Drilling Operations Guidelines

1.0 Responsibilities
2.0 General Drilling Rig Safety Practices
3.0 General Drilling Practices
4.0 Directional Drilling
5.0 Tripping
6.0 Drilling Fluids And Equipment
7.0 Mud Logging And Geological Sampling
8.0 Wellbore Surveying
9.0 Drilling Operations Summary (Typical)
10.0 Casing
11.0 Cementation
12.0 Bottom Hole Assemblies
13.0 Drillstring Design And Handling
14.0 Hydraulics
15.0 Coring
16.0 Stuck Pipe And Fishing Operations
17.0 Evaluation
18.0 Well Abandonment And Suspension
19.0 Reporting And Documentation
20.0 Rig Mobilization / Demobilization
21.0 Location / Surveys
22.0 Testing
23.0 Bits / Hole Openers / Underreamers
24.0 Logistics
25.0 Wellhead Equipment

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 Drilling Operations Manual

Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Responsibilities
Halliburton Field Organization Chart ................................. 2
Halliburton Drilling Project Manager ................................. 3
Halliburton Drilling IS Coordinator/Drilling Engineer ........... 3
Halliburton Materials Superintendent ................................. 3
Rig Contractor’s Superintendent ................................. 4
Halliburton Drilling Supervisor ............................................ 4
Rig Contractor Senior Representative ................................. 5
Halliburton Wellsite Drilling Engineer ................................. 5
Halliburton and Other Service Company Personnel ............ 7

Chapter 2
General Drilling Rig Safety Practices
Safety Responsibility ........................................................ 5
Halliburton Drilling IS Coordinator ........................ 5
Halliburton Drilling Supervisor ................................... 5
Drilling Contractor’s Rig Superintendent/
Senior Representative ................................... 6
Emergency Situations Response ................................... 6
Emergency Drills and Exercises ................................... 6
Emergency Situation Response and Procedures
Plans (Rig Site) .............................................. 7
Emergency Situation Response and Procedures
Plans (Halliburton Office) ................................... 8
Incident/Accident Reporting and Follow-up Procedure ............. 8
Safety Meetings ................................................................... 8
Permit to Work System ........................................................ 8
Rig Component and Equipment Safety Requirements ............. 10
General ................................................................... 10
Derrick ................................................................... 11
Drawworks, Rotary, Hose, Swivel, Kelly ........................ 12
Crown Block, Traveling Block, Hook, Drilling Line ... 13
Slips .............................................................................. 13
Tongs .............................................................................. 14
Spinning Chain ......................................................... 15
Iron Roughneck ......................................................... 15
Elevators .................................................................... 15
Air Hoist/Tugger .......................................................... 16
Mud Pumps .......................................................... 16
Mud Pits ..................................................................... 17
Sack Store/Chemical Storage Area .......................... 17

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Table of Contents
(Continued)
Electrical Installations ................................................ 17
Well Control ........................................................... 18
Drilling Lighting Equipment Certification
and Inspection ................................................ 20
General Rig Working Practices ................................................ 21
Well Servicing ........................................................... 21
Safe Practices in Handling/Mixing Chemicals ................ 24
Radioactive Materials Handling and Procedures ..... 25
Explosives Utilization ................................................ 26
Hydrogen Sulfide Safety - General ........................... 27
Shale Shakers ........................................................... 30
Mud Pumps and Mud Pits ..................................... 31
Drill Floor and Catwalk ................................................ 32
Derrick, Monkey Board, Stabbing Board ................ 32
Cranes and Pipe Rack Area ..................................... 33
General Policy for Mechanical and Electrical Work ..... 33
Tool and Equipment Utilization ................................................ 34
Hand Tools ..................................................................... 34
Hammers ..................................................................... 35
Power Tools ........................................................... 35
Air Tools ...................................................................... 35
Electric Tools ........................................................... 35
Rigging Practices ........................................................... 35
Drilling Site Preparation (Typical Land) ...................................... 35

Chapter 3
General Drilling Practices
Drilling Equipment and Materials ................................................ 2
Drilling Operational Practices and Procedures ........................... 4
General Procedures ................................................ 4
Drilling Practices and Procedures ........................... 5

Chapter 4
Directional Drilling
Glossary of Directional Drilling Terms ...................................... 2
General Requirements and Calculations ........................... 2
Directional Drilling Operational Practices and Procedures ...... 4
Correction Runs ...................................................................... 7
Correction Run Requirements ...................................... 7
General Recommendations ...................................... 7
Sidetracking ............................................................ 7

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Table of Contents
(Continued)
Chapter 5
Tripping
Tripping Safety ................................................................. 2
Tripping Practices ...................................................... 2

Chapter 6
Drilling Fluids and Equipment
Drilling Fluids - Types ...................................................... 3
Spud Muds ...................................................... 3
Water-based Muds ...................................................... 3
Invert Oil Emulsion Muds ........................................... 10
Contingency Treatments ...................................................... 14
Lost Circulation - General ........................................... 14
Kick Control Barite Plug ........................................... 21
Hole Cleaning (General and Pill Requirements)........... 21
Solids Control and Equipment ........................................... 22
Operation and Optimization of Solids
Control Equipment ........................................... 22
Mud Reporting and Documentation ................................. 26
Daily Mud Report ...................................................... 27
End of Well Report ...................................................... 28
Mud and General Contingency Treatment Equipment
and Material Requirements ...................... 29

Chapter 7
Mud Logging and Geological Sampling
Mud Logging Service Levels ............................................ 2
Fully-computerized Mud Logging Service ............ 2
Standard (Noncomputerized) Mud Logging Service .... 4
Minimum Mud Logging Service ................................. 5
Selection of Service Level ............................................ 5
Mud Logging Scope of Work ............................................ 5

Chapter 8
Wellbore Surveying
Wellbore Surveying Objectives and Reasoning ........... 2
General Wellbore Surveying Recommendations ........... 3
Further General Requirements and Procedures for
Surveying ...................................................... 5
Quality Control for Surveying Instruments ...................... 6
Electronic Magnetic Multishot/Electronic
Magnetic Single Shot ................................. 6

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Table of Contents
(Continued)
MWD ................................................................. 6
Wireline Steering Tool ............................................ 7
SRG (Surface Reading Gyroscopic) Survey
(Open Hole) ............................................ 8
North-seeking Gyro (Cased Hole and Open Hole) ....... 8
Teledrift ................................................................. 9

Chapter 9
Drilling Operations Summary (Typical)
Structural Casing ................................................................ 3
Conductor Cleanout ........................................... 3
Conductor Hole and Casing ........................................... 4
Drilling Procedures ........................................... 4
Hole Drilling Phase Equipment List ...................... 5
Running and Cementing the Casing ...................... 6
Casing and Wellhead Equipment ...................... 6
Surface Hole and Casing ........................................... 7
Drilling Procedure (Straight Hole) ................................ 7
17.5-in. Hole Drilling Phase Equipment List
(Straight Hole) ........................................... 8
Running and Cementing the 13 3/8-in. Casing ........... 9
Casing and Wellhead Equipment Lists ...................... 9
Intermediate/Production Hole and Casing ...................... 11
Drilling Procedures (Straight Hole) ...................... 11
Drilling Phase Equipment List (Straight Hole) ........... 11
Running and Cementing the Casing ...................... 12
Casing and Wellhead Equipment List ...................... 13
Drilling/Production Liner Hole and Liner ...................... 14
Drilling Procedures (Straight Hole) ...................... 14
Drilling Phase Equipment List (Straight Hole) ........... 15
Running and Cementing the Liner ...................... 16
Liner Running and Cementing the Liner ...................... 18

Chapter 10
Casing
General Tubular Handling ............................................ 3
Casing Preparation ....................................................... 3
Drifting .................................................................. 3
Cleaning of Pipe and Threads ....................... 4
Inspection .................................................................. 4
Measuring Casing and Casing Tally Production ............ 5
Casing Running .................................................................. 5

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Table of Contents
(Continued)
Casing Running Equipment .................................. 5
Running Instructions ............................................. 7
Casing OD Tolerance ............................................. 8
Chrome Duplex Alloy Tubular Goods Handling ............. 8
Introduction ........................................................ 8
Chrome Tubular Shipping .................................. 9
Rig Site Preparation and Inspection of Chrome
Tubulars ....................................................... 9
Running Chrome Tubulars ............................................ 9
Preparation and Running of a Liner and Liner Hanger ............ 10
General Information ............................................ 10
Equipment Description and Listing, Preoperational
Checklist, and Other Considerations ............ 10
Liner Running Instructions ............................................ 12
Casing Accessory Equipment ............................................ 14
Casing Centralizers ............................................ 14
Casing Scratchers (Wall Cleaners) ...................... 16
Nonrotating Cement Plug and Float Equipment ............ 16
Pressure Differential Fill Float Equipment ............ 17
Casing, Tubing, and Line Pipe Threading Compounds ........... 17

Chapter 11
Cementation
General Cementation Guidelines ................................. 3
Planning ....................................................... 3
Calculations and Volumetric Data ....................... 3
Cement Excess ....................................................... 3
General Cementation Planning and organization Checklist .... 4
Cementing System Checklist .................................. 4
Cementing Service Contractor Checklist ............ 4
Cement Unit Checklist ............................................ 5
Precement Job Checklist ............................................ 5
On-site Drilling Engineer’s Checklist ....................... 6
Responsibilities of the Drilling Supervisor ....................... 6
Cementing Operations Checklist .................................. 7
Cement Program Checklist ............................................ 8
Cement and Its Functions ............................................ 9
General Cement Theory ............................................ 9
Special Cementing Considerations ...................... 10
Standard Cement Additives ............................................ 11
Accelerators ....................................................... 11
Retarders ....................................................... 11

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Table of Contents
(Continued)
Dispersants ........................................................ 12
Fluid-loss Additives ............................................. 12
Density Adjusters ............................................. 13
Defoamers ........................................................ 14
Retrogressive Strength Additives ........................ 14
Annular Mud Removal During Cementation ........................ 14
Liner Cementation ................................................................... 15
Plug Cementation ................................................................... 17
Cementing Equipment ............................................. 17
Cement Plug Job Procedure .................................. 18
Standard Practices When Setting Cement Plugs ... 18
Squeeze Cementation ......................................................... 19
Standard Practices for Squeeze Cementation .............. 19
Standard Squeeze Procedure ................................... 20
Squeeze Procedure With Retrievable Packer ............. 21

Chapter 12
Bottomhole Assemblies
General .............................................................................. 3
Bottomhole Assembly Components ................................... 3
Drill Collars ................................................................... 3
Stabilizers ................................................................... 3
Nonmagnetic Tools ............................................. 4
Mud Motors ........................................................ 5
MWD Tools ........................................................ 6
Roller Reamers ........................................................ 6
Underreamers ........................................................ 6
Hole Openers ........................................................ 6
Shock Subs ........................................................ 7
Drilling Jars ........................................................ 7
Additional Tools (Crossovers, Subs) ........................ 11

Chapter 13
Drillstring Design and Handling
Drillstring Design .................................................................... 2
Objective and Requirements .................................... 2
Buoyancy .................................................................... 2
Tension .................................................................... 3
Collapse .................................................................... 4
Torsion .................................................................... 4
Drillstring Stiffness Ratio ............................................... 5

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Table of Contents
(Continued)
Bending Strength Ratio ........................................... 5
Fatigue ................................................................ 6
Critical Rotary Speeds ........................................... 6
Drill Pipe to Drill Collar Interface ................................ 7
Tool Joint Specification - Hardbanding ..................... 7
Wear, Care, and Handling of Tubulars ................................ 8
Make-up ................................................................ 8
General Rules of Care - Drill Pipe ...................... 8
Breaking-in New Pipe ........................................... 8
Drill Pipe Protectors ........................................... 9
General Rules of Cre - Drill Collars ...................... 9
Incorrect Torque ...................................................... 9

Chapter 14
Hydraulics
Fluid Requirements ...................................................... 2
Carrying Capacity ...................................................... 2
Pressure Losses in the Circulating System ...................... 2
Hydraulic Efficiency ...................................................... 3
Field Optimization ................................................................ 3
Operating Guidelines ...................................................... 4

Chapter 15
Coring
Core Barrel Configurations ........................................... 3
Double-tube Core Barrels ........................................... 3
Oriented-coring Assemblies ................................ 3
Aluminum/Fiberglass Inner Barrels and Fiberglass
Inner-barrel Liners ................................ 3
Sponge Coring ..................................................... 4
Precoring Procedures ..................................................... 4
Conventional Core Barrel Handling Procedures .......... 5
Picking Up and Handling Core Barrel ..................... 5
Laying Down the Core ........................................... 7
Maintenance Between Cores ................................. 8
Laying Down the Core Barrel ................................. 9
Extended-length Core Barrel Handling Procedures With
Aluminum Inner Barrels ................................. 10
Makeup Procedure for Outer Barrel ...................... 10
Makeup Procedure for Inner Barrel ...................... 11
Breakout of Inner Barrels ................................. 12
Laying Down and Cutting of Inner Barrel ........... 12

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Table of Contents
(Continued)
Laying Down Outer Barrel ................................ 13
Change Out Corehead ........................................... 14
Equipment Servicing and Maintenance ................................ 14
Coring Guidelines ................................................................ 14
Operating Parameters ........................................... 14
Core Barrel Operations ........................................... 17
Core Barrel Fishing Procedures ........................................... 19

Chapter 16
Stuck Pipe and Fishing Operations
Causes of Stuck Pipe ...................................................... 4
Differential Sticking ........................................... 4
Inadequate Hole Cleaning ........................................... 4
Reactive Formations ........................................... 4
Key Seating ................................................................. 5
Under-gauge Hole and BHA Changes ...................... 5
Mobile Salt Formations ........................................... 5
Prevention of Stuck Pipe ...................................................... 5
General ................................................................. 5
Differential Sticking ............................................ 6
Inadequate Hole Cleaning ................................. 6
Reactive Formations ............................................ 7
Key Seating ................................................................. 8
Under-gauge Hole and BHA Changes ...................... 8
Mobile Salt Formations ........................................... 8
Freeing Stuck Pipe ................................................................. 8
General ................................................................. 8
Differential Sticking ...................................................... 9
Soluble Formations ...................................................... 10
Mobile Salt Formations ........................................... 10
Key Seating ................................................................. 10
Stuck Casing ................................................................. 11
Methods of Locating Stuck Point ............................................ 11
Stretch Method ....................................................... 11
Free Point Indicator Tool Method ....................... 12
Fishing Operations .................................................................. 12
Fishing Economics ....................................................... 12
Fishing Tools - Standard Wellsite Inventory ............ 13
Standard Practices ............................................ 14
Stuck Logging Tools ............................................ 16
Back-off Procedures ............................................ 16
Milling Operations ............................................ 18

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Table of Contents
(Continued)
Chapter 17
Evaluation (Will be provided later) ............................................ 1

Chapter 18
Well Abandonment and Suspension
Well Abandonment ....................................................... 2
General .................................................................. 2
Openhole Plugback ....................................................... 2
Cased-hole Plugback ............................................ 2
Perforated Casing Plugback ................................. 3
Standard Practices When Setting Plugs ................................. 3
Well Suspension ................................................................. 4
General ................................................................. 4
Well Suspension General Procedure ...................... 4

Chapter 19
Reporting and Documentation
Reporting ............................................................................. 2
General .................................................................. 2
Drilling Information Management System
(DIMS) Data Base .................................. 2
Documentation .................................................................. 2
General .................................................................. 2
Daily Drilling Report ............................................. 3
IADC Report ........................................................ 3
Mud and Stock Reports ............................................. 4
Casing/Cementing Reports .................................. 4
Backcharge/Lost in Hole Report .................................. 4
API Mud Report ....................................................... 4
BHA Report ....................................................... 4
Geology Report ....................................................... 4
Mud Logger Report ....................................................... 4
Directional Surveys Report .................................. 4
Bit Record .................................................................. 5
Fuel/Lube Transfer/Inventory Report ....................... 5

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Table of Contents
(Continued)
Chapter 20
Rig Mobilization/Demobilization
Rig Mobilization ................................................................. 2
General ................................................................. 2
Land Rig ................................................................. 2
Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU) ...................... 2
Platform Rig ................................................................. 3
Other Contractor Equipment ................................. 4
Rig Demobilization ................................................................. 4
General ................................................................. 4
Land Rig ................................................................. 4
Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU) ...................... 4
Platform Rig ................................................................. 5
Other Contractor Equipment ................................. 5
Towing ............................................................................ 5
General ................................................................. 5
Wet Tow ................................................................. 5
Dry Tow ................................................................. 6
Derrick Barge/Other Hoisting Equipment ...................... 7
General ................................................................. 7
Derrick Barge ....................................................... 7
Other Hoisting Equipment ............................................ 8

Chapter 21
Location/Surveys
Location ............................................................................. 2
General .................................................................. 2
Land Locations - General ............................................. 2
Land Locations - Desert ............................................. 2
Land Locations - Jungle/Wilderness ....................... 2
Offshore Location - Open Water .................................. 2
Offshore Location - Platform/Structure ........................ 3
Surveys ............................................................................. 3
General ................................................................... 3
Site - Land ................................................................... 4
Shallow Hazard/Sparker Survey - Offshore ............. 4
Site - Offshore ........................................................ 4
Site - Platform/Structure ............................................. 4

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Table of Contents
(Continued)
Chapter 22
Testing
Testing ........................................................................... 2
General ................................................................. 2
DST Operations ...................................................... 2
Extended Well Testing ........................................... 2

Chapter 23
Bits/Hole Openers/Underreamers
Bits ...................................................................................... 2
General ................................................................. 2
Rock Bits - Mill Tooth ............................................ 2
Rock Bits - Insert ....................................................... 3
Polycrystalline Diamond (PDC) Bits ....................... 3
Diamond Bits ....................................................... 5
Other - Coring, etc. Bits ............................................. 6
Operational Procedures ............................................. 6
Hole Openers .................................................................. 11
General .................................................................. 11
Types .................................................................. 11
Operational Procedures ............................................. 12
Underreamers .................................................................. 13
General .................................................................. 13
Types .................................................................. 14
Operational Procedures ............................................. 15

Chapter 24
Logistics (Will be provided later) ............................................ 1

Chapter 25
Wellhead Equipment
Wellhead Equipment ....................................................... 3
Surface Wellhead Equipment ............................................ 3
General .................................................................. 3
SOW/Braden Head ....................................................... 3
Casing Spools/Casing Hanger .................................. 4
Tubing Head/Tubing Hanger .................................. 5
Xmas Tree .................................................................. 6
Subsea Wellhead Equipment ............................................. 7
General .................................................................. 7
Temporary Guide Base ............................................. 7
Permanent Guide Base ............................................. 8

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Table of Contents
(Continued)
Wellhead Housing ....................................................... 8
Casing Hangers/Seal Assemblies ....................... 9
Running Procedures/Testing Tools ....................... 10
Abandonment Caps ............................................ 10
Subsea Xmas Trees ............................................ 11
Mudline Suspension Equipment ............................................ 12
General .................................................................. 12
Buttweld Sub ....................................................... 12
Casing Hanger ....................................................... 12
Running Procedures ............................................ 13
Abandonment Caps/Tie-back Reentry ....................... 13

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1.0 RESPONSIBILITIES

1.1 Halliburton Field Organization Chart

1.2 Halliburton Drilling Project Manager

1.3 Halliburton Drilling IS Coordinator / Drilling Engineer

1.4 Halliburton Materials Superintendent

1.5 Rig Contractor’s Superintendent

1.6 Halliburton Drilling Supervisor

1.7 Rig Contractor Senior Representative

1.8 Halliburton Wellsite Drilling Engineer

1.9 Halliburton and Other Service Company Personnel

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1.0 RESPONSIBILITIES

Represented below is a typical organization chart. Actual relationship will be defined on a

project by project basis.

