − 3] = 180 thousand
0

Formulae:

1. 𝑒 ! 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ! + 𝑐
! !"!!
2. 𝑒 !"!! 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐 ,        𝑚 ≠ 0.
!
!!
3. 𝑎 ! 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
!"#
!"!! ! !"!!
4. 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐 ,        𝑚 ≠ 0.
! !"#
ü Page 691 : example problem
!"
Question. Evaluate !
30𝑒 !.!"! 𝑑𝑥 . [Ans. 411.059.]

!" !.!"! !" 10

Solution. 30𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 !.!"!
! !.!" 0
!.!" !" !.!" !
= 500 𝑒 −𝑒

= 500 𝑒 !.! − 𝑒 ! = 500 1.8221188 − 1

= 411.059
ü Page 693 : Example problem

!
Question. Evaluate !
(6)!.!! 𝑑𝑥 . [Ans. 33.487.]
! !.!! !!.!! 4 ! !.! ! !.! !
Solution. 6 𝑑𝑥 = = 6 −6
! (!"!)(!.!) 2 !.!"#!!
1 30
= 6! − 6! = = 33.49.
0.89588 0.89588

ü Page 695 : Problem 17,18,19,20

Question#17. The total supply of a fuel available now and in the future is
1000 million barrels. At time 𝑡 years from now, fuel will be consumed at the
rate of
10𝑒 !.!"!
million barrels per year.

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   32  
(a) How much fuel will be consumed in the next 20 years? [Ans. 343.656
million barrels]
(b) How long will the supply of fuel last? [Ans. 35.835 years]

Solution. [Try yourself]

Question#18. At time 𝑡 years, the cost of maintaining a facility is at the rate of

12𝑒 !.!"!
thousands of dollars per year. Assuming there is no fixed involved,

(a) Find total maintenance cost for the next 10 years? [Ans. $183.831 thousand]
(b) How long will it take for total maintenance cost to reach $300 thousand?
[Ans. 13.733 years]  

Solution. [Try yourself]

 
Question#19. At time 𝑡 years, interest on a bank account is at the rate of
600𝑒 !.!"!
dollars per year.
(a) What will be total interest accumulation in 12 years? [Ans. $10544.33]
(b) How long will it take for total interest accumulation to reach $5000?
[Ans. 6.758 years ]

Solution. [Try yourself]

Question#20. Sales of a product are projected to be at the rate of

15𝑒 !!.!!
million pounds per year at time 𝑡 years.
(a) Find total sales in the next five years. [Ans. 47.409 million pounds]
(b) How long will it take for total sales to reach 60 million pounds? [Ans. 8.047
years]
 
Solution. [Try yourself]
Question#21. Sales of wheat at time 𝑡 years are projected to be at the rate of
5 + 15𝑒 !!.!!
million pounds per year. Find total sales in the next five years.
[Ans. 72.409 million pounds]
 
Solution. [Try yourself]

Question#22. Sales of milk at time 𝑡 years are projected to be at the rate of

10 + 20𝑒 !!.!!
million gallons per year. Find total sales in the next five years.
[Ans. 93.233 million gallons]
 
Solution. [Try yourself]
 

Solved  by  Dr.  Mohammad  Osman  Gani,  Professor,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Jahangirnagar  University   33