1.1 Halliburton Drilling Organization Chart

Client

Halliburton Drilling
Project Manager

Halliburton Drilling IS Coordinator / Halliburton Materials

Drilling Engineer Superintendent

Rig Contractor Office

Superintendent

Rig Contractor
Senior
Halliburton Drilling Field
Supervisor
Representative

Halliburton Wellsite Halliburton Service

Other Rig Other Service
Drilling Engineer Company
Crew Personnel Companies
(if applicable) Specialists & Crew

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1.2 Halliburton Drilling Project Manager

The Halliburton Drilling Project Manager is located at the operations base/office and has
overall responsibility for management of the drilling operation for the client’s project.

The Halliburton Drilling IS Coordinator reports to the Halliburton Drilling Project

Manager. Additionally, the base and materials control functions are coordinated by the
Halliburton Materials Superintendent which reports to the Halliburton Drilling Project
Manager.

The Drilling Project Manager supports Halliburton policies and reviews and approves
proposed changes to the well program, as necessary.

Coordinates with the Client and administers Halliburton’s contractual obligations for the
drilling phase of the Client’s project.

Maintains familiarity with the aims and objectives of the well, permit requirements and
liaisons with the Exploration department and the client for any necessary changes in the
well program.

1.3 Halliburton Drilling IS Coordinator / Drilling Engineer

The Halliburton Drilling IS Coordinator is located at the operations base/office and reports
to the Halliburton Project Manager.
His primary responsibilities are:

• Coordinates project requirements with operational requirements of the rig site.

Implements drilling program and recommends actions or proposed changes to the well
program.
• Coordinates response to emergency situations at the rig site (informs local government
authorities, etc.).
• Enforces Halliburton operating policies and recommends modifications to this policy
when necessary.
• Visit site as necessary and to audit rig and third parties safety/efficiency and contract
compliance.

1.4 Halliburton Materials Superintendent

The Halliburton Materials Superintendent is located at the operations base and works
closely with the Halliburton Drilling Supervisor/Drilling IS Coordinator/Project Team
(admin, finance, etc.)
The Materials Superintendent is responsible for the timely procurement and shipping of all
equipment and materials to the rig site as required. He also administers the warehousing

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facilities and necessary personnel for material shipments and ensures an accurate stock
control system.
He is also responsible for ensuring that all local materials related regulatory requirement
are met and inspection certificates, special documentation (eg. explosive goods
movements) DOT plackarding MSDS sheets and customs requirements are correct and
included with the materials to be sent to the rig site. He liaisons with the Drilling IS
Coordinator and the Drilling Supervisor to ensure timely delivery of equipment and
materials. The Materials Superintendent must authorize all shipments from service
companies and suppliers to the supply base.

1.5 Rig Contractor’s Superintendent

The Rig Contractor’s Superintendent is the overall Rig Contractor representative at the
local office level and must ensure that all necessary drilling contractor personnel under his
supervision are familiar with, and comply with, Halliburton's drilling practices and well
control policies. This should be regarded as a minimum standard.
It is the Rig Superintendent's duty to report directly to the Halliburton Drilling is
Coordinator at the operations base/office on all aspects of the drilling operations under his
responsibility.
It is the responsibility of the Rig Superintendent to insure that:
• To ensure that all drilling and well control equipment is in working order, regularly
maintained and properly tested to the requirements of Halliburton and that sufficient
spares and back-up materials are available at the rig site to ensure the continuous
integrity of all equipment.
• To ensure that all rig crews receive adequate training to enable them to carry out their
jobs safely and efficiently.
• Handle other items relating to the contractor’s equipment and labor.

1.6 Halliburton Drilling Supervisor

The Halliburton Drilling Supervisor is the senior designated Halliburton representative at
the rig site, and is responsible to his line manager (Drilling IS Coordinator) at the
Halliburton base/office. The Drilling Supervisor is responsible for program execution at
the wellsite. Where a Drilling IS Coordinator is not required, the Drilling Engineer will
fulfill his duties, and thus be the line manager to the Drilling Supervisor.
The Drilling Supervisor supervises the overall operation at the rig site, to ensure personnel
and equipment perform the tasks required in a safe, cost effective and Halliburton accepted
method. He is the only Halliburton representative who can authorize written detailed
instructions (derived from the drilling program) to the Rig Contractor’s responsible
representative at the field site.
During periods when no drilling related (ie, well testing) activity occurs, the Halliburton
nominated specialists advise the Drilling Supervisor. Overall supervision of the rig site
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remains with the Drilling Supervisor who will coordinate activity and request actions from
Halliburton and other contractors. The Drilling IS Coordinator must ensure that all parties
realize their responsibility to report all relevant details to the Drilling Supervisor during
these periods.
The Drilling Supervisor maintains communication with the Halliburton operations
base/office via accurate and concise daily verbal and written reporting of relevant rig site
events.
The Drilling Supervisor must ensure the well program is followed as closely as practicable,
without compromising Halliburton policies. Where the Drilling Supervisor feels that a
change is appropriate, the Halliburton Drilling IS Coordinator must be contacted prior to
the change, unless an immediate decision is absolutely necessary.
Generally, all activities such as personnel movement, materials movement and cooperation
between the various groups of both the Rig Contractor’s, Halliburton’s service companies
and other service company’s personnel are coordinated and facilitated by the Drilling
Supervisor
The Drilling Supervisor personally supervises critical rig operations. He is assisted by the
rig site Drilling Engineer.

1.7 Rig Contractor Senior Representative

The Rig Contractor Senior Representative is the Rig Contractor primary representative at
the rig site and must ensure that all necessary drilling contractor personnel are familiar
with, and comply with, Halliburton's drilling practices and well control policies. These
should be regarded as a minimum standard.
The Rig Contractor Senior Representative consults with the Drilling Supervisor on all
aspects of the drilling operations under his responsibility. He reports to the Rig
Contractor’s Superintendent.
It is the responsibility of the Rig Contractor Senior Representatives:

• That all drilling and well control equipment is in working order, regularly maintained
and properly tested to Halliburton’s specifications.
• To ensure that the drilling plan is carried out safely and efficiently by the contractor’s
rig personnel.

1.8 Halliburton Wellsite Drilling Engineer

A Halliburton wellsite Drilling Engineer will normally only be required for critical or high
risk wells. The primary function of the Wellsite Drilling Engineer is to plan for near-term
operations, identify opportunities for improving operations, forecast upcoming events and
assist in maximizing drilling efficiency.

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The Wellsite Drilling Engineer will finalize plans for near-term operations such as casing
and cement jobs and up coming hole sections. In finalizing near-term operational plans, the
Wellsite Drilling Engineer will seek input from the Drilling Supervisor, the Rig Contractor
Senior Representative, Halliburton and other service company personnel and relevant office
based personnel. As a means of maximizing communication between key service personnel
involved with near-term operations, the Wellsite Drilling Engineer will coordinate and chair
wellsite planning meetings. Finalized plans will generally be distributed in a written format
to key wellsite personnel in accordance with relevant document release procedures.

Upon completion of key operations (casing and cementing, directional drilling, coring,
logging jobs, etc.) the Wellsite Drilling Engineer will generally provide a written
engineering assessment of the job which identifies opportunities for improvement and
optimization. This assessment should include input from the Drilling Supervisor, the Rig
Contractor Senior Representative as well as key wellsite service company personnel. This
assessment should be sent to relevant office based personnel involved with drilling
operations planning.

The Wellsite Drilling Engineer should develop and maintain a 48 to 96 hour forecast of
upcoming operations. In developing this forecast, the Drilling Engineer should receive
input from the Drilling Supervisor, the Rig Contractor Senior Representative and key
wellsite service personnel.

As required, the Wellsite Drilling Engineer will assist the Drilling Supervisor in maximizing
drilling efficiency. Depending on the well type, maximizing drilling efficiency might include
conducting drill-off tests, assessing wellbore cleaning programs, correlating offset
information to the current well, plotting leak-off tests, assessing mud properties, QA/QC of
directional surveys, monitoring wellbore collision avoidance efforts, assessing pore
pressure trends, performing casing and cementing calculations, performing squeeze and
remedial cementing calculations and analyzing logs.

The Drilling Supervisor and Wellsite Drilling Engineer should work together to ensure that
operational tasks are carried out at the wellsite. Depending on the area and well type,
these tasks might include:
1. Generating daily drilling reports.
2. Calculating daily and accumulative well costs.
3. Plotting drilling trends, i.e. days vs. depth, mud properties, torque and drag trends,
inclinations and azimuth, doglegs, connection and trip gas trends, etc.
4. Maintaining well control trip margins.
5. Ensuring that trip sheets are properly fill out by the driller.
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6. Recording slow circulating rates, BOP tests and BOP drills.

7. Maintaining POB reports.
8. Completing operational reports and returning these to the office as soon as practically
possible. Depending on the area and well type, these reports might include: final casing
tallies, primary casing cementation report, directional surveys, bit report, daily mud sheet,
mud logging report, geological report, IADC report, BHA form, and solids control report.
9. Documenting accidental drilling discharges (e.g., mud, cement, fuel, waste water
discharges) and forwarding discharge reports to relevant office personnel as soon as
practically possible
10. Filling out accident and incident reports and forwarding to relevant office personnel. as
soon as practically possible.
11. For development wells, ensuring that anti-collision scans are conducted in accordance
with collision avoidance procedures and polices.
12. Maintaining a current list of all Halliburton owned, rental and consignment equipment
at the rig site is maintained
13. Maintaining an accurate record of rig site stocks.
14. Organizing a filing system of pertinent information. Such information would include:

• Current well file, with sections on tubular tallies, cementing jobs, mud reports and
inventory, BOP and wellhead details, etc.
• Daily Drilling Report file.
• Material movements and cost (if required) file.
• Well Program (with current amendments, if applicable).
• Communications In and Out file.
• Technical/Procedures information (liner hanger procedures etc) for relevant equipment.
• Documentation of suggested operational improvements.

1.9 Halliburton and Other Service Company Personnel

Halliburton and other service company personnel at the rig site are directly responsible to
the Halliburton Drilling Supervisor.

All service company personnel are to coordinate their required services and equipment and
perform their tasks in the well program in a safe and cost efficient manner. These personnel
must advise the Halliburton Drilling Supervisor on planning and execution of their services
and obtain approval from the Halliburton Drilling Supervisor should changes be necessary.

All service company personnel are also responsible for maintaining adequate stocks of their
materials and equipment, including back-up equipment if necessary, and advising the
Drilling Supervisor should additional re-stocking of materials be required.
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2.0 GENERAL DRILLING RIG SAFETY PRACTICES

2.1 SAFETY RESPONSIBILITY

2.1.1 Halliburton Drilling IS Coordinator

2.1.2 Halliburton Drilling Supervisor

2.1.3 Drilling Contractor’s Rig Superintendent/Senior Representative

2.2 Emergency Situations Response

2.2.1 Emergency Drills and Exercises

2.2.2 Emergency Situation Response and Procedures Plans (Rig Site)

2.2.3 Emergency Situation Response and Procedures Plans (Halliburton

Office)

2.3 Incident/Accident Reporting and Follow Up Procedure

2.4 Safety Meetings

2.5 Permit to Work System

2.6 Rig Component and Equipment Safety Requirements

2.6.1 General

2.6.2 Derrick

2.6.3 Drawworks, Rotary, Hose, Swivel, Kelly

2.6.4 Crown Block, Traveling Block, Hook, Drilling line

2.6.5 Slips

2.6.6 Tongs

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2.6.7 Spinning Chain

2.6.8 Iron Roughneck

2.6.9 Elevators

2.6.10 Air Hoist/Tugger

2.6.11 Pumps

2.6.12 Mud Pits

2.6.13 Sack Store/ Chemical Storage Area

2.6.14 Electrical Installations

2.6.15 Well Control

2.6.15.1 Diverter Drilling

2.6.15.2 Blow Out Preventer Equipment and Procedures

2.6.15.3 BOP Control System

2.6.15.4 Pressure Testing

2.6.16 Drilling Lifting Equipment Certification and Inspection

2.7 General Rig Working Practices

2.7.1 Well Servicing

2.7.1.1 General

2.7.1.2 Cementing

2.7.1.3 Hydraulic Fracturing

2.7.1.4 Acidization

2.7.1.5 Procedures and Requirements for using Nitrogen

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2.7.2 Safe Practices in Handling/ Mixing Chemicals

2.7.3 Radioactive Materials Handling and Procedures

2.7.4 Explosives Utilization

2.7.5 Hydrogen Sulfide Safety, General

2.7.5.1 Well Planning and Equipment Requirements for H 2S wells

2.7.5.2 H2S Monitoring and Alarms Systems

2.7.5.3 Breathing Apparatus and General Safety Equipment

2.7.5.4 H2S Drills

2.7.5.5 H2S Alarm States and Actions

2.7.6 Shale Shakers

2.7.7 Mud Pump and Mud Pits

2.7.8 Drill Floor and Catwalk

2.7.9 Derrick, Monkey Board and Stabbing Board

2.7.10 Cranes and Pipe Rack area

2.7.11 General Policy for Mechanical and Electrical Work

2.8 Tool and Equipment Utilization

2.8.1 Hand Tools

2.8.2 Hammers

2.8.3 Power Tools

2.8.4 Air Tools

2.8.5 Electric Tools

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2.8.6 Rigging Practices

2.9 DRILLING SITE PREPARATION (TYPICAL-LAND)

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2.0 GENERAL DRILLING RIG SAFETY PRACTICES

Halliburton policy is that Safety considerations are of primary importance in all phases of
the drilling operation. It also states that HES adheres to all local regulations regarding
safety and will as a minimum standard adopt industry standard good working practice.

2.1 Safety Responsibility

It is the responsibility of all drilling operations related personnel to conduct operations in a
safe manner. It is the responsibility of the Contractor’s Senior Representative and
Halliburton Drilling Supervisor that this is understood and complied with at the rig site.

2.1.1 Halliburton Drilling Coor dinator

High Drilling Department safety standards are achieved by a well managed and trained
personnel using properly selected and maintained equipment according to the planned
drilling program. Proper planning and good communications are vital if this goal is to be
achieved. It is the responsibility of the Halliburton Drilling IS Coordinator/Drilling
Coordinator to achieve this in a cost effective way.
The Drilling Coordinator is directly responsible for high standards of safety at the rig site
and shall:

• Develop the safety program and specify targets for improvement. This would include
improved contingency planning and continued training.
• Monitor and review safety performance and issues, in conjunction with other
department heads.
• Inform and encourage subordinates to ensure sincere commitment to safety throughout
the whole operation.
• Personally audit the rig site safety performance, in conjunction with Rig Contractor
Safety Representative.

2.1.2 Halliburton Drilling Supervisor

The Halliburton Drilling Supervisor is responsible for implementation of company safety
policy and government regulations at the rig site. The following are some of the
responsibilities of the Halliburton Drilling Supervisor:

• All employees receive safety introduction upon arrival at the well site and are further
instructed by their supervisor while working.
• Contingency plans are tested thoroughly and drills and are fully understood.
• Injury to personnel is prevented by inspections, hazard identification and the use of safe
working practices.

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• Damage to equipment and the environment is prevented through inspections, hazard

identification and the use of safe working practices.
• If hazards are identified, then corrective action is taken immediately.
• That the correct safety equipment for the job is being used by all personnelall
at times.
• That all accidents and/or incidents are reported and audited.
• A permit to work system operates for all Non-routine hazardous work.
• Safety meetings are conducted on a daily basis and minute recorded. Briefer, in-situ
safety meetings including Halliburton, Rig Contractor and service company personnel
involved, should be held prior to any non-routine operation.

2.1.3 Drilling Rig Contractor’s Superintendent / Senior Representative

The Rig Contractor’s Superintendent/Senior Representative ensures that the line of
responsibility dictated by seniority amongst the rig crew functions to ensure drilling and
associated operations are conducted in a way which protects the health and safety of
personnel and the immediate surrounding environment. To this end he must :

• Instruct his subordinates with respect to work methods and ensure they follow a similar
method with their subordinates.
• Follow the Halliburton Safety policies and procedures (as set out in this document and
any other relevant documents which are noted by Halliburton) and implement his own
companies procedures.
• Conduct investigations into recordable incidents, suggest and implement
methods/practices to avoid re-occurrence and ensure all required documentation is
completed properly and distributed correctly.
• Act as chairman for the regular safety meetings.
• Ensure that regular rig equipment safety checks are properly conducted and that any
other ad-hoc required work (required by regulatory authorities) is completed in
reasonable time and to the proper standards.

2.2 Emergency Situations Response

2.2.1 Emergency Drills and Exercises

Drills are for the purpose of training personnel, demonstrating their ability to act effectively
in the simulated situation and testing the equipment used. They must be conducted safely,
and to this end are never held without notice of intent. As far as possible, they must involve
all available personnel on the rig site. Drill types conducted at the rig site are as follows:

• Well Kick/Pit drill

• Fire drills (including fire team Breathing Apparatus drills)

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• H2S drills
• Stretcher/Medical emergency drills
It is Halliburton’s, the Rig Contractor’s and all service company’s responsibility to ensure
that the pre-requisite training is supplied for its own personnel. For example, all rig
personnel will be trained in basic fire fighting, and rig contractor pre-designated fire teams
will have specific training, including team leadership etc. Examples of other required
training include Well Control certification for Rig Superintendent, Senior Contractor
Representative, Drillers and Assistant Drillers.
Drills reflect possible emergency scenarios and will thus reflect the contingency plan for
that scenario. The frequency of drills will depend on crew efficiency, but at least one drill
type per tower will be conducted. Specific drills will be conducted when possible hazards
are prognosed on a well (i.e. prior to the penetration of an 2HS zones).
A Drill Efficiency Report must be compiled on the emergency drills and exercises
completed and returned to the Halliburton and Rig Contractors bases. This report will
record speed and ability assessments, along with specific notes on points which need
improvement, and the success with which previous points have been addressed. A note of
the type and quality/duration of drill must be entered on the IADC Daily Drilling Report.
Drills are not confined solely to the rig site, as specific responses to emergencies require
demonstrated capability at the Contractor’s and Halliburton base/office. The contingency
response at the base requires demonstration and testing in the same way that it does at the
rig site and is of equal importance in support of the rig operation.

2.2.2 Emergency Situation Response and Procedures Plan s (Rig Site)

Site specific major emergency response plans for fire/explosion, toxic gas/material release
(environment impacting incident) , well control, medical emergency, rig evacuation shall be
available at the rig site. They describe the incident, and the organization and response of
teams which deal with it. The plan is conceived and put in place jointly by the Drilling
Contractor and Halliburton.
A list of personnel for the rig site to contact (the order in which to contact them) and the
format and content of the contact must be clearly defined for each situation. It is
particularly important that the instructions with respect to reporting the category of
emergency are specific and defined, and that immediate contact with the base is made
regardless of time etc. It is recommended that a decision tree be constructed to guide the
Halliburton Drilling Supervisor and Rig Contractor representatives as to what actions are
required for each emergency situation, with respect to contacting the base (note that the
Halliburton Drilling Supervisor may be a consultant).
A list of names and numbers of phone/radio contacts (local hospital, company doctor,
materials/transport expediter, local government authorities, on-call weekend manager,
drilling IS Coordinator, service company contacts, etc.) relevant to emergencies are to be
updated as required.
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2.2.3 Emergency Response and Procedures Plan (Halliburton’s Office)

An emergency procedures plan detailing the planned response to all likely emergencies by
the Halliburton office personnel must be set in place prior to commencement of operations.
This plan details personnel responsibilities, substitute personnel, actions required and
formats of details required to fulfill company policy requirements and government
legislative requirements. The following points must be addressed:

• communications protocol, communications equipment and personnel, emergency

situation communications logging, referral of vital and non-vital calls.
• office personnel responsibilities
• emergency situation actions check lists for various requirements (provision of supplies
and transport, provision of emergency personnel and administrative facilities, provision
of emergency services and contacts in the field of safety and environment, authority for
notification of outside organizations, etc. by Halliburton management).
• emergency situation log format (time and actions taken, by whom, et al.).

2.3 Incident/Accident Reporting and Follow Up Procedures

Within this document, an incident is considered to be an event which could have caused
injury or illness. An accident is an event which did cause injury or illness (of whatever
magnitude). Both incidents and accidents are reportable to Halliburton.
The minimum required reporting format is that which meets local government and Rig
Contractor regulations. The Company will review this procedure. The Accident/Incident
Report form must contain the following:

• Rig location, time and date of accident or incident.

• Number of injuries/fatalities/personnel involved, if any.
• Type of accident/incident.
• Job title of personnel involved.
• Medical injuries sustained and cause of death if applicable.
• Details of the accident/incident including; what the person was doing immediately prior
to the incident, if the work was/was not conducted under the permit to work system,
how it happened, where it happened, the surrounding environmental conditions
(lighting, sea state, etc.), any contributory factors, independent eye witness statement,
if available or applicable.
• Corrective action taken
The report form must be completed as soon as practically possible and forwarded to the
Halliburton offices within 48 hours (preferably by secure fax ASAP and also by post).
A monthly summary of safety statistics should be compiled and forwarded by the Rig
Contractor, and consists of the following:
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• Number of personnel assigned to the rig and man hours worked

• Number of Fatalities, (if any), lost time accidents, incidents requiring medical attention
but not lost time accidents, Number of days away from work resulting from lost time
accidents etc.
A request to the Rig Contractor for compiled safety statistics of this type and in this format
can be used to assess his safety record. This may be incorporated in the Invitation to
Tender documentation, or requested prior to the finalization of a contract, and would assist
in rig selection evaluation criteria.

2.4 Safety Meetings

Three types of safety meetings are recognized:

1. Regular (normally each tour) Safety Meeting, held for all available crew and probably
after a Safety Drill (as topics arising from the drill may be on the agenda). The meeting
will review any recent accidents/incidents and encourage personnel to continually
"audit" their own particular work area as well as the overall rig. All meetings should
encourage two way interactions between Rig Supervisors and crew and should
particularly encourage Halliburton, the Rig Contractor’s and all service personnel to
take part. Personnel should be encouraged to express concerns and make suggestions.
As some personnel may not wish to express concerns and suggestions openly at the
meeting, they should be invited to forward these in writing to the Rig
Superintendent/Senior Contractor Representative.
The regular safety meeting will be led by a line supervisor and minutes will be taken by
a responsible person. The minutes will be approved by the Halliburton Drilling
Supervisor and the Contractor’s Rig Superintendent/Senior Representative and
returned to Halliburton’s/Rig Contractor’s offices.
2. Operational Safety Meetings, held prior to a specific operation (e.g. casing running) for
the crew involved, to outline requirements and issues specific to the operation.
3. "On the Spot" Safety Meetings. These may be called by a responsible line supervisor
(e.g. Driller on the drill floor) to immediately correct an unsafe practice. These
meetings should bebrief but directed at educating personnel.
Note that the instigator must ensure the work area is made safe prior to the meeting
and that monitoring of the suspended activity is maintained during the meeting.

2.5 Permit to Work System

A permit to work system shall be administered by the Rig Contractor and endorsed by
Halliburton Drilling Supervisor for work such as hot work, confined space entry, explosive
handling, radioactive materials handling etc.

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The individual responsible for the permit system shall review, co-ordinate and monitor the
system. He shall have access to information and equipment enabling him to instruct the
applicant on required safety actions, such as occupational safety instructions on elevated
work areas, etc.
The permit shall specify what type of work is to be conducted, where it will be conducted,
when it will start, how long it should take, and details of precautions to be taken. The
permit will only last up to the end of the tour of the individual who applied for the permit
(normally maximum 12 hours) and is definitely not transferable. Once work has been
completed, the permit must be returned to the permit system administrator, so that
restrictions on other activities placed into effect to enable the work to be carried out, may
be lifted.
The supervisor responsible for the system shall confirm that the work has been
satisfactorily completed and that the work area has been left in a safe condition. All
documentation shall be retained for at least 12 months.
Under the control of hazardous energy sources, a Lock Out/ Tag Out procedure shall be
operated. The system prevents injuries due to the unexpected energization, start-up or
release of stored energy during the service or maintenance of equipment. It shall be
administered via the supervisor responsible for the permit to work system, as part of the
permit system.

2.6RIG COMPONENT AND EQUIPMENT SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

The intent of this section is to provide general safety guidelines for familiarization purposes
and in no way supersedes the rig contractors safety standards or is intended to be
comprehensive in scope.

2.6.1 General
As rig equipment varies, the following may or may not be directly applicable to the
Contractor’s rig. However, the Rig Superintendent should ensure that equivalent safety
requirements are applied to the actual equipment on the rig.
On the rig, the Rig Contractor’s drilling crew are responsible for drilling operations and
maintenance of all components of the rig. A regular Preventative Maintenance Schedule
conducted by the rig contractor is considered to be an essential part of this activity, and is
the responsibility of the Rig Contractor Superintendent/Senior Representative and his
specialist crew (Rig Mechanic, Rig Electrician etc.). This schedule should be logged in
such a way that the Rig Contractor Superintendent/Senior Representative can easily check
the status of maintenance required, when it is next due, who conducted it last etc.
A regular inspection, weekly or more frequent if necessary, should be carried out by the
Halliburton Drilling Supervisor and Rig Contractor’s Superintendent/Senior
Representative, preferably together, and would inspect the following:

• Personal protective equipment.

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• BOP equipment and controls.

• Lifting equipment and hoisting gear.
• Walkways, handrails, guards, ladders, gratings and loose covers.
• Warning signs and notices.
• First aid and medical facilities.
• Communications equipment and capabilities.
• Emergency response equipment.

2.6.2 Derrick
After raising a derrick, it must be visually inspected as per API Std 4E/ IADC Drilling
Manual Section L3. It should then be checked on a regular basis, and after any shock
loading due to jarring or working on stuck pipe.
Periodic checks on the verticality (plumb) of the derrick and the centrality of the rotary
table over the hole should be made to prevent eccentric loading causing derrick failure. The
integrity of the foundations should also be monitored and maintained.
Supporting lines (Guy lines) shall be installed as required by the derrick manufacturer, or
according to the API standard 4E for land based operations.
A well constructed pipe racking support designed to completely enclose the pipe. Pipe
racking fingers should have safety lines attached and secured to prevent any finger from
falling should it be broken off.
Stands of pipe should be tied back in the fingerboard as they are racked so that it does not
shift because of wind pressure or other reasons and cause unnecessary strain on the derrick
or mast.
An auxiliary means of escape is required from the principal inside derrick platform of a
standard derrick. This auxiliary means of escape should be a specially rigged line that an
employee can use if a blowout or other emergency should cut off his escape by way of the
derrick ladder. Escape lines should be located and secured to a clear area. Escape lines
typically lead from the derrick or mast to form an angle no greater than 45 degrees with
the ground. The lines need substantial anchoring, because force at the derrick and anchor
ends is very great when a large mass, such as a descending Derrickman, is suspended at
midpoint.
Every derrick should be equipped with a ladder or ladders to provide access from the rig
floor to the derrick platform and to each intervening derrick platform. No ladder should
lean backwards from the vertical. All ladders are to have guard rails.
Platforms should be provided inside the derrick at each elevation where any employee is
normally required to handle pipe or other equipment that is racked in the derrick. The
working edge of inside platforms should have sufficient clearance for reasonably safe
passage of the traveling block, and it should permit the employee who works on the
platform to work with the elevator safely. Inside derrick platforms (except the monkey
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board) should completely cover the space from the working edge back to the derrick
frame. The monkey board and other platforms should be secured to the derrick with bolts
or equivalent fastenings in order to resist shifting or accidental dislodging.
A climbing belt with counterbalance weight is recommended for derrickmen to assist in
ascending to the work station. Such devices may be equipped with a friction element to
prevent rapid descent.
Current practice dictates that no one work at any level above 2m or 6 ft without wearing a
derrick safety belt, complete with shoulder harness, with a lifeline no longer than 1.5 or 5 ft
securely fastened to both the belt and the derrick or mast.
Derrick safety belts and inertia reel lifelines should be maintained in good condition. They
should be carefully inspected at regular intervals, and damaged belts or lines replaced
immediately. Derrick safety belts should be adjusted by the wearer to fit as comfortably as
possible. The lifeline, whose minimum thickness should be 5/8 inch, is nylon or braided
rope and should be securely fastened to some part of the derrick in a way that allows the
worker to move as required but to have no excess slack.
Prior to operation, the stabbing board must be checked for operation and safety. The check
list should include the hoisting system, safety stops, emergency brake and safety
harness/harness mooring point. As good visual contact between Driller and stabbing board
are vital during the casing/tubing running operation, obstructions must be removed.

2.6.3 Drawworks, Rotary, Hose, Swivel, Kelly

Drawworks and rotary should not have exposed keyways or keys that could catch clothing.
Drawworks and rotary gears should be enclosed by well constructed metal guards; it is
important that these guards be in place any time the machinery is in motion. Operating
levers must be clearly marked.
The drawworks should be regularly and rigorously inspected for component wear,
operability of safety features (e.g. cooling water pressure indicator), etc. The manual and
automatic operation of the Crown-O-Matic should also be verified daily.
The standpipe end of a drilling or rotary hose should be securely fastened to the derrick by
a cable of not less than 5/8 inch diameter or by a wire of not less than 1/2 inch thick and a
clamp arrangement on the hose. The swivel end of hose should be secured by a similar
clamp and wire rope or chain arrangement attached to the body of the swivel. The cable or
chain should not be attached to the swivel gooseneck.
An air powered kelly spinner is a safer device to turn the kelly when making a connection
than is a spinning chain and is recommended. It produces a more positive turning action,
requires no physical labor, and can turn the kelly without the aid of the Floormen. In case
of a well kick, with mud flowing from inside the drill pipe, a kelly spinner can be used to
make up the kelly in the drill pipe quickly despite the flying mud.
For the inspection schedule of individual components of lifting equipment, refer to Section
2.6.16, 'Drilling Lifting Equipment Certification and Inspection'.
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2.6.4 Crown Block, Traveling Block, Hook, Drilling Line

Crown block assemblies on standard derricks should be securely bolted in place; the
bearing caps should be firmly bolted to prevent the sheaves from jumping out of the
housings and falling. The sheaves of every traveling block should be guarded with suitable
heavy metal nip point guards, designed to enclose the sheaves. The sheave groove should
be checked for tolerance/wear.
Traveling block sheave guards should be securely fastened to the block and arranged to
prevent an employee's hand from being drawn into the nip point, where the hoisting line
begins contact with the sheaves. Wooden bumper blocks should be installed under the
water table at the crown to prevent possible damage to sheaves or drilling line if the
traveling block is raised too high. The Crown-O-Matic (as previously mentioned) must be
operable. An audio and visual sign must alarm immediately prior to the Crown-O-Matic
operating, to warn the Driller that further raising the traveling block will cause the crown-
o-matic to operate, thus setting the brake (bringing the break handle down rapidly, which
has caused accidents in the past).
Every drilling hook should be equipped with a well constructed and securely fastened
safety latch or other device to prevent the load from being disengaged from the hook.
The drilling hook latches should be in the closed position while round trips are being made.
Safety latches on hooks should be firmly closed and locked so that a jar from the elevator
links cannot drive a latch aside and unhook the links. Manufacturers wear limit
recommendations should be checked on a regular basis for the hook assembly (e.g. elevator
link and link ear contact surface radii).
The kelly should remain in the rathole until the hook has been made secure in the swivel
bail in order to prevent the kelly bail from unhooking while lifting or lowering the swivel
and kelly.
The drilling line should be smoothly wrapped on the hoisting drum to ensure even spooling.
The end of the drilling line should be secured to the hoisting drum with a clamp fastener
equal in strength to at least the breaking strength of the line. The drill line should be
frequently inspected for worn or broken wires due to corrosion or other damage and
monitoring of ton miles for regular slip and cut must be conducted by a contractor
nominated employee. A hoisting line under load should not be permitted to be in direct
contact with any derrick member or stationary equipment. A suitable number of wraps
should remain on the drawworks drum to stop shock loading of the clamping device. The
required number of turns is noted in the manufacturers manual.
Hoisting lines (refer to API RP 9B) should be anchored on the dead end by means of a
cylinder or drum around which two or more turns can be made before the end of the line is
clamped by an arrangement at least equal in strength to the breaking strength of the line.
Suitable bolts or retainers should be provided to keep the deadline loops on the anchor
from jumping off if slack develops. The hook-load monitoring system (hydraulic) should be
regularly checked at the deadline load cell, and the measuring device (e.g. Martin Decker
indicator, with the correct number of lines on the block being indicated).
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2.6.5 Slips
Slips should not be kicked into place as this may result in damage to the drill pipe. Drill
pipe slips must be maintained in good condition and used on the size of pipe that they fit.
Worn slips may permit the pipe to drop, with subsequent damage to the pipe and hazard to
the employees. Mis-fitting slips may gouge, scar or otherwise damage the pipe.
Slip handles should be short enough so that they do not project beyond the inner edge of
the metal step around the top outer edge of the rotary table when the slips are in position
to hold the pipe in the rotary table. The rotary drive bushing should also be checked for
wear as this can reduce effectiveness of slips.
Air powered slips are safest to use and less apt to damage the drill pipe. They eliminate the
physical exertion of pulling and setting the slips when tripping the drill stem. Slips and dies
shall be frequently checked for wear and replaced when worn.
A dog collar must be securely fitted to support loads which may not be effectively
supported by slips, but should be removed if the item is to be racked back in the derrick..
Slip handles should be tied together if there is a likelihood of the pipe jumping and
releasing the slips (e.g. backing off).

2.6.6 Tongs
The use of tongs requires certain safety measures. Breakout and makeup tong counter
balance weights should be placed near the derrick leg and suspended above or beneath the
derrick floor. Vertical travel of about 2.5 of 8 ft should be provided, and guards should be
arranged to prevent crew members from accidental contact with lines or weights. The tong
counterbalance suspension lines etc. are classified as lifting devices and thus should be
regularly inspected and certified with color codes as slings/shackle pins etc.
Breakout and makeup tongs must be correct size, rating and snubbed with safety lines to
anchor posts attached to the substructure rather than to the derrick legs. Three cable
clamps must be used on the ends of each safety line. Safety lines should anchor the tongs
in such fashion that they cannot rotate completely around the drill pipe in the rotary. A
crew member caught within the arc of the handles can suffer serious injury. The safety
lines should be attached so as to permit handles of the tongs to have a wide angle when the
tongs are latched onto pipe in the rotary. Back-up posts should be regularly inspected, as
the consequences of failure are extremely serious.
Unless backup jaws are built in, power tongs should be equipped with safety lines similar to
those provided for regular tongs. Spinning tongs should be fitted with a safety line to hold
backup torque, whether making up or spinning out.
Air powered tongs are safer to operate than a spinning chain for making up drill pipe.

2.6.7 Spinning Chain

It is the policy of Halliburton not to use spinning chains unless absolutely necessary. If this
method of make-up and break-out is not normally used by the contractor, and no
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experienced person is available to throw the chain and operate the catheads, it will not be
done under any circumstances.
Spinning chains should be of the proper length, without surplus, and maintained in good
condition. The tail end should be provided with a short (16 inch) length of manila or nylon
rope to provide a handhold on the end of the chain and reduce the chance of hand and
finger injuries.
The tong end of the cathead chain should tighten when the tong lever is completely stroked
back ready to tighten the tool joint, leaving about four turns of the spinning chain on the
pipe. No one should be permitted to operate a spinning chain without first being
thoroughly instructed in its use.
Roller guards should be properly placed relative to the makeup or spinning cathead to
prevent the cathead chain from coming into contact with the Driller. The spinning line
guideposts should be mounted on lubricated bearings to ensure ease of rotation and to
minimize friction on the spinning line or chain. Spinning catheads should be adjusted to
provide the line pull required to proper tool joint makeup and for free release when
disengaged.

2.6.8 Iron Roughneck

The use of a iron roughneck for make-up and breakout of drill pipe is a much safer
operation than using conventional tongs. No dangerous safety lines are attached and all
clamping, rotating and holding of backup torque is an integral function of the system.
Jaws must be properly maintained to ensure there is no damage to the tool joints.
Operators of the roughneck must exercise care in correct placement of the jaws, closing of
the gates and keeping hands away from all moving parts. In particular, operators should
only attempt to close the jaw closest to them.

2.6.9 Elevators
Operations involving elevators is one of the major causes of accidents, with parts of the
body being trapped between pipe and elevator or in the elevator latch mechanism.
Elevators should be maintained in good condition (in accordance with API Standard 8A
and Recommended Practice 8B) and should be the right size and type for the drill pipe,
casing or tubing being handled. This should be physically checked by using a joint of pipe
and visually inspecting the elevator fit. The elevator hinge pin, hinge and latch mechanism
should be lubricated for ease of operation. Elevators bored for 18° shoulder pipe should
not be used for collar pipe, and vice versa.
Elevator links (bails) normally require very little maintenance except occasional lubrication
of the working surfaces between the links and the link arms.
Link arm wear should be checked by measuring the arm dimension supporting the links.
Also, elevators should be checked in line with the inspection of hoisting and lifting

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equipment policy, with MPI equipment for cracks or laminations. If the elevator bore is
worn excessively, the elevator should be reconditioned in the shop.
The elevator should be securely latched when a joint or stand of pipe is picked up, and the
Derrickman should be sure the latch has closed before allowing the pipe to swing toward
the rotary.

2.6.10 Air Hoist/Tugger

Air hoist pull capacity varies according to the effective pressure available, the number of
wraps on the drum, and the size of unit. Depending on the number of wraps on the drum,
air winch line pulls vary from about 0.5 tons or 1,000 lbs for a small unit to nominal pulls
of 5 tons or 10,000 lbs for the largest units.
For an air hoist, sometimes called a tugger, the usual wireline sizes are 1/2 inch for the
smaller units and 5/8 inch and 3/4 inch for the larger sizes. Heavy line pulls should not be
attempted when the drum is more than half full. When the hoisting line is spooled off the
drum, at least six wraps should be on the drum to avoid the line pulling out of the anchor
clamp on the drum.
Inspection of winches should address the following points:

• Check wire condition, looking for kinks, broken strands, flat spots, visible core, etc.
• Check condition of the wire termination (eye, condition and spacing of bulldog clips)
• Check condition and operation of the brake, rims and bands should be in good
condition and the brake linkage must operate freely.
• Check hook/safety catch/swivel
Air or hydraulic man riding winches should be provided with a guard over the drum to
prevent a crew member from being caught in the wireline. Such winches must be certified
for man riding. A tag indicating the winch as a man riding winch must be prominent on it,
and the SWL must also be displayed. The winch shall not have a free wheel capacity and
must operate with a fail safe brake.

2.6.11 Mud Pumps

Before any work is started on a mud pump, it shall be electrically (or
mechanically/hydraulically) isolated from its main power source by the Rig Electrician (or
Mechanic), and the local lock-out (of the DC motor of the mud pump, in the case of an
electrically powered pump) engaged. A notice must be hung, warning of maintenance in
progress. The pump shall also be hydraulically isolated from any feed, and the safety pop
off tripped.

2.6.12 Mud Pits

Steel mud pits or tanks should be provided with permanent stairs, walkways (gratings), and
handrails to permit access into the pit.
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Access into the pit will be conducted under the permit to work system, and standard
procedures will include isolation and tagging of the power supply to the agitators, roping
off the area where grating is removed and hanging of signs. An observer should stand by to
assist the person who entered the tank who should be instructed in the possible dangers
prior to doing so.
Mud conditioning equipment, shale shaker, desander, centrifuge, degasser, etc. should be
easily and safely accessed via the grating, but moving parts must be guarded while in
operation.
Protective clothing must be available, along with first aid facilities in the mud pit area.

2.6.13 Sack Store/Chemical Storage Area

A sack and drum storage area, for cementation and mud additives must contain a separate
enclosed and lockable area for potentially dangerous chemicals (caustic, etc.). Clear and
concise signs must show the index of standard chemical hazard symbols, for identification,
along with simple first aid instructions for personnel working in the area. A shower and eye
bath station, along with ear plugs, etc. must be available and regularly maintained.

2.6.14 Electrical Installations

Rig wiring should be installed so that it is protected from abrasion, trampling, or burning
by hot pipes. To prevent short circuits, it should be insulated to resist weather, chemicals,
and handling. It should be replaced if the insulation is damaged.
Fixed lamps on derricks should be equipped with reflectors or shields and located to
minimize glare or hindrance to vision. Lights in the derrick should be directed towards the
objects to be illuminated but away from the eyes of the Driller and Derrickman. No
floodlight should be mounted to cast a blinding light on anyone approaching or leaving the
derrick floors, the pump and pits, or the pipe rack area.
Snub chains should secure the fixtures to prevent lamps from falling should they become
detached or broken. Any hand lamp used in the area around a rig where gas may be
present should be an approved, explosion proof, vapor proof lamp with a guard. In non-
hazardous areas the same kind of equipment may be used; however, the use of an open
lamp with a guard is permissible in non-hazardous areas if they are free of explosive
vapors.
Enough electrical plug receptacles should be spaced around the rig to eliminate any need
for extremely long extension cords.
All lighting units, receptacles, and switches in the derrick and platform should be vapor and
explosion proof. They should be inspected frequently and maintained in good clean
working condition.

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2.6.15 Well Control

A detailed philosophy of well control procedures can be found in the Halliburton Well
Control Manual. Agreed procedures to be adopted at the rigsite will be documented prior
to operations commencing.

2.6.15.1 Diverter Drilling

A diverter system will be installed when formation strength limits the ability to shut in the
well. The system components will comply with the most recent update of API RP 53, with
relevance to both land and offshore well drilling. In particular, vent lines shall be as straight
as possible, properly supported and properly sized. The valve control system shall
automatically sequence, for simplicity of operation.
The philosophy for diversion must be fully understood by the drilling crew and the
response outlined in contingency procedures.

2.6.15.2 Blow Out Preventer Equipment and Procedures

General
BOP equipment systems shall conform to API RP 53 and Spec' 16A. A proper testing and
routine maintenance system shall be set in place.
The BOP stack(s) shall be pressure tested after installation and prior to drilling out the
casing shoe. Subsequent testing will then be conducted every 1-2 weeks, assuming
operations and governmental regulations allow. The well will not be jeopardized to
conduct a BOP test. A proper record of maintenance shall be kept for both scheduled and
unscheduled work, and kept in a BOP history file.
All BOP stack, wellhead, casing, drill pipe and tubing which is used on the well shall have a
maximum working pressure suitable (with the appropriate safety margins) for the maximum
anticipated surface pressure and temperature. Drilling operations will NOT under any
circumstances proceed until a function test of the stack is proven by a pressure test.
A suitable working platform surrounding the BOP with safety lines (inertia reel, etc.)
should be constructed.
Common points which should be addressed prior to the utilization of a stack include:

• BOP history availability

• BOP configuration
• Packing element suitability for the well planned (including potential H2S) , wear and rig
site storage
• Number of choke and kill lines (preferably 2 of each)

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2.6.15.3 BOP Control System

The BOP control system should be installed, tested and operated according to API RP 53
and the manufacturer’s specifications. In addition to the usual low air and fluid reservoir
level alarms, the following should be considered :

• Correct accumulator capacity

• Accumulator low pressure alarm
• Air driven hydraulic fluid charge pumps
• Electric driven hydraulic pump to be connected to the emergency generator
• Appropriate location of remote operating panel(s)
• Pressure test operating system to 3000 psi on regular basis if a by-pass valve is installed
on the unit

2.6.15.4 Pressure Testing

General points with respect to pressure testing are as follows :

• The lowest maximum test pressure component of the system determines the maximum
allowable test pressure.
• Visually inspect all equipment prior to test.
• Cordon off and hang danger notices where applicable.
• Notify all personnel of danger areas via public address via any other forms of
communication, if available.
• Never attempt to tighten, slacken or hammer on items under pressure.
• All hose connections should be jump chain or sling secured to secure the hose if a
connector fails
• Non-essential personnel to be evacuated from the danger area.
• Lines to be purged of gases/air to reduce the affects of explosive expansion if a leak
does occur. The volume tested should be minimized if possible.
• Prior to applying pressure, ensure all dummy components such as thread protectors are
removed.
• Pressure testing with plug or cup type testers must always be done with open ended
pipe and fluid filled pipe. This will rapidly indicate leak path and ensure the test tool
string is not launched by build up of pressure under the test tool.
• A low pressure test (21 bar or 300 psi is recommended) is necessary to confirm sealing.
Observe maximum initial pressures of only 14-35 bar or 200-500 psi.
• A pressure recorder should be used for all pressure tests. A pressure drop of 10% from
the initial static pressure is acceptable, provided that the reduced pressure remains
constant.

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• Test lines must be properly secured (ie snubbed and anchored) in case of an explosive
leak.
• Chiksans (steel hoses) with the Weco type hammer unions of various figures can be
mis-matched easily. It is recommended to standardize to one particular type (1002 or
1502).
• A pressure test will normally be conducted with water.

2.6.16 Drilling Lifting Equipment Certification and Inspection

All lifting equipment should be certified, marked with Safe Working Load and inspected
every 12 months. This applies to air winch lines, chains, hooks, swivels, shackles,
elevators, links, single joint elevators, slings or swivels attached to single joint elevators,
pulleys, sheaves, blocks, lifting eyes, chain hoists, overhead cranes etc.

The inspection of drilling lifting equipment is based in part on API RP 8B. Areas of
required practice covered include :
• Routine visual inspection in assembled condition, weekly
• Thorough cleaning and visual inspection in assembled condition after every rig move or
every month, whichever is first.
• An NDT inspection in disassembled condition as follows:
Every 6 months, Elevators, links, bails, lugs, spider, slips, tongues
Every 12 months, Kelly, Kelly cocks, Kelly Spinner, pin and box connections
Every 12 months, depending on service conditions, Traveling block, Hook, Swivel
Every 2 years, depending on service condition, Crown block and deadline anchor.
Note that if lifting equipment has been subjected to high dynamic loading, immediate
inspection is required.
The selection of wire rope (slings etc.) for lifting with adequate safety shall be guided by
API RP 9B, “Application, Care and Use” of Wire Rope for Oil Field Service'. When
operating near to the limit of loading dictated by the safety factor, care shall be taken to
minimize shock loading of the wire rope due to impacts of the object being lifted with other
objects. The roustabout crew will be informed by the crane driver in this event. Safety
factors for various wire rope are as follows :

Wire Rope Type Minimum Safety Factor

Sandline 3.0
Rotary Drilling Line 3.0
Mast Raising Line 2.5
Drilling Line When Running Casing 2.5
Drilling Line/ Working Stuck Pipe 2.0
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The Safety factor is calculated as follows:

S.F = { Nominal Strength wire rope/ Calculated Load }

2.7 General Rig Working Practices and Procedures

2.7.1 Well Servicing

2.7.1.1General
Operations such as cementing, perforating, well testing, fracturing, use of nitrogen and
acidizing shall be performed by Halliburton well service companies, if available.
While each Halliburton or other well service group has its own rules for safety on a
location, it must also abide by the rules of Halliburton. It is the Halliburton Drilling
Supervisor’s responsibility to ensure the service group or company operates safely on the
site and in no way endangers the drilling operation or personnel while there.
Before any well servicing operation starts, there should be a planning session between the
Halliburton service company personnel, the senior rig contractor, senior representative, the
Halliburton Drilling Supervisor and the Halliburton Well Service supervisor/specialist.
Points to be considered are:

• hazards of the site and of the service operation

• safe location of all equipment.
• planned scope of the work
Service equipment placement should take into account personnel safety and fire prevention.
The service company may be concerned about a clear approach for placing equipment, a
safe and clean working area, placement of stabbing board, pressure ratings of wellhead
equipment, personnel protective equipment to be used, posted information signs,
emergency equipment on hand and hazardous conditions and areas around the rig.

2.7.1.2 Cementing
The responsible person for the operation will be the service company senior representative
on site. The main safety requirements for cementing operations include:

• Requirements for securing lines and cement head applicable as per pressure testing
section.
• Positioning of HP discharge lines (not obscured or near to walk ways/ work areas etc.)
• Avoid long and/ or suspended spans of iron (steel hose) when possible on rig up.
• Use enough swivel joints on discharge lines to allow flexibility.

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• No one should be allowed to walk over pressured lines unless absolutely necessary.
The area containing potentially high pressured lines is to be cordoned off and a sign
posted for limited access.
• After the job, clean-up and make the area safe.
• All appropriate personnel are to utilize safety protective equipment (including hearing,
breathing and eyesight gear).
• Maintain adequate ventilation.
• Special procedures for anti-gas migration slurries as per the manufacturer’s
recommendations, with respect to mixing at the surface and circulation to surface after
the gas evolving process has occurred.

2.7.1.3 Hydraulic Fracturing

The main safety requirements for hydraulic fracturing operations include:

• The surface equipment should be hydraulically tested to a pressure in excess of the

expected maximum surface pressure.
• The piping, including vent lines, should be adequately anchored and must not transmit
hydraulic vibrations to the wellhead.
• Fire fighting equipment must be placed at strategic locations.
• Receiving vessels attached to relief or bleed off lines from the pump unit or wellhead
should be vented via a flare facility with a constant ignition apparatus.
• Combustible gas detectionequipment should be available at the pumping unit.
• Acid washing and acid fracturing operations should combine standard precautions
mentioned in the cementing and fracturing sections of this guideline. Acids and the
additives used with acid are corrosive and toxic and can cause severe burns on contact.
The fumes evolved can damage the mucus membrane even in very small quantities.
• The appropriate respirator, goggles, gloves, aprons and boots are to be available to
operating personnel and a supply of water and neutralizing agents is to be easily
available in the work area. Good housekeeping is vital as an unattended spill may cause
serious injury.
• A non-return valve should be placed as close as possible to the wellhead on the
discharge line, and a pressure test equal to maximum anticipated treatment pressure
conducted prior to the job.
• Prior to any mixing operations an announcement should be made on the address
system, warning of the danger and ordering all non essential personnel not to enter the
roped off and signed area.
• A communications system should exist between the stimulation services supervisor,
pump operator and the Halliburton Drilling Supervisor.

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• A hose-down team is to be available and properly protected with the appropriate

clothing to assist in the event of a spillage or accident.
• The Stimulation Services supervisor will ensure that the relevant chemical data sheets
are logged with the medic prior to the operation commencing.

2.7.1.4 Acidization
The responsible person for the operation will be the service company senior representative
on site. The main safety requirements for acidizing operations include:

• Acid washing and acid fracturing operations should combine standard precautions
mentioned in the cementing and fracturing sections of this document.
• Acids and the additives used with acid are corrosive, and can cause severe burns on
contact. The fumes evolved can damage the mucus membrane even in very small
quantities.
• The appropriate respirator, safety goggles, gloves, aprons and boots are to be available
to operating personnel and a supply of water and neutralizing agents is to be easily
available in the work area. Good housekeeping is vital as an unattended spill may cause
serious injury.
• A non-return valve should be placed as close as possible to the wellhead on the
discharge line and pressure tested to the maximum anticipated treating pressure.
• Prior to any mixing operations an announcement should be made on the public address
system, warning of the danger and ordering all non-essential personnel not to enter the
roped off and signed area.
• A communications system should exist between the Stimulation Services Supervisor,
pump operators and the Halliburton Drilling Supervisor.
• A hose-down team is to be available and properly protected with the appropriate
clothing to assist in the event of a spillage or accident.
• The Stimulation Services supervisor will ensure that the relevant chemical data sheets
are logged with the medic prior to the operation commencing.

2.7.1.5 Procedures and Requirements for Using Nitrogen

The responsible person for the operation will be the service company senior representative
on site.
Nitrogen (N2) presents 3 main safety hazards:

• Low temperature, affecting both personnel via cold burns and equipment.
• Displacement of air by N
2, causing impaired judgment or ultimate suffocation.

• Hazards due to the nature of energized fluid (like any vessel containing pressurized
liquefied gas.)

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To avoid body contact, a full set of protective clothing must be worn and will include
safety goggles or face shield, insulated gloves, long sleeve shirts and coveralls (covering
boots).
Some basic pumping requirements are:

• Keep suction pressure as high as possible above suction vapor pressure.

• Boiling occurs when the saturation vapor pressure equals the line pressure. Line
pressure must thus be kept well above the saturation vapor pressure.
Other general safety rules include :

• N2 gas will not be vented in enclosed areas

• Keep a minimum of 5 ft away from an 2Nline during venting
• Vent high pressure lines as quickly as possible after shutting down pumping
• Stake and/or tie down high pressure discharge lines and manifolds
• Trapped liquid N2, allowed to warm up, could lead to an explosion, due to the increase
in pressure. The positioning of pressure relief valves on N2 pumping units, containers
and lines ensures this cannot occur. Ensure that all relief valves are operative and
properly maintained.
• 5 minute escape packs are to be available for the N2 operators, for escape only. Self
Contained Breathing Apparatus and/or remote air supply line equipment to be available
if rescue work is required.

2.7.2 Safe Practices in Handling/Mixing Chemicals

Personnel required to handle chemicals shall have adequate training on safe practices in
handling, use and disposal.
Chemicals can be supplied both as powders and as liquids. Good quality protective
clothing should always be worn. The clothing should also be comfortable and easily
removed in case of accidents. Gloves, goggles, hard hat, safety boots / shoes and face
mask must be worn at all times when working with chemicals / additives. Any lack of
instructions on the product container should not be taken to indicate that the product is
safe.
All chemicals must bear a label of classification meeting local regulatory requirements
based on the foregoing description of usage, potential hazards and current first aid
practices. This enables consistency of labeling, storage and facilitates the development of
safe working practices.
The mixing of any mud chemicals will only occur after authorization by a responsible
person. This will prevent the accidental mixing of chemicals which are not compatible.
Storage and decanting are examples of procedures which may lead to inadvertent mixing of
chemicals. Leakage of containers can also result in accidental mixing of chemicals in

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storage. This will create an extra hazard when incompatible materials are stored together.
Adequate ventilation should be allowed for products that are incompatible with any other
type of product and storage should be arranged accordingly.
During or prior to the shipment of chemicals to the rig site, a copy of the manifest and
chemical content / data sheet must be sent to the rig for the attention of the Halliburton
Drilling Supervisor and Rig Contractor representative. They will ensure that the necessary
precautions can be taken on arrival at the rig and distribute the information to the Rig
Medic and Halliburton Drilling Engineer/Drilling Supervisor. On arrival at the rig site, if
chemical containers are not sound, this must be reported to the responsible supervisor, who
will decide on the required action.

2.7.3 Radioactive Materials Handling and Procedures

Basic recommended practices while using radioactive sources are contained in the ICRP
Publication Number 26 (the International Commission on Radiological Protection).
Logging sources are contained in individual transport shields. These will be transferred into
the rig site source store by the Logging Engineer. In the absence of a site source store the
sources are to be segregated and chained off in a safe area at the rigsite.
The distance required (when a site source store is not available) for segregation from
working or living areas is determined from the transport index (TI) marked on the sources
and on the shipping documents. The TI corresponds to a dosage rate in micro-sievert per
hour (mSv/hr) at a distance. The sum of the TI's should be converted to the distance
required to reduce the dose rate to 2.5 mSv/hr. A typical segregation distance for a full
logging suite is 6.4 m or 21 ft. Clear markings should surround the segregated area. See
Table 1, of this section for details of segregation distances for various TI's
The service company logging engineer is the responsible supervisor when dealing with
sources. He is the only person with authority to move sources and this must be done under
the Permit to Work system. The logging engineer and helpers must wear both gamma and
neutron personal dosimeters and exercise extreme care when transferring sources to tools
(particularly directional sources). The transfer area will be signed with the trefoil
(segmented nuclear symbol) and minimum personnel will be present.

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Table 1. Approximate relationship between T.I and Segregation distance.

Transport Table 1. _
Index (T.I.) Segregation Distance (meters)
(T.I. - mrem/hr 2.5 µ Sv/hr 7.5 µ Sv/hr
1m)
1 2.0 1.4
3 4.1 2.0
5 5.3 3.0
10 7.4 4.3
15 9.0 5.3
20 10.4 6.1
25 11.7 6.8

2.7.4 Explosives Utilization

All work utilizing explosives shall be conducted under the Permit to Work system, and
shall be preceded by a safety meeting of Driller/Assistant Driller/Halliburton Drilling
Supervisor/Rig Contractor Senior Representative/Explosives contractor (usually Logging
Engineer) and crew/Halliburton Drilling Engineer.
Explosives must be stored in a building or a suitable containment which is completely
separated from the living and work areas and away from flammable materials, heat sources
and radioactive materials. Explosives and detonators must be stored in separate containers,
which will remain locked at all times.
While utilizing electrically activated detonation systems the following precautions should
be taken :

• Check grounding from logging unit to rig and rig to wellhead

• Eliminate sources of AC or DC voltage, such as: electrical welding, inductive or
electromagnetic NDT, top drive, static electricity (from electrical or wind storms),
radio transmitters.
Note that on land, a 90 m or 300 ft exclusion zone should be set up to stop external
sources of transmission (taxi's, aircraft etc.) from entering. All other RF (radio frequency)
generating hazards such as commercial transmitters and power cables, whether carried on
pylons or buried, should be considered.

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The rig radio silence procedure should be a written list of actions instigated and supervised
by the Rig Contractor Senior Representative, and confirmed by the Halliburton Drilling
Supervisor.
After the above mentioned precautions are taken, the wellhead to rig voltage shall be
observed. If AC or DC voltage exceeds 0.25 volts, all sources of electrical supply may
have to be switched off.

2.7.5 General Hydrogen Sulfide Safety

The occurrence of H2S (Hydrogen Sulfide gas) may have serious consequences to both
personnel and equipment. Regional drilling and well testing information is studied to assess
the risk and highlight the likely formation(s) which yield H2S. The casing/ drill string/ mud
programs will then be adjusted accordingly.
A contingency plan will be drawn up for the potential occurrence of H2S. Information for
the safe drilling of H2S wells can be derived from API RP 49. The following areas should
be addressed by the plan:

• Definitions of alarm states and actions taken by whom, at each level of alarm.
• Designate safe areas (briefing)
• Evacuation procedures
• Notification of authorities
• Local medical facilities
• Preventative / monitoring measures
The fact that the well is designated an H2S well in part must be conveyed to all contractors
and service companies at the earliest possible time in the planning phases of the well
program. The confirmation of that fact will also be highlighted at a pre-spud meeting.
All personnel will be fully trained in the use of life saving H2S related equipment available
at the wellsite.

2.7.5.1 Well Planning and Equipment Requirements for H 2S wells

BOP Equipment
All BOP equipment (including valves/gaskets etc) shall comply with API RP 53
specification for metallurgical requirements. Nut, bolt and flange materials shall comply
with API specification 6A, Section 1.4 (14th edition).
Choke Manifold
All components of the manifold and lines attached to it (ie. flare lines) should only contain
materials in accordance with applicable API standards, specifications and recommended
practices.

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Mud-Gas Separator/ Vacuum Degasser

The gas removal equipment should be able to remove H2S from the mud and gas discharge
lines must vent in a remote location at which a facility to flare is available. Note that all
flare lines (choke manifold flare line, mud-gas separator line and degasser line, if separate
from the manifold flare line) should be equipped with a method of automatic ignition.
Refer to API RP 49.
Drilling Tubulars
The grade of drill pipe and its metallurgy should be considered when designing the drill
string to minimize the effects of Hydrogen embrittlement and Sulfide Stress Corrosion.

2.7.5.2 H 2S Monitoring and Alarm System

The rig shall have a system to detect H2S in the air, which automatically alarms at a pre-
calibrated set point. Access to hand held (lead acetate "Draeger type") and electronic
personal detectors is also recommended.
All detectors must be calibrated at least once a week and sensitized more frequently, or if
malfunction is suspected.
An audio/visual alarm system should be attached directly to the monitoring system. Station
bills/ training and safety meetings etc. must enforce strict adherence to procedures once an
alarm goes off. As several false alarms may occur on occasion due to faulty equipment,
there is at times a tendency for crew members to "assume" subsequent alarms are false.
This must NOT be allowed to occur. It is the responsibility of all supervisors to ensure
personnel react in the specified fashion (as dictated by the Emergency Response Plan and
Station Bills). It is a priority to repair faulty equipment. Temporary and safe ways of
efficiently replacing the automatic system may be considered, if the fault is a localized one.
More general failures may require securing the well and shutting-down until appropriate
repairs are made.

2.7.5.3 Breathing Apparatus (BA) and General Safety Equipment

All personnel at the rig site will have allocated to them a breathing apparatus (BA)
designated as an escape set. All personnel classed as essential during an emergency (rig
floor crew, medic, Halliburton Drilling Supervisor, Rig Contractor Senior Representative,
rescue teams etc) shall be provided with a breathing apparatus suitable for work, which is
full face and positive pressure. A secondary self-contained escape facility will be available
on the work pack.
Training with the appropriate apparatus will be given at the rig site, regardless of previous
experience, and written instructions on the use and location of equipment at the rig site will
be clearly posted.

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The following locations should have BA equipment in appropriate storage containers:

• Rig floor, derrick monkeyboards, mud logging unit, shale shaker, pump rooms, rig
superintendents and drilling supervisor’s offices, briefing areas (if appropriate)., etc.
The number and type of BA sets will be determined by Halliburton and Contractor senior
representatives and availability will limit access to the various areas during the period
drilling and completion operation designated to be the2H S period.
The service company elected to supply the various safety equipment, such as compressors,
cascade system, manifolds and piping, BA, etc will be given adequate time to rig up prior
to entering the H2S zone. The service company representative will then maintain his
equipment, assist in training crews, and advise/assist in operations pertinent to H2S safety.
A proper training record shall be kept to ensure employee compliance and participation.

2.7.5.4 H 2S Drills
Refer to Section 2.2.1 of this guideline for general information on drills. In addition to this
the following should be done during 2HS drills:

• All personnel should don their breathing apparatus (an operability check should be
made on the cascade system, prior to utilization).
• Bug blowers (ventilation fans designed to dilute toxic gas concentration around danger
areas) will be operated.
• Buddy system implemented.
• Non-essential personnel to don their breathing apparatus and proceed to muster points
for a body count.
• Gates to the location (on a land-based job) will be closed and guarded. A red flag
warning will be displayed and all non-essential personnel briefly informed of the hazard
and turned away.
• The problem of communications with full face positive pressure breathing masks are to
be addressed in the drills, both between personnel at the rig site and between rig site
and the safe area.
• After the appropriate drills, the contingency plan for informing local residents,
authorities, etc. should be discussed. Checks will be made on all equipment used during
the drill. Any deficiencies detected in equipment and/or personnel will be rectified.

2.7.5.5 H 2S Alarm States and Actions

The following are suggested levels of alert, which are initiated at a safe distance above the
zone expected to produce H2S.
Condition 1 : H2S at 0 - 10 ppm
Warning signs posted at the entrances to the site (display yellow flag or symbol required to
the locality).
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Condition 2 : H2S at 10 - 49 ppm

Danger signs posted (in English and all appropriate local languages thought necessary). All
non-essential personnel don breathing apparatus and proceed to the briefing/ muster safe
area. Rescue teams in radio contact with rig should prepare to take action. H2S safety
service company employee to continually monitor equipment and update supervisors on
operability/ time before evacuation essentials etc. The problem of communication with full
face BA masks is to be considered.
Condition 3 : H2S at 50 ppm and greater
An extreme danger to life exists at this level. A red flag will be hoisted, non-essential
personnel evacuated from the site and essential personnel secure the well and prepare to
evacuate.
The evacuees should be taken to a predetermined safe place where provision for travel,
food, money, etc is organized. They shall not be allowed to express any opinions or
perceived details regarding the incident, particularly to press or interest groups of any kind.
Physical examinations aimed at detection of adverse affects of H2S on personnel will be
conducted before dispersal from the area.

2.7.6 Shale Shakers

The following procedures are the main safety precautions to be followed by any crew
member working on the shakers or in the shaker house:
When working in the shaker house,
Protective (preferably rubber) gloves and face masks should be worn, particularly when
excessive fumes are evolved from hot Oil Based Mud systems. To keep steam and fumes
in shakers to a minimum, make sure extraction fans are on at all times during circulation of
the hole. If any work is to be done on the degasser it must also be isolated and the
derrickman or driller informed as to when work starts and finishes.
While changing screens,
Under the Permit to Work system Tag Out/ Lock Out policy, isolate mud flow then turn
off shakers with safety lock on button so the driller cannot inadvertently turn on shaker. If
there is any work to be done on shaker motor or any other motor in the shakers they must
be isolated in the Control Room (if applicable) .
General Responsibilities,
The Immediate Supervisor Safety Representative is usually the assistant driller and the
shaker hand must report all unsafe situations or conditions that may arise, ie, gas alarms
machinery failures, etc. Should be reported to the driller or assistant driller..
It is the responsibility of everyone to keep the stairways from the rig floor to cellar deck
clear of all trash and clean at all times. Also the shakers and surrounding areas should be
maintained in a clean and safe working condition.

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The individual responsible for the shakers should be instructed to be particularly aware of
safety in his work area, with particular respect to machinery with guarded moving parts
(shaker, vacuum degasser, pumps etc.). Company service (e.g. mud logger) and the various
contractor service personnel will also be advised of hazards.

2.7.7 Mud Pump and Mud Tanks

The following are the main safety precautions to be followed by the mud engineer,
derrickman and roughneck/roustabout while working in the mud room or above the pits.
When Working in the Area,
The mud pumps must first be isolated from stand pipe and charge pumps before any work
is carried out on them. The mud pumps must then have controls isolated in the Control
Room so that they cannot be accidentally operated from any other position such as the drill
floor (Permit to Work, Lock out/Tag out). The same procedures must be carried out while
working on any other piece of equipment. Particular attention should be paid to isolating
agitators before entering pits. For work inside pits, a Cold Work /Vessel Entry Permit
must be in place and the conditions adhered to. When repairing / replacing pump modules,
beware of getting fingers or toes trapped. Always take the time to locate and use the
proper tools and lifting equipment.
The Derrickman and assistants should wear the appropriate safety clothing while mixing
chemicals such as caustic or any toxic materials. It is the derrickman's responsibility to
make sure any crew member who is mixing chemicals has proper safety equipment such as
safety glasses, rubber gloves as required, etc. (see Safe Practices in Mixing and Handling
Chemicals, Section 2.7.4).
The derrickman's immediate supervisor safety representative is usually the assistant driller
and the derrickman must report any unsafe conditions or working practices which he might
observe.
It is the derrickman's responsibility to keep the pump room in a clean and safe working
condition at all times, including keeping all gratings in good condition on the mud tanks
and access hatch covers on pumps in position at all times. It is also the derrickman's
responsibility to make sure the emergency shower and eye bath are always in good working
order and any crew member who is mixing chemicals knows how to use this equipment.
It is also the derrickman's responsibility to make sure all chemicals are stacked properly and
in a secure fashion, in consultation with the Mud Engineer and the Halliburton Drilling
Engineer.

NOTE: Oil base mud is a serious fire hazard - no burning or welding is to take place until
the area has been thoroughly cleaned and pipe work has been flushed with a mixture of
water and cleaners or purged with nitrogen. If the pipe or vessel etc. in question is unable
to be flushed, the hot work will not take place. The hot work area must be inspected prior
to hot work commencing in line with the conditions of the Hot Work Permit.
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2.7.8 Drill Floor and Catwalk

The following are the main safety precautions to be taken while working on the drill floor
and will be enforced by the driller and assistant driller. (Note also that the Permit to Work
system and Lock out/Tag out system will apply.) Hard hat, safety toe boots, safety glasses
and hearing protection should be worn at all times.

• If any work is being carried out on the drawworks, blocks or around the crown, the
drawworks must be isolated. This will include the Crown-O-Matic being activated to
ensure that the blocks cannot be inadvertently lowered. In addition, safety warning
notices will be posted in a prominent position in the doghouse. The same precautions
will be taken when any crew member is working on the rotary table gearbox or
electrical motor- (isolate electric motor and put on rotary brake).
• The long term effects of oil base mud are not known, so if a trip out of the hole turns
out to be wet, then slicker suits should be worn at all times along with coveralls to try
and prevent the oil base mud from coming into contact with the skin as much as
possible.
• The driller has the overall authority for safe working practices on the drill floor. This
includes any work which may be carried out by service company or any other person
on the rig floor.
• The assistant driller will report to the driller on all aspects of safety which the driller
will not be able to oversee himself such as in the pump room and shaker room.
Note: Most frequent injuries happen to crew members who are either relieving or have just
been promoted from Roustabout. The most common injuries are to the hands and fingers,
so it is the responsibility of the experienced personnel to teach the new crew members the
proper way to handle the equipment. The driller must feel free to slow down any operation
if he has several inexperienced personnel on the floor at any given time.

2.7.9 Derrick, Monkey Board and Stabbing Board

The following are the main safety precautions to be taken while working in the derrick and
will be enforced by the derrickman:

• If any work is carried out on the monkey board or stabbing board, air hoists then
secondary hanging systems must be used. In addition safety notices will be posted in
prominent areas and the personnel involved in working in the derrick will be notified (ie
mechanics / electricians, floor crew).
• A safety belt and line must be worn by all personnel working 2m or above 6 ft in the
derrick unless using a riding belt suspended by a man riding winch. Hard hats, steel
toes shoes or boots and gloves must be worn at all times.
• It is the derrickman's responsibility to keep the monkey board and surrounding areas in
a clean and safe working condition. This includes keeping all ropes and harnesses used
on the monkey board in good order.

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• The Immediate Supervisor Safety Representative is usually the assistant driller and the
derrickman must report any unsafe conditions or working practices which he might
observe but is unable to rectify. In addition to this, the stabbing board harness and
ropes, and safety harnesses kept at the bottom of the derrick ladder at all times is the
responsibility of the assistant driller and he will personally check these harnesses and
ropes each shift.
• Most frequent injuries while working in the derrick are fingers being trapped by
tubulars. Tugger wires whipping across the derrick may also cause injury as does
improper use of snakes while changing wires on tuggers.
• All non-routine work should be carried out under the Permit to Work system. Routine
work includes:

◊ Work up to 2 m or 6 ft above the rig floor

◊ Work on the kelly and swivel, when set back in the scabbard
◊ Installation of circulating head for casing, liners, etc.
◊ Upper kelly cock operation
◊ Operations associated with lubricators

2.7.10 Cranes and Pipe Rack Area

The most frequent injuries that occur to roustabouts are to the legs and feet, so it is the
responsibility of the experienced crew members to watch out for and teach new crew
members the proper way to handle casing, drill collars and all tubulars.
The only person allowed to operate the cranes are the crane operators or crew members
with proper crane certification in an emergency.

2.7.11 General Rules for Mechanical and Electrical Work

It is incumbent upon each individual to prevent accidents from happening to himself or to
others. Do not leave machinery or place of work in such a condition that may result in an
accident to the unwary.
Place of Work :

• To be kept well illuminated so work can be seen clearly.

• To be kept clean and orderly.
• To be roped off and warning notices posted if required, where floor plates or handrails
are removed, for overhead work, etc.
• To be gas free and well ventilated.
• To have safe ingress and egress.

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At Work:

• All concerned persons to be advised when / where work is to be carried out.

Relevant work permits must be obtained.
Machinery must be isolated so inadvertent start ups cannot occur.
Machinery must be electrically isolated.
Equipment must be vented before removing mountings etc.
Danger noticesmust be posted, in appropriate local languages.
General:

• If using electric or gas welding equipment or in fact any equipment that may provide a
source of ignition for a fire watch must be organized and suitable precautions observed.
• If working above floor/ground level (2 m or 6 ft), safety harnesses must be worn and
appropriate staging erected.
• Full use to be made of safety / protection aids i.e., face masks, goggles, gloves etc.
• Beware of loose clothing when near moving machinery.
• Make use of mechanical lifting appliances when necessary and applicable.
• Keep tools clean and in good working order. If you cannot repair them immediately,
withdraw them from use and report the fact to the line supervisor.

2.8 Tool and Equipment Utilization

2.8.1 Hand Tools

Tool boards should be mounted on the doghouse, pump house and derrick floor wind
wall/bulkheads to encourage keeping tools readily available and in good working condition.
Finding tools is easier if they are kept clean and arranged on the tool board at all times, and
good housekeeping helps the crew become aware of missing or ill repaired tools. Having
the right tool available for service reduces the likelihood of the improper use of tools and
consequent accidents.
A nominated crew member should inspect tools frequently and see that each tool is
maintained in serviceable condition. Any tool found to be defective should be repaired or
replaced as soon as possible.
Except while they are in use, tools in the derrick should be securely tied to a rig member
(manila rope is not recommended) or placed in a toolbox that is secured to the working
platform. As soon as they are no longer needed aloft, tools should be lowered to the
derrick floor.
Wrenches, except those specifically designed for the purpose, should not be hammered
upon, nor should they be used as hammers. Tools must be used only for the purpose for
which they are intended.
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The use of sledge hammers in the derrick should be avoided if possible. When using a
sledge hammer for example on hose or steel couplings, extreme care should be exercised to
avoid injuring personnel below.

2.8.2 Hammers
Hammers with damaged heads or loose or broken handles should not be used but should be
repaired or replaced.

2.8.3 Power Tools

Portable power tools used in drilling operations may be pneumatic (compressed air) or
electrically powered devices. Typical injuries from power tools are burns, cuts and strains;
injuries may also include electric shock or particles in the eyes. Power tools should not be
left overhead, where there is a chance the hose or line may be pulled and cause the tool to
fall.

2.8.4 Air Tools

Accidents sometimes occur when a disconnected air hose whips about. If a hose is kinked
or worn, a wrapping of strip metal or wire can repair it, temporarily, but it is better to
install a new hose.
Most air powered tools operate on about 6 bar or 90 psi of pressure. Compressed air can
be hazardous and improper use of air under pressure can cause serious injuries.

2.8.5 Electric Tools

Grounding of portable electric tools is the best way to safeguard an employee from electric
shock. If there is a short circuit inside the tool, the current is drained from the metal frame
through a ground wire. One should never stand in water when using an electric power
tool, even if it is grounded.

2.8.6 Rigging Practices

Rigging, fittings, fastenings, and other parts in connection with cables and ropes proper
size, adequate strength and should be installed in accordance with the recommendations of
the manufacturer and come fully certified.
Only chains certified for lifting should be used for that purpose. Slings, fittings, and
fastenings, when in use, should be inspected daily for evidence of overloading, excessive
wear, or damage. Defective slings should be removed from service.

2.9 Drilling Site Preparation (Land)

The following considerations should be taken into account, which impinge upon safety and
the preservation of the environment :

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• Location of the well : At least 30 m or 100 ft from ignition sources (houses, roads,
etc).
• Size of the site; sufficient to safely place all equipment needed.
• Drainage of the well site and camp site; suitable containment from drains/drainage
system to isolate surrounding area/water table from potentially harmful effluent.
• Site Sewage system and waste disposal; provisions for septic pits/waste pits/secure
disposal facilities per local authority guidelines of waste /metal/oil etc.
• Site clearance; site cleared of all combustible materials and perimeter cleared for an
additional 15 m or 50 ft around trees/undergrowth if possible.
• Site access; normally only company and contractor personnel. Site may need to be
enclosed to enforce this requirement.
• Ignition source interdiction; vehicles only allowed on site after reporting at main gate
and only spark arrested diesels within Hazardous zones 1 and 2. Gasoline fueled
vehicles are not allowed on the rig site. Other sources of ignition, such as naked flame,
unprotected electrical equipment, smoking, etc are not permitted on the rig site, except
in the living quarters.
• Local sources of water
• Atmospheric pollution and noise should be minimized as best as possible near centers
of population. A site noise level survey should be conducted if required, as noise levels
perceived in the surrounding area are affected by topography, weather, rig activity etc.
Local conditions may require the use of acoustic panels and special brake pads for the
drawworks, etc.

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3.0 GENERAL DRILLING PRACTICES

3.1 Drilling Equipment and Materials

3.2 Drilling Operational Practices and Procedures

3.2.1 General Procedures

3.2.2 Drilling Practices and Procedures

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3.1 Drilling Equipment and Materials

• All downhole tools will be visually inspected by the Halliburton Drilling Supervisor
prior to running in the hole. Checks will include threads, seal areas, equipment type in
correct place, gauge etc. The Rig Contractor Senior Representative will note the
condition of any downhole equipment at all times and report deficiencies to the
Halliburton Drilling Supervisor.
• The drilling contractor and Halliburton Drilling Engineer maintain accurate records of
equipment and consumables. Examples including records of block line ton-miles, DP
and BHA component hours, barite, cement, water and fuel usable volumes, available
fishing tools, grapples etc.
• Dimensions of all downhole equipment are to be recorded in text and diagram form,
including fishing neck details. All downhole equipment will have a fishing tool available
at the rig site.
• A minimum of 2 valves will be used to seal any lines or outlets exposed to wellbore
pressure.
• All well control mud pit volume and mud flow monitoring equipment is to be checked
and functioning properly prior to drilling out of a casing shoe where a BOP or diverter
arrangement is rigged up. Subsequent verifiable (i.e., recorded) checks are to be
conducted daily and will incorporate any monitoring equipment installed for said
purpose (mud logging contractor’s flow and pit volume equipment, etc).
• Senior Representative confirm that all gas detection equipment is functioning (see
Section 2.7.5.2 of this guideline for H2S monitoring) and that related alarm equipment
functions properly. This is to be confirmed weekly while drilling and prior to drilling
out of casing.
• Senior Representative ensure all rig floor alarms are functioning correctly and that all
personnel, (assistant driller, driller, etc) understand the function and meaning of
alarms.
• All solids control equipment is to be used correctly, according to manufacturer’s
procedures. In particular, the shut down/ start up sequence of centrifuges etc. to be
understood by rig personnel, mud engineer, etc.
• The circulation system components (pumps, pits etc.) are to be inspected by the rig
contractor toolpusher daily.
• A scheduled maintenance record of rig equipment is to be kept by the maintenance
crew (refer also to Section 2.6.1 of this guideline). Major components of rig
equipment are to be inspected daily by the mechanic and the Halliburton Drilling
Supervisor will be kept informed of same.
• A Crown-O-Matic or equivalent safety brake will be installed and operative throughout
the well. It may occasionally be disconnected while handling BHA, but strict
procedures must be followed to ensure that it is re-connected again. A daily function

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check of the Crown-O-Matic is to be made and noted in the IADC and Daily Drilling
Reports.
• Only new or premium non-hard banded or smooth grained and flush ground hard
banded tool jointed drill pipe is to be used.
• Drill pipe inspection frequency is dependent upon the drilling situation and utilization of
the pipe. A minimum requirement is yearly.
• BHA components are to be NDT tested prior to every well.
• Welding on BHA components is not allowed.
• Drilling lifting equipment is to be inspected as per Section 2.6.16 of this guideline.
• All tubulars and wellhead equipment (casing hangers, etc.) will be drifted with the
proper drift prior to being run into the well.
• The following well control (inside BOP's) equipment should be available on the rig
floor at all times and ready for installation:

◊ Full opening drill pipe safety valve equivalent in type to a lower kelly cock
◊ Surface installed inside BOP inside BOP (non-return valve).
◊ Sub-surface installed non-return valve
- Drop-In or 'Dart' subs. Ensure that the dart will pass through the kelly
and the installed lower kelly cock and the drill pipe safety valve. Check
that the dart is compatible with the sub.
- Crossovers will be available to allow attachment of the above to any
drill string pipe run into the well
- The surface installation valves will be equipped with thread protectors
and clamp on handles and stored in a purpose built rack

• A mechanically operated trip tank level indicator is to be functioning correctly at all

times and positioned to be easily visible from the drillers position.
• The following well parameters are to be monitored and recorded :

◊ Active and total mud pit volumes

◊ Mud weight in and out of the well (at least by mud balance on a regular basis)
◊ Total gas and H2S in percent and PPM respectively, recorded from the mud
flowing at the header box.
◊ Hook load/weight on bit
◊ Rotary torque and RPM (torque is to be expressed in direct units such as Ft/lbs
or at least an amps vs. Ft/lbs conversion graph must be produced at the rig)
◊ Standpipe pressure and choke manifold pressure
◊ Rate of penetration
◊ Pump SPM
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◊ Return flowline flow, rate monitoring type

A mud logging unit would accomplish all or some of these services, depending on the
particular well. Direct and secure communications must be available between the mud
logging unit and drill floor/ Halliburton office/ Rig contractor’s office as a minimum on the
rig site.
A circulating head with sufficient flexible lines to be available at all times
A flare line is to be rigged up and in working order in sections where hydrocarbon gas may
be encountered.

3.2 Drilling Operational Practices and Procedures

3.2.1 General Procedures

• Written instructions are to be given to the Rig Contractor’s Senior Representative by
the Halliburton Drilling Supervisor prior to drilling any new section of hole or other
discrete operation, such as cementing. These instructions will also be passed on to
other relevant personnel.

◊ Written drilling instructions will include drilling parameters and special

procedures as necessary (such as MWD survey intervals etc.). Information on
possible drilling problems and contingency procedures are to be included.
◊ Written instructions prior to any trip out will be given and include operational
sequence (flow check, survey etc), maximum parameters of trip and
contingencies for tight hole , preparation for the next operation such as a
change of bit type, downhole motor, MWD and other special instructions.

• The Halliburton Drilling Supervisor will advise that all indications of well and
equipment deterioration are promptly reported to him (Sections 1.1, 1.2 of this
Guideline). This will enable corrective action to be taken prior to any disruption which
may adversely affect the safety, continuity or cost of the operation.
• The organization and preparation of equipment and personnel is critical for drilling rig
efficiency. This task is accomplished by and under the supervision of the Halliburton
Drilling Supervisor (refer to Section 1.1 of this guideline).
• Halliburton Drilling Supervisor advise that the relevant function/pressure tests are
conducted on the BOP system, as specified by Sections 2.6.15.2 of this guideline and
the relevant sections of the Halliburton Well Control Manual are complied with.
• The Mud logging unit must be manned at all times during drilling, testing, completion
and workover operations. Clear and precisely written instructions are to be given to
the logging crew when non-drilling operations are being conducted.
• Pre-determined minimum consumable stock items will be maintained at the rig site.
Items include LCM, barite and the required chemical additives to use it, cement and
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required additives, water, fuel etc. Minimum stock levels will depend on the locations
accessibility and regional supply systems. This will be determined before the operation
commences by management and provided for in the Well Program.
• Daily meetings are to be held between the Halliburton Drilling Supervisor, Halliburton
Drilling Engineer and the Rig Contractor’s representatives (Rig Contractor’s Senior
Toolpusher, Chief Engineer etc). The agenda should address the following:

◊ Current and programmed events in the near future

◊ Equipment operability
◊ Matters which are of mutual benefit to the parties and the operation in general

• The mud engineer, drilling engineer and drilling supervisor will ensure that the drilling
fluid has the required properties for the relevant drilling operations of drilling, tripping,
logging, casing or cementing. The required volumes for operations, with contingencies
for losses etc. must be addressed.
• The requirements and procedures set forth in Section 2 of this guideline regarding
General Drilling Rig Safety Practices are to be utilized by all relevant personnel. To
that end, this document (or parts of it) are to be distributed under a controlled
document release system to the personnel addressed, or concise instructions issued at
the pertinent time.
• The following elevations and additional information are to be recorded in meters/feet
and decimal parts of a meter/foot from the Rig Floor level, and displayed at the rig
floor:
◊ Top and mid-point of the various rams of the BOP stack.
◊ Wellhead elevations, including top casing head or spool, top of the wear
bushing
◊ The lowest casing shoe depth (MD and TVD) and any other significant
equipment in the well (eg. liner hanger, PBR tops, etc.)
◊ Maximum allowable casing pressure (BAR or psi) and the shoe test equivalent
in mud weight S.G. or ppg) at the last casing shoe.

3.2.2 Drilling Practices and Procedures

• The driller and his assistant will maintain an accurate tally of all drilling tubulars going
into the well. A master drill pipe tally book will be kept, which segregates different
types of drillpipe (ie. S135 vs. G105 grades). The tally will be totaled by the driller and
senior toolpusher separately on a daily basis. In addition, the record of total tubulars
on location should be kept.
If a computer data base is utilized for the tallying task, a paper copy must be maintained so
that the information is not lost in the event of a computer failure.

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• A master BHA record book will be kept, containing each individual component
separately, and recording length, ID (both average and minimum), OD, connection
type, component type and manufacturer if appropriate, fishing neck, serial number,
cumulative length, position and details of other devices (i.e., totco ring , stroke of
bumper sub, etc.).
• If drilling is interrupted for rig repair or maintenance (slip and cut drilling line, etc), the
drill string will be tripped in or out as required to just inside the deepest casing shoe,
where the repairs or maintenance can be made with ease at no risk to the integration of
the well.
• If temporary repairs are vital while in open hole, every effort must be made to move
pipe and circulate during the period.
• If the kelly or top drive is disconnected, a full opening drill pipe safety valve and
circulating head will be installed.
• Slow Circulation Rates must be taken as follows:

◊ At least once a tour

◊ At a bit change
◊ At a BHA change
◊ When the mud weight or theology changes significantly
◊ Prior to drilling out a casing shoe
◊ After significant changes to the circulating system, such as changing liners on a
pump, etc.
Both active mud pumps will be used for slow circulation rates, and at least 2 pump rates
will be recorded, which are relevant to the hole section being drilled (ie. considered
suitable for the hole section, mud type and well control problems possible in the section).

• Wellhead bore protectors (wear bushings) will be installed during all drilling operations
which do not specifically exclude them.
• On exploration and appraisal wells, lubrication surveys should be taken at least every
500-1000 feet or per the regulatory agency guidelines or rules and when operations
allow such.
• While drilling hole sections considered to be critical with respect to well control and/or
reservoir potential, the following should be addressed:
◊ Active mud pit system surface area kept as small as possible. Reserve tanks
should be isolated from the active system. Constant monitoring by the
derrickman in the pit room is essential.
◊ Adequate liquid mud reserves are available.
◊ Before entering the critical hole sections, check that monitoring systems in the
pits work correctly Checks will include the mud logger and drilling

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contractor’s equipment. The equalization/dump/isolation valves will also be

checked for integrity.
◊ Keep all transfers of whole mud and chemical/fluid additions to the active
system to a minimum while drilling. Major treatments should be made prior to
entering the zone. Major rig maintenance is to be performed inside the last
casing shoe or when well is perfectly secured. Minor maintenance can be
accomplished while drilling, with the full knowledge of the driller and the mud
loggers.
• It is the Halliburton Drilling Supervisor’s responsibility to ensure that a kick can be
controlled at all times in accordance with Halliburton procedures.
• The relevant well control drills must be accomplished and all equipment used to control
the well must be in good and certified working order.
• Flow checks will be made for the following reasons :

◊ For exploration wells, all significant positive or negative drilling breaks will be
flow checked if the break continues for more than 1.5 m or 5 ft. when in the
prospective pay intervals. When approaching an expected reservoir top, all
significant positive or negative drilling breaks must be flow checked
immediately after the drilling break is identified and after 5’ of break has been
drilled and after 5’ of break has been drilled. For appraisal and development
wells the exploration well instructions may be modified in light of prior
experience in the area.
◊ An unexplained significant rise or fall of the active mud pit system level, as
indicated by automatic monitoring or the derrickman.
◊ An unexplained increase or decrease in mud returns from the well.
◊ Unexplained decrease in mud pump pressure or increase/decrease in mud pump
SPM.
◊ Significant changes in any other parameter which may lead the driller to think
the bit has penetrated a different (possibly reservoir) interval which he has been
told to expect.

◊ Significant increase in gas, oil in the mud or mud property changes suggestive
of an influx.

• The procedure for a flow check is as follows :

◊ Stop drilling, reduce pump rate, pick up kelly.

◊ Raise the rotary bushing sufficiently above the table to view the mud level. Stop
the pumps and observe the well.

• It is the driller’s responsibility to close in a flowing or suspected flowing well. He will

accomplish this by using the specific method requested by Halliburton. To this end, the

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driller and the Rig Contractor’s Senior Representatives will check that all valves,
chokes, etc are correctly set up for the particular control method to be used.
• An effort will be made to maintain primary well control at all times via adequate mud
weight.
• A Pressure Integrity Test will be conducted beneath all intermediate casing shoes where
full shut-in is possible via a BOP stack. Guidance on the exact form of the test and
whether to go to leak-off or limit the test to a predetermined value of downhole
pressure, will be found in the Halliburton Well Control Manual and will be confirmed in
the Well Program.

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4.0 DIRECTIONAL DRILLING

4.1 Glossary of Directional Drilling terms

4.2 General Requirements and Calculations

4.3 Directional Drilling Operational Practices & Procedures

4.4 Correction Runs

4.4.1 Correction Run Requirements

4.4.2 General Recommendations

4.4.3 Sidetracking

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4.1 Glossary of Directional Drilling terms.

(Note that the glossary is only intended to cover terms used in this section and it is not
fully comprehensive)
high side : The top of the hole, viewed along the borehole axis
low side : Diametrically opposed to the high side
medium radius : Radius of 90 - 200 m / 300 - 650 ft, from a build rate of°-8
40°/ 30 m 100 ft
long radius : Radius of 300 - 900 m or 1,000 - 3,000 ft, from a build rate of 2°
- 6°/30 m or 100 ft
declination : The angle between True north and Magnetic north, for the
location being considered, measured from True north.
Note that :
Atn = Amn + D
where :
Atn = Azimuth referenced to True north
Amn=Azimuth referenced to Magnetic north
D = Declination
dog-leg : Total change in hole angle due to both the deviation from vertical
and change in hole azimuth in the horizontal plane.

4.2 General Requirements and Calculations

The objective of the Halliburton Drilling Supervisor, the Halliburton rig site directional
service company supervisor and staff is to drill the well as closely as possible to the
trajectory plan specified, thus hitting the target. This involves several steps :

• Accurately determining the initial rig position

• Accurately surveying the well position downhole
• Correctly utilizing the equipment required to produce the required well path
• Continually monitoring the calculated well path against the planned path and taking
corrective action in sufficient time

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The Minimum Curvature method formula to calculate well trajectory from survey points
are as follows :
cosDL = cos (I2-I1)- sinI1 sinI2[ 1-cos (A2-A1)]
∆N = ∆AHD (sinI1 cosA1 + sinI2 cosA2) RF
2
∆E = ∆AHD (sinI1 sinA1 + sinI2 sinA2) RF
2
∆TVD = ∆AHD (cosI1 + cosI2) RF
2
PHD = N cosAt + E sinAt

180 2 tan DL
RF = × × ( DL in degrees)
Π DL 2

DLS = DL x section length

∆AHD
Where :
A1,2 = Azimuths of the consecutive survey stations used for the calculation
I1,2 = Inclinations of the consecutive survey stations used for the calculation
N = The horizontal plane co-ordinate of the calculated hole position, measured
true north from the origin of the local co-ordinate system
E = The horizontal plane co-ordinate of the calculated hole position, measured
east from the origin of the local co-ordinate system
∆N,E = The increment of N and E between survey station 1 and 2
∆AHD = Along hole (or measured) distance between consecutive survey stations
PHD = Projected horizontal displacement
At = target Azimuth
DL = Dog Leg
DLS = Dog Leg Severity

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4.3 Directional Drilling Operational Practices & Procedures
(not applicable to horizontal wells)
The chapters on wellbore surveying, BHA's, correction runs and drill string design contain
further information on directional drilling, including specific rotary build, steerable motor
assemblies, etc.

• Keep the BHA length to the minimum required.

• All sections of hole drilled initially with deflection tools should be considered for
reamed to smooth out irregularities in the hole.
• Make corrections to hole trajectory as soon as errors are noted.
• If deflection tools are to be run just below a casing seat, leave at least 30 m or 100 ft
of open hole prior to kicking off.
• WOB and RPM will be controlled by directional requirements & ROP. As ROP is
limited by hole cleaning, which must be optimum, penetration rate should be controlled.
If WOB and RPM requirements for directional control lead to an ROP in excess of the
hole cleaning ability of the mud, the latter should be improved. Prior to improvement of
mud properties or elevation of flow rate, etc, the hole should be circulated periodically
while drilling to reduce annular cuttings loading, if hole cleaning is thought to be a
problem.
• All information relevant to directional control will be tabulated and recorded for future
reference. Tables should include :
◊ BHA performance record, with BHA components, its build/turn record, the
formation name and type (detailed description), and bit type/ parameters used.
◊ The original Directional Driller’s depth log, with drilling parameters used,
toolface offset, hole inclination/ azimuth response, comments (such as hard
bands interfering with bit weight application) etc.
• When reaming or hole opening a build or turn section, monitor surveys and be alert to
signs of sidetracking.
• Reduce excessive doglegs by reaming with a stiff hole opener assembly. Monitor and
limit excessive torque. Be alert to signs of potential sidetracking.
• If very high torque is encountered when drilling a deviated hole, the following should
be considered :
◊ Add a torque reducer to the mud.
◊ On the next trip out, leave out selected stabilizers and replace drill collars with
HWDP.
◊ Investigate the mud for problems, increase the mud weight if necessary (See
section on hole instability)
◊ Replace the near bit stabilizer with a roller reamer or other suitable assemblies
• Where drill pipe wear indicates downhole metal to metal contact, the following
corrective actions should be taken :

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◊ Check the alignment of the derrick over the hole.

◊ Check the wear bushing
◊ Use the lowest practicable RPM or consider using a downhole motor.
◊ Use a BHA with the minimum weight
◊ Do not rotate with the bit off bottom
◊ Install rubber DP-casing protectors
◊ Casing inspection log may be considered if known doglegs exist in the cased
section and metal returns are excessive.
• Use ditch magnets and monitor recovery of metal cuttings.
• Ensure the correct co-ordinate system corrections are applied when using magnetic
survey tools. Thus, the convergence and current magnetic declination must be
specified. This is the Halliburton Drilling Engineer’s responsibility.
• Ensure that sufficient confirmed non-magnetic BHA components are used to eliminate
interference in survey results. The required amount of collars depends on:

◊ Inclination. The greater the inclination, the greater the protection required from
NMDC's.
◊ Hole Direction. The closer the hole azimuth is to magnetic East or West, the
greater the protection required.
◊ Well Location. The closer the well is to the North or South poles, the greater the
protection required.
◊ Adjacent wells.
Service companies will supply tables or a computer program to derive the required
collar length.

• If possible, kick-off the well in an easily drilled formation. The drillability of the
formation will dictate the type of equipment used to kick off and build angle.
• Where a rotary build assembly is used, it is essential to get sufficient weight to the bit,
in order to flex the lower BHA. For increased build up rate, use reduced RPM and
reduced pump rate if necessary.
• Maximum dog leg severity should not exceed "4-5" degrees per 30 m or 100 ft . (this
is to be checked with Halliburton since deep wells require less severe dog-legs and
moderate steerable assemblies are usually very accomodating.
• Avoid excessive doglegs by smooth application of parameters (ie. gradual increase and
decrease of WOB or RPM) in the build section or in minor corrections within a tangent
section. In general, take sufficient time to restrict dogleg severity to less than 1°/30 m
or 100 ft above the programmed build rate. If excessive dogleg severity is produced
over an interval, take corrective action such as :

◊ Wipe the dogleg

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◊ Ream the dogleg
◊ Plug back and restart the hole higher, if necessary

• Keep an up to date vertical section and plan view of the hole position and planned
trajectory. This will assist in the visual estimation of the closeness of the planned and
actual well paths, and any corrections required.
• Use a semi-packed assembly after a mud motor correction run to avoid excessive
stiffness, unless directional target acquisition constraints dictate otherwise.
Consideration should be made to a hole opener run prior to drilling ahead.
• Drillers must report and record (via the IADC Daily drilling report) the pick-up and
slack-off weights, and off-bottom free rotational weight of the string at least once a
tour, along with off-bottom and drilling torque ranges prior to tripping out or tagging
bottom after tripping in the hole.
• Mud property control is of primary importance for wellbore stability, particularly with
respect to shale lithologies. Wellbore instability is sometimes combated by increased
mud weight, and generally as the hole inclination increases, the required mud weight
for stability increases. Other reasons for wellbore instability may include borehole stress
and/or chemical interaction between the components of the mud system and the
formation.
• Where low side accumulation of a cuttings bed is thought to have occurred, while
drilling with a steerable system in the oriented mode with no surface pipe rotation, pipe
rotation may help to clear the problem. This depends on an ability to rotate the
assembly. If rotation is already being utilized, additional rotation may help alleviate the
problem.
• A low viscosity sweep, immediately followed by a high viscosity weighted sweep can
clear the hole of low side cutting accumulations. See Chapter 6 (Drilling Fluids and
Equipment) for more information on hole cleaning pills. Other techniques may include
back reaming or short trips to assist in moving/eliminating cuttings beds and allowing
them to be circulated out of the hole.
• Due consideration must be given to the well control kill mud pumping schedule on
wells with substantial horizontal displacement in build and tangent sections. The shut-
in dynamic drill pipe pressure profile must be adjusted over these sections to maintain
constant bottom hole pressure.
• Anti-collision calculations are to be updated regularly and suitable corrective actions
taken in areas where multiple wells exist.
• Drilling contractor will closely monitor drilling parameters in the event of a close
approach to a known well. The torque and ROP are obviously parameters to observe.
Others include cement in cuttings, ditch magnet metal increase, magnetic interference
affects from MWD survey tools if installed in the drill string.

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4.4 Correction Runs

4.4.1 Correction Run Requirements

Correction runs will be required if the following situations occur:
• Back -off procedures have been performed.
• Original target cannot be achieved.
• Deteriorating hole conditions.

4.4.2 General Recommendations

• Doglegs must be limited to a maximum of 4 degrees/30 m or 100 ft.
• Use a 2 degree bent sub in the kick-off assembly, use a 1.5-2.0 Bent Housing.
• Correction runs should be limited to 150 m or 500 ft. They should be at least 30 m or
100 ft long so that the MWD tool can detect the BHA response before completion of
the adjustment.
• The correction must be achieved and the new azimuth and inclination correctly
established during one bit run.

4.4.3 Sidetracking
• The hole and drilling fluid must be conditioned thoroughly to prevent cement slurry
contamination and other downhole problems.
• The plug must be dressed down 10 to 20 m or 35 to 70 ft to ascertain homogeneity and
integrity prior to attempting kick-off.
• Cement volumes should be calculated to allow at least 75 to 100 m or 250-325 ft of
cement above the fish or old hole TD.
• The trajectory should be planned and monitored to achieve a gradual change so that
severe doglegs do not occur.
• Surveys with the MWD tool should be taken as often as possible during the sidetrack
operation. As a rule of thumb, it is recommended to make a 3 degree overall curvature
change and, whenever possible, to limit the dogleg to that figure.
• Samples should be analyzed constantly during the kick-off, checking for the relative
percentages of cement and formation.

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5.0 TRIPPING

5.1 Tripping Safety

5.2 Tripping Practices

Refer to Section 3.2.1, within General Drilling Practices, ' General Procedures ', regarding
written instructions. For general equipment requirements, refer to Sections 2.6.4 through
to 2.6.9 and 2.6.16.

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5.1 Tripping Safety
The following checks and procedures are recommended:

• Before tripping, ensure the proper equipment required is in a serviceable condition

• Never make-up a connection with the rotary, using a tong as back up. This could break
the back-up wire.
• The driller should lower the string slowly while crew place the slips into the rotary
table bushing.
• Monitor the elevators carefully at the monkey board level, in case of snagging.
• Check that the Crown-O-Matic is properly installed and functioning prior to the trip
• Monitoring of mud levels, flowchecks and use of the trip tank while tripping in and out
of the hole is standard procedure. Ensure the mud logger is tracking volumes, and
check any discrepancy between drillfloor and mud logger’s instruments.

5.2 Tripping Practices

The following tripping practices should be adhered to at all times :

• The Rig Contractor’s Senior Representative must be on the drill floor before a trip is
carried out by the rig crew.
• The assistant driller and derrickman must ensure that the following points are carried
out:
◊ Check the mud system line up and that all valves are fully open or closed (as
appropriate)
◊ Trip tank fill up (from the correct pit to the trip tank)
◊ Return flow lined up to the header box and via the shakers (operating) to the
pits (or whatever specific line up is appropriate)
◊ Slug weight to specification (weight and volume required) and lined up to the
mud pump when necessary.
• The Halliburton Drilling Supervisor will be on the rig floor when pulling out of the
hole for at least 10 stands or until the casing shoe and always until fully satisfied that
the hole is lined up and taking the correct volume of the right weight mud from the trip
tank. When pulling the first 5 stands from the hole, the fill pump will be left off, and the
wiper rubber left out, to confirm visually that the well is taking the proper amount of
fluid.
• Before tripping out of the hole, the driller will check the correct hole depth. He will
write the total number of stands and any single/double length in the master BHA tally
book, along with the depth in on the last kelly, and add this to the length of the BHA in
the hole. Account shall include the addition of or removal of any components to the
kelly etc.
• If a tight hole is experienced, the procedures laid down in Chapter 18, 'Stuck Pipe and
Fishing', of this guideline will be adhered to.
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• To avoid becoming stuck in the hole, the following should be noted :

(Note: This assumes a kelly is used. If top drive is available, it should be used to its
fullest capacity.
◊ Establish normal pick up and slack off weight on trips, so that any increase
above normal will be recognized.
◊ If the tight spot does not clear, increase the overpull in 10,000 lbs increments to
a maximum of 80% of the maximum allowable pull based on the lowest grade
drill pipe. If this is not adequate, pick up the kelly and wash/ream the tight
intervals.
◊ If using the kelly to wash and ream the tight spot, consider mud treatments to
lower fluid loss, adjust mud weight, decrease shale sensitivity and increase
carrying capacity of the mud.

• The trip tank will be used at all times for both trips in and out of the hole. Adequate
time will be given to fill or empty the tank so that an accurate volume usage can be
established. The hole will be maintained full of mud if possible, at all times. If total
losses are noted, the hole will be filled with water or diesel if using oil based mud if
necessary (keeping an accurate tally of the amount used). The assembly will not be
tripped out of the hole until a stable fluid level is established.
If losses cannot be stopped, the assembly must not be tripped out of the hole without
the authority of the drilling superintendent.
• A record sheet of the expected and actual volumes to fill the hole and the displacement
volume of the pipe will be kept while tripping out and in respectively. This record will
be set out numerically and in the form of a trip graph. The trip graph is useful as a
visual record. It can be compared between trips and used to detect repeated trends
which may indicate faulty trip tank pit volume readings or a 'hole ballooning' affect.
The Halliburton Drilling Supervisor will ensure that the Rig Contractor’s trip volume
recording methods and records are adequate and that they instigate the use of a trip
graph, if not already in use.
When a mud logging unit is in use, a cross check is to be made with the mud logger’s
record of trip tank volume.

• While tripping pipe, flow checks should be made at the following points:

◊ When the bit is just off the bottom prior to tripping.

◊ When the bit is at the casing shoe.
◊ Prior to pulling the drill collars through the BOP.
◊ When the calculated pipe displacement volumes do not compare with the
measured displacement volumes while tripping in or out of the hole.

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• The flow check will be conducted prior to slugging the pipe or dropping a survey
instrument barrel. When OBM is in use, a 15 minute flow check is required. When
WBM is used, a 5 minute flow check is adequate.

• Where the swab and surge pressures could be close to causing an influx or fracturing
the formations, swab and surge calculations must be made. Tripping speeds must then
be chosen to keep the swab and surge pressures below the critical values. Ensure that
the driller pulls each stand smoothly using the entire optimum pull time.
• When the reservoir is exposed, kick drills should be carried out, with the bit inside the
shoe. Refer to the Halliburton Well Control Manual.
• When circulation is stopped, and after all lines have drained from the flowline to the
first observation point of the flowline (gumbo trap or header box), a continued small
flow of fluid is often noted, without any subsequent influx (gas, oil, formation water).
A mechanism which possibly explains some of the occurrences of this phenomenon
called ' Hole Ballooning affect'.
• The suggested mechanism is that when circulation is stopped, annular friction pressures
are removed and the hole returns to its "un-ballooned" state thus causing flow from the
well. The flow quickly stops. This is particularly apparent in deep slim holes.
• On SCR rigs, sufficient generators are to be running while tripping, as time required to
start a generator could be vital if the pipe sticks.
• BHA component handling is to be conducted in such a way that no loose connection is
run beneath the rotary table, to avoid the possibility of tools being lost in the hole.
• Ensure that the driller applies the correct make-up torque to all connections. The
recommended bit, drill pipe, collars, etc. make up torques should be made available.
The tong torque gauge will be checked for function and that it is correctly calibrated
for the length of long arm in use.
• The Driller will also ensure that tool joints are positioned at the correct height above
the slips to prevent pipe bending.
• Care must be taken when handling jars. The safety clamp will be removed and installed
strictly as per the manufacturer’s specification. Particular care is to be taken if more
than one jar is placed in the string.
• Use a drill collar safety clamp on all drill collars without zip lift grooves.
• The Maximum permissible tensile load of the weakest point in the string shall be
known by the Driller. Refer to section 13.0 for determinization of this point.
• Mud logging personnel are to monitor trips for volume and report any discrepancies to
the driller and Halliburton Drilling Supervisor immediately.
• When the drillstring is out of the hole, the drill collars should be racked in such a way
that the drill pipe can be run into the hole first, without any delay.
• When the drillstring is out of the hole, a well cover plate must be placed in position to
prevent any junk, from falling into the hole, and the blind rams are to be closed.
• While the assembly is out of the hole, the trip tank will be used to continuously monitor
the hole.
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• Any time a trip is interrupted, the installation of a drill pipe safety valve is
recommended (have two available with the proper connections on the floor at all
times).
• A weighted slug (usually 2 ppg heavier than the mud in the hole), should be pumped
into the drillstring to ensure that a dry trip is made. Where OBM is being used, pump
the slug after pulling the first 3 stands.
• If drill pipe is pulled wet, the mud inside the pipe will be returned to the hole using a
mud bucket and draining the mud bucket into the bell nipple. Fill volumes therefore
should be the same as for dry pipe.
• It is the responsibility of the driller to close the well in, if a kick is indicated or
suspected.
• When drilling with Oil Based Muds (OBM), the solubility of gas in OBM can cause
dangerous situations (uncontrolled gas release around the rig site) unless operational
procedures are modified to account for the phenomenon.

• Drilling with water based muds, where trip gas is likely to be high can lead to a similar
uncontrolled release of gas at surface.
The following techniques are recommended for situations where large amounts of gas are
expected to be circulated to surface.
• On Trip in the Hole :

• On reaching bottom(or start of circulation on way to bottom) circulate bottoms up until

sample is within 600 m or 2,000 ft of surface.
• Close BOP's and circulate through a fully open choke, via the Mud Gas Separator until
any possible trip gas is out of the hole.
• Open BOP's and continue operation.
Trip out of Hole :

◊ Circulate bottoms up after drilling is completed, monitoring the gas levels from
the well.

◊ Flow check. Do not pump a slug for the first 3 stands. Do not survey. Make a
short trip (hole conditions will indicate length) to at least the top of the
reservoir section.
◊ Flow check. Run in the hole. Once back on bottom, circulate bottoms-up to
within 600 m or 2,000 ft of surface, or until there is any increase in pit volume,
gas etc. indicative of gas expansion .
◊ Close the BOP and continue circulation through a fully open choke via the Mud
Gas Separator until any possible trip gas is out of the hole.

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◊ Open BOP - check for flow - continue to pull out of the hole providing no
influx has been seen (a viable option could be to go back into the hole and
condition until hole indicators are more favorable).

• If the drillstring is likely to remain totally or partially empty of mud when running in the
hole (due to floats, small bit nozzles etc.) the correct displacement must be tracked and
the string filled frequently (collapse pressure and a safety margin). An accurate record
of the fill up volume utilized to fill the string is required.
• Drill pipe must not be drifted while in hole.

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6.0 DRILLING FLUIDS AND EQUIPMENT

6.1 Drilling Fluids, Types

6.1.1 Spud Muds

6.1.2 Water Based Muds

6.1.2.1 Bentonite Mud (Dispersed, Non - Inhibited)

6.1.2.2 Gypsum/Polymer Mud (Non - Dispersed, Moderately Inhibited)

6.1.2.3 KCl/ Polymer Mud (Non - Dispersed, Inhibited)

6.1.3 Invert Oil Emulsion Muds

6.1.3.1 Definition and Basic Technical Description

6.1.3.2 General Formulation

6.1.3.3 Physical Properties And Typical Parameters Of IOEM

6.1.3.4 Potential Problems and Solutions with IOEM

6.2 Contingency Treatments

6.2.1 Lost Circulation General

6.2.1.1 Mud Weight Reduction To Cure Losses

6.2.1.2 LCM Pills : Solid and Soluble Temporary Liquid Preparations

Non Reservoir

Reservoir

6.2.1.3 LCM Pills : Soft

Diatomaceous Earth (high fluid loss)

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Oil/ Bentonite (gunk)

Oil/ Bentonite/ Cement

Fresh Water/ Organophilic Clay (for OBM)

6.2.2 Kick Control Barite Plug

6.2.3 Hole Cleaning (General And Pill Requirements)

6.3 Solids Control and Equipment

6.3.1 Operation and Optimization of Solids Control Equipment

6.3.1.1 Flowline Located Traps

6.3.1.2 Shale Shakers

6.3.1.3 Settling Tanks

6.3.1.4 Hydrocyclone Devices (General)

6.3.1.5 Desander

6.3.1.6 Desilter

6.3.1.7 Mud Cleaner

6.3.1.8 Centrifuges

6.3.1.9 Vacuum Degasser

6.4 Mud Reporting and Documentation

6.4.1 Daily Mud Report

6.4.2 End of Well Report

6.5 Mud and General Contingency treatment Equipment and

Material Requirements

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6.1 Drilling Fluids, Types

6.1.1 Spud Muds

Spud muds are used for large surface holes which are drilled with relatively low annular
velocities and require high viscosity to lift and suspend cuttings. These muds have a high
YP/PV ratio, to attain the necessary characteristics.

• Where formations allow, a part native mud system may be employed.

• Where drilling without returns in top hole, water is the drilling fluid, with sweeps of Hi-
VIS pre-hydrated bentonite occasionally, to assist hole cleaning.
Composition of Prehydrated Bentonite:
Fresh water .159 cubic meters or 1 bbl (water with less than
5000 mg/l chlorides)
Soda Ash (Na2CO3) 0.7 kg/m3 or 0.25 ppb
Bentonite 85 kg/m3 or 30 ppb (pilot test if in doubt).
Caustic Soda (NaOH)1.4 - 2.8 kg/m3 or 0.5-1.0
ppb (pH adjusted to 10.0 -10.5)
Recommended Viscosity 100 - 120 seconds/quart
NOTE: Soda Ash is used to reduce the calcium ion content of the water to
100 mg/l. Care should be taken not to over treat the drill water.

Contingency Supply of Guar Gum / Xanthan Gum

A viscosifing polymer may be kept on the rig as a contingency should there be rapid
requirement for high viscosity mud. Care should be taken to avoid Caustic Soda additions
as Guar Gum rapidly thins in a high pH environment. If kept for more than 12 hours, a
bacteriacide should be added. Its main advantage is in speed of mixing but it has no
beneficial wall cake properties.

6.1.2 Water Based Muds

Prior to discussion of some of the WBM systems, the terms which are applied to clay
particle mechanics will be briefly discussed here, as confusion often occurs between the
terms.

Dispersion: Each clay particle can be envisaged as a pack of cards. Dependant on the
solution chemistry (pH etc.) the individual cards separate from the pack. The platelets
disperse.
• When clay is dispersed into individual platelets, these associate in several ways

◊ Aggregation : Face to face association

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◊ Flocculation : Edge to face association

The rheological properties associated with these phenomenon are :
• Increased viscosity from dispersion followed by flocculation. Decreased viscosity from
Aggregation and de-flocculation

6.1.2.1 Bentonite Mud (Dispersed, Non-Inhibited)

This section covers fresh water and seawater / prehydrated bentonite mud systems, referred
to respectively as CMF and CMS.
This is the basic mud system in use on land /and or offshore wells where shale inhibition is
not required.
The mud system’s main advantages are low cost and easy maintenance, along with a high
solids tolerance. The disadvantages are its lack of sensitive clays inhibition and its
susceptibility to chemical contaminants (salt, anhydrite, cement).

• Addition of lignosulfonate deflocculates (neutralizes charges on) the solids, resulting in

PV/YP/GELS reduction.
Reduce viscosity by lowering solids per unit volume with addition of water and/or fresh
mud. Premixes are required to maintain the desired properties.

Recommended Composition
CMS Muds
Caustic Soda 0.8 - 2.8 kg/m3 or 0.28-1.0 ppb (pH 9.5- 10.5)
Bentonite 30 kg/m3 or 10.5 ppb
Bentonite to be prehydrated and then added such that bentonite concentration in
the whole mud corresponds to 30 kg/m 3.

CMC-LV 5.5 - 8.5 kg/m3 or 2-3 ppb (optional, dependent on required

fluid loss)
CMC-HV 8.5 kg/m3 or 3 ppb
Barite As required for weight.
CMF Muds
Caustic Soda 0.8 - 2.8 kg/m3 or 0.28-1.0 ppb (pH 9.5- 10.5)
Bentonite 5 - 85 kg/m3 or 19-30 ppb
CMC-LV 5.7 kg/m3 or 2 ppb (optional, dependent on required fluid loss)
Soda Ash 0.4 kg/m3 or 0.15 ppb or every 100 mg/l reduction of
dissolved calcium required to decrease the fresh water calcium
to 100 mg/l.
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Barite As required for weight.

The formulations for CMF and CMS muds given above should yield the following
properties:
Density - 1050 kg/m3 or 8.8 ppg (without Barite)
VIS - 45 to 50 sec/qt
PV - 15
YP - 25
Gels - 2/5
API F.L. - less than 10
pH - approx 10.0
Add lignosulfonate as required after drilling commences. Maximum effective
concentration is 20 kg/m3 or 7 ppb. Lignosulfonate is acidic however, but is effective at
pH 9.5 - 10.5. Therefore Caustic Soda additions are also required (also reducing the
effects of corrosion);
Caustic Soda - 1 drum (50 kg or 100 lbs) per 5 sacks (25 kg or 50 lbs)
Lignosulfonate.
Treatment:
Increase weight - dilution/solid control.
(If the system is to be run weighted, then MBT should be run lower)
Increase viscosity - up CMC-HV or bentonite (also F.Loss)
Decrease viscosity - lignosulfonate, dilution
Decrease fluid loss - down bentonite or CMC
-LV.
Increase pH control - up caustic soda
Decrease PV - dilution/dump sand traps.
Increase YP/GELS - CMC-HV for YP. XCD-polymer very effective for YP and
gels.
Decrease YP/GELS - water/fresh mud/lignosulfonate
- dump sand traps.
Decrease MBT - dilution.

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Table 1.6 General Properties of a CMS or CMF mud system

Property 17.5" hole 12.25" hole 8.5" hole

Density As per program As per program As per program
PV at FL As low as poss <50 As low as poss <50 As low as poss <50
temperature
YP at FL 20 - 30 20 - 25 18 - 22
temperature
Gels at FL temp 10 sec < 15 10 sec < 15 10 sec < 15
10 min <40 10 min <40 10 min <40
Fluid Loss (API) < 10 ml 6 - 8 ml 3 - 5 ml
Sand low as poss', < 2% low as poss', < 2% low as poss', < 2%
MBT < 30 ppb bentonite < 30 ppb bentonite < 30 ppb bentonite
eq eq eq
pH 9.5 - 10.5 9.5 - 10.5 9.5 - 10.5
Calcium < 300 mg/l < 300 mg/l < 300 mg/l

If green cement is expected, then leave the pH lower to counter the effects of cement
contamination. Pre-treatment with Sodium Bicarbonate would also be of help. A treatment
of 0.7 kg/m3 or 0.25 ppb of Sodium Bicarbonate is adequate.
Salt water contamination will also increase viscosity and fluid loss. The salt cannot be
removed chemically. Treatment consists of :

• Dilution and/or dispersion with Lignosulfonate

• Addition of Fluid loss reducer (CMC-LV).
The Bentonite mud systems can be extended to higher temperature and longer small
diameter hole sections by the addition of sulfated resins (e.g. Resinex). They provide
rheological stabilization at higher anticipated bottom hole temperature and improved
HT/HP fluid loss by way of a thin and impermeable filter cake.
Normally, the Hi-Temp system is derived from the CMF mud. However, the following
general composition applies :
Water
Bentonite variable kg/m3
CMC-LV 8.5 kg/m3 or 3 ppb (dependent on required fluid loss)
CMC-HV 1.4 kg/m3 or 0.5 ppb
Caustic Soda 0.8 kg/m3 or 0.28 ppb (pH 9.5 - 10.5)

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Resinex/Hi-Temp 8.5 - 11.5 kg/m3 or 3-4 ppb

In practice, the resins should be added slowly over at least 2 circulations. The affect on
down hole mud cake is not instantaneous, and thus any change over to the system must be
achieved prior to entering the zone which requires use of the system.

6.1.2.2 Gypsum/Polymer System

General
One of a family of Calcium treated muds, the Gypsum/Polymer system is a mildly inhibitive
system used for drilling shales and massive anhydrite sequences. The origin of its inhibitive
qualities depends on the partial dissolution of calcium in the mud (from the Gypsum,
CaSO4.2H2O). This dissolved Ca2+ exchanges with Na+ in the clay structure, with a
resulting increase in the attractive force between clay plates.
Thus :

• For newly drilled hole, the calcium inhibits dispersion

• For clay already dispersed in the mud system, an aggregation process occurs, which
will 'ultimately' reduce viscosity. The process goes via a flocculation phase, producing
the well known viscosity "hump". This will occur when converting a CMF system to a
gypsum/polymer system. Consideration should be given to breaking over the system to
Gypsum/Polymer over 2 - 3 circulations.
General properties are :

Density < 1300 kg/m3 or 10.9 ppg

PV +/- 20
YP +/- 10 - 15
Gels 8/12
Fluid Loss +/- 10 ml
pH 9.5-10.5

Excess Gypsum 5.5 - 9 kg/m3 or 2-3 ppb (600 - 1,200 mg/l calcium). As a result of the
aggregated (non-dispersed) nature of the fluid, fluid loss control is not given by bentonite,
but is supplied by polymers, eg. PAC and starch. PAC polymer is a protective colloid
which inhibits shale swelling by adsorption.

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Recommended Composition (dependent on well temperature etc.):

Water
PAC 4.3-5.7 kg/m 3 or 1.5-2.0 ppb (fluid loss control)
XC Polymer (Xanthan Gum) 0.8-1.4 kg/m3 or 0.28-0.50 ppb (viscosifer)
Starch 5.7-11.4 kg/m3 or 2-4 ppb (fluid loss control and shall
control)
Caustic 2.8 kg/m3 or 1 ppb
Gypsum 11.4-17 kg/m3 or 4-6 ppb

Notes on running the gypsum/polymer system

:
• pH should not be increased above pH of 10.5 as calcium solubility will be reduced.
• Alkalinity will decrease with gypsum additions.
• A defoaming agent is required while mixing the mud..
• A bactericide is require, if starch products are used.
• The system is only mildly inhibitive, and if used in a gumbo section, massive dilution
will be required.
• The excess gypsum must not be allowed to deplete, or further gypsum additions will
lead to another viscosity 'hump' being encountered.

6.1.2.3 KCL/Polymer System (Non - Dispersed, Inhibitive)

General
If hydratable clays are expected, then the Ca2+ from gypsum provides insufficient inhibition.
The problems related to insufficient inhibition (gumbo in younger formations and
sloughing/caving in older) would still occur even after massive dilution treatments to
control MBT level. A KCl system has a greater degree of inhibition than other water based
fluids due to the nature of the potassium ion. As KCl has a high solubility, it can be used in
a concentration between 0 - 23 kg/m3 or 0-8 ppb. The KCl provides inhibitive K+ ions.
The K+ ions exchange with the Na+ ions present in the clays to minimize the amount of
water that can be absorbed by the clays. This ion exchange process helps to stabilize the
hole sections containing hydratable clays. Further inhibition can be provided with hydration
suppressant additives.
Polymer can be used to provide a further inhibitive affect, although in better known areas it
may not be required. This polymer (hydrolyzed co-polymer of Polyacrylamide and
Polyacrylate) works by forming a viscous gel like coating on the formation and
encapsulating around cuttings, to slow the water entry into the shale. The amount of

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hydrolyzed polyacrylamide may be dependent to some degree on mud rheology, as it tends

to act as a viscosifier.
Other properties (viscosity and fluid loss) are controlled by XC polymer and starch/PAC
respectively. Starch is used as the primary fluid loss control agent. Starch is stable up to a
temperature of 107°C or 224°F. PAC can be used to provide fluid loss control, without
increasing viscosity, to a temperature of 150°C or 300°F.
The system is a non- dispersed system, and dispersants should not be added, unless control
of the properties by dilution has become uneconomical.

Formulation

Water fresh or seawater, but with a maximum

Calcium level of 400 mg/l
Caustic (pH 9.5 - 10.5) 2.2 kg/m3 or 0.75 ppb As required
3
KCl 57 - 115 kg/m or 20-40 ppb as Inhibition
instructed
Starch 5.7 - 11.5 kg/m3 or 2-4 ppb Fluid loss (or PAC-LV)
XC Polymer 1.5 - 2.8 kg/m3 or 0.5-1.0 ppb Viscosifier
(or PAC-HV at 1 - 2 kg/m3 or 0.35-0.9
ppb)
Hydrolysed 2.8 kg/m3or 1 ppb Encapsulation inhib'
Polyacrylamide
PAC-LV 8.5 kg/m3 or 3.0 ppb (see starch Fluid loss
above)
The above formulation will yield the following mud properties :
Density - 1080 kg/m3or 9.0 ppg
MF VIS - 45 to 50
PV - 15 to 20
YP - 20 to 25
pH - 9.5 to 10.5
API F.L. - less than 10
K+ - 52 g/l (with 10 kg/m3 0r 3.5 ppb KCl)
For log evaluation purposes, it is desirable that the KCl is maintained at a constant
concentration when drilling through a reservoir section.
Running and maintaining a KCl/Polymer system

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The initial KCl brine is usually supplied in solution at approximately 23 kg/m3 or 8 ppb
(density 1140 kg/m3 or 9.5 ppg). This will be diluted back to the required concentration,
but an excess (possibly 14 kg/m3 or 5 ppb) should be used on the first circulation, as a
drop in KCl concentration is often noted.
The hydrolyzed polyacrylamide should be mixed by shearing prior to pumping, or
allowance made with coarse shaker screens on the first circulations.
When MBT levels reach 55 kg/m3 or 20 ppb bentonite, rheology becomes difficult to
control. The mud is treated with new volume.

• The system is sensitive to build-up of drilled solids, especially fines and requires
efficient solids removal equipment (see MBT restriction above)
• Sensitive to build up of calcium eg. from drilling cement or contamination with calcium
brines. This makes polyacrylamide encapsulator degrade rapidly. Cement
contamination is treated with sodium bicarbonate.
The KCl system's greater inhibitive quality has to be balanced against its greater cost
(about twice as expensive as gypsum/polymer) and lower tolerance to reactive drilled
solids (gypsum/polymer will tolerate approximately 55 kg/m3 or 20 ppb MBT as opposed
to 20 kg/m3 or 7 ppb MBT).

6.1.3 Invert Oil Emulsion Muds (IOEM)

6.1.3.1 Definition and Basic Technical Description

IOEM is a type of oil based mud (OBM) in which the continuous phase is oil, but with a
minimum 10% emulsified water within it. The continuous phase is exposed directly to the
well bore. The base oil can be of various types, including diesel and various different
grades of low toxicity oils.
The discontinuous (internal) phase is brine, which provides some of the rheological control
and fluid loss characteristics. The brine phase exists as droplets within the oil phase, and
like solids within a mud, imparts the basic viscosity. Thus the greater the water content, the
higher will be the inherent viscosity of the system. The activity of the brine phase (ideally
balanced with the formation water activity) is usually controlled by calcium chloride
(sodium chloride can be used).
The emulsification of oil and water is accomplished by the physical mixing of the fluids
with primary and secondary emulsifiers, which stabilize the water droplets in the oil. The
Primary emulsifier (of the fatty acid type) requires lime to function, and an excess of lime
is maintained for this reason.
Viscosity is provided by an oil dispersible (amine treated) clay, which is resident in the oil
phase. The performance of these additives depends on their ability to swell in the base oil
as well as water. This swelling is promoted by a higher aromatic and napthemic content.
The viscosifiers are also more effective on raising YP in muds with lower oil/water ratios.

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Fluid loss control is provided by asphalt, gilsonite and oil dispersible (amine treated)
lignite.
Oil wetting agents are designed to keep the water phase separate from the cuttings within
the mud system and suspend the solids in the oil phase. As most minerals which form
cuttings are negatively charged, positively charged molecules are used for this purpose.
Normally, the hydrocarbon 'tail' of the compound dissolves into the oil phase and an amine
attaches to the cutting.
As the numerous advantages and disadvantages of OBM are well documented elsewhere,
they are not covered here.

6.1.3.2 General Formulation

Base Oil 160 litres or 1 bbl
Primary Emulsifier Absolute value varies with product, but +/- 5.7 kg/m3 or
+/- 2 ppb
Secondary Emulsifier Absolute value varies with product, but +/- 22.8 kg/m3 or
+/- 8 ppb
Lime 14 kg/m3or 5 ppb
Calcium Chloride To provide the required WPS.
Fluid Loss Controller System dependent, may not be used, due to toxic nature
Viscosifier 11.4 - 23 kg/m3 or 4-8 ppb
Barite As required
Oil wetting agent This agent may be separate or the action may be provided
by the secondary emulsifier

The general order of mixing IOEM is normally laid down in the mud companies procedure.
But if volume is urgently required, a single pit mix can be accomplished. However, the
preferred order is as follows :

• Fill a pit with the required base oil

• Add the primary viscosifier and gun to mix thoroughly
• Make up the brine phase of the mud in a separate tank and then add to base oil
relatively slowly, under maximum available shearing conditions (high pressure shearing
line, if possible)
• Once mixing of brine and base oil complete, simultaneously add lime and the secondary
emulsifier. Continue to shear for maximum emulsion stability
Add the viscosifier, and shear until required rheology (at least sufficient to suspend
barite) is achieved.

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• Add weighting agent to required mud weight and shear for as long as possible prior to
displacement.

6.1.3.3 Physical Properties and Typical Parameters of IOEM

• Oil/water ratio depends on:
◊ System used
◊ Mud density
◊ PV
With increased mud weight, the stability of the emulsion becomes more difficult to
maintain. It also becomes more difficult to prevent water wetting of the solids in the
system. See Table 2.6, for general information on mud weight vs. OWR. Note that whilst
drilling salts, it is advisable to carry a higher oil/water ratio than these mud weights
suggest, as salt water flows and water pill spotting will be compensated for in advance.

Table 2.6 Typical Oil/ Water vs. Mud Weights for IOEM.

Oil / Water ratio Mud Weight kg/m3 or

ppg
50/50 To 1200 or 10.0
51/49 - 55/45 1205 - 1320 or 10.1
56/44 - 59/41 1325 - 1440 of 11.1-12.0
60/40 - 65/35 1445 - 1560 or12.1-13.0
66/34 - 69/31 1565 - 1680 or 13.1-14.0
70/30 - 79/21 1685 - 1920 or 14.1-16.0
80/20 - 90/10 1925 - 2280 or 16.1-19.1

Water Phase Salinity (WPS)

Water Phase Salinity (WPS) can be produced by both Calcium Chloride and Sodium
Chloride, although the maximum WPS from Sodium Chloride is 180,000 mg/l. One
advantage of using NaCl is that mud testing procedures are less liable to error, due to the
presence of multiple salt phases.
WPS is typically 150,000 - 170,000 mg/l in the water phase alone. This figure is not a
whole mud figure.

Viscosity
The standard temperature for YP, PV and Gels determination is 50° C or 122° F, but
significant circulation temperature departure should lead to a different but consistent value.
MF viscosity is of little relevance for property specification, due to temperature variation.
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Typical values are given in the Table 3.6

Table 3.6 Recommended ranges of PV and YP for differing mud weights (taken at
50°C), assuming the typical Oil/Water range vs. Mud Weight.

YP Range PV Range Mud Weight kg/m3

5 - 12 18 - 38 To 1200 or 10.0
7 - 14 30 - 45 1205 - 1320 or 10.1
8 - 15 35 - 54 1325 - 1440 of 11.1-12.0
8 - 16 38 - 62 1445 - 1560 or12.1-13.0
9 - 17 45 - 73 1565 - 1680 or 13.1-14.0
9 - 18 54 - 95 1685 - 1920 or 14.1-16.0
10 - 21 72 - 143 1925 - 2280 or 16.1-19.1

• HTHP Fluid loss

Carried out normally at 35 bar differential or 500 psi and a minimum 90°C or 194°F.
The temperature should be increased to whatever BHCT is estimated to be, in
reasonable stages. The filtrate should always be oil. The appearance of water indicates
emulsion breakdown at bottom hole conditions, and should be treated with emulsifier.
• Mud weight should be reported at the temperature it was taken at.
• Emulsion Electrical Stability (ES)
This is only an indication of emulsion stability. Trend data showing steady decrease in
E.Stab may be taken to indicate an emulsifier treatment is required. The following
statements are general :

◊ A minimum ES voltage for a well sheared (circulated) mud system is normally

500 v
◊ A new mud system's ES should progressively increase from a value (possibly
lower than 500 v) as the water droplets reduce in size and viscosifiers become
more effective.
◊ Where rapid dilution is normally required (17.5" hole section), momentary ES
readings may be as low as 300 v, without problems occurring.

6.1.3.4 Potential Problems and Solutions with IOEM

Water Wetting Of Mud Solids

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A "grainy" appearance of the mud, water in the filtrate and electrical stability decrease can
all be indicative of water wetting of solids. As severity of water wetting increases, the
cuttings may tend to stick together and be noticeably softer. Increased barite removal will
also be noted at the solids control equipment.
The situation may result from insufficient treatment of emulsifiers and/or oil wetting agent,
or the following

• Elevated ROP in large diameter hole sections

• Rapid weight up allowing insufficient time to mix the required wetting agents
• A water flow
Salt Drilling
As IOEM tends to drill a true gauge hole, and salt exhibits plastic creep deformation, their
is a tendency to stick the drill string. This occurs most frequently at connection time, and
can be avoided by drilling off completely prior to picking up (with pumps running) and
then reaming the new open hole prior to making the connection.
If the drill string becomes stuck, it is frequently at the bit and may be freed by pumping/
soaking a 4.8 cubic meters or 30 bbl water pill with 2% by volume drilling detergent.
Magnesium brine flows can destroy the emulsion by reacting with the lime in the mud
system. An excess of lime should thus be carried. Note however that some types of
emulsifier based on polyamide are not affected by the magnesium.
Water Flows
In high weight / high oil/water ratio mud systems, water luflux will result in an initial
localized large reduction in OWR. A resultant increase in viscosity and decrease in
emulsion stability will occur. With reference to this affect and the magnesium brine affect,
if drilling in an area noted for kicks, the following is recommended :

• Maintain high levels of oil wetting agent and emulsifier in the system
3
• Maintain a minimum of 8.6 kg/m or 3 ppb excess lime concentration.

6.2 Contingency Treatments

6.2.1 Lost Circulation General

Prior to attempting to cure lost circulation, an attempt to categorize the loss zone type is
vital, as the curative methods used depend on this. Losses may be due to natural or drilling
related causes, some of which are as follows :

• Coarse sand and gravel beds with extreme permeability, usually shallow.
• The majority of losses occur to natural fracture zones, and can occur at very low
differential fluid pressures. Drilling process induced fractures are similar in nature.
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• Cavernous formations, normally found in limestone and dolomite areas.

• Excessive overbalance in an interval, which may be natural or due to production
depletion of a zone.
Normally, the possibility of encountering such zones will be noted in the drilling program,
and a suitable LCM can be chosen.
Location of the loss zone is an issue which also affects the method used to cure lost
circulation. This, along with other aspects (eg. reporting of lost circulation etc.) is covered
in the chapter on drilling problems, within this guideline.
An important issue to note concerns the tools (MWD, LWD, Motors, etc) within the
BHA, and the restrictions they apply to usage of LCM, as well as bit nozzle size for
granular solid LCM's. To a degree, these restrictions depend on the severity of the lost
circulation, as the choice between loosing a hole and a malfunctioning MWD is clear. The
MWD contractor normally provides a pressure relief sub within the BHA, which can be
utilized to circulate, if the string becomes blocked.

6.2.1.1 Mud Weight Reduction to Cure Losses

Where total losses, the hole will be filled with water or base oil (which ever is appropriate
and available) until a fluid column is returned to surface. The recorded volume and density
of the fill up fluid, and the estimated depth of the loss zone can be used to calculate the
maximum allowable mud weight tolerable at the loss zone. If this does not cause a problem
with balancing pore pressure in the open hole, the mud weight can be reduced to this level.

6.2.1.2 LCM Pills : Solid and Soluble Temporary Liquid Preparations

The following description of solid LCM and liquid temporary pills assumes that the loss
zone to be treated is not of the cavernous or large fracture zone types (thus usually not
high loss rate), as this LCM would probably not be appropriate. Distinguishing between the
types of zone basically depends on 2 factors :

1. Loss rate and type (static or dynamic)

2. Well information (geological, from cuttings and from previous well
information, including core/ well test data etc.).
As a general rule, care should be taken to avoid getting the LCM plug setting string
differentially stuck while attempting to cure losses. This involves minimizing the periods
when the string is motionless (longitudinally and rotationally).
The solids used for this type of LCM pill rely on superficial bridging of pore and minor
fracture planes, which for the loss zone. The following basic types exist :

Flake mica

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cellophane

Granular nutshell
calcium carbonate
salt

Fibrous glass fiber

wood fiber
animal fiber

= Suitable for OBM

= Not suitable for OBM (usually due to an adverse affect on
emulsion stability)

The liquid preparations are supplied by various companies, and thus limitations are not
mentioned.
As noted the type of LCM used depends on the mud system, but also on the interval
containing the loss zone (reservoir or non-reservoir). The following separates the treatment
options into reservoir and non- reservoir.
Non - Reservoir
Generally, it is thought that LCM concentrations in excess of 45 ppb in an LCM pill will
not provide further benefit. Similarly, a circulating systems LCM concentration of 15 - 20
ppb is thought to be the maximum required.

• Seepage losses (≤= 1.6 cubic meters / hr or 10 bbl/hr)

Add fine mica to the circulating system at 100 kg/hr or 220 lb/hr while monitoring
results on loss rate.

• Losses at 1.6 - 3.2 cubic meters / hr. or 10-20 bbl/hr

A pill consisting of 40 kg/m3 or 15 ppb fine mica and 40 kg/m3 or 15 ppb medium
mica of 40 kg/m3 or 15 ppb liquid
• Losses in excess of 3.2 cubic meters / hr. or 20 bbl/hr_

• A pill consisting of : 40 kg/m3 or 15 ppb fine mica

40 kg/m3 or 15 ppb medium mica

40 kg/m3or 15 ppb pre-blended fibrous and

granular LCM (Kwikseal)
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If this is unsuccessful : 40 kg/m3 or 15 ppb fine/medium mica

70 kg/m3 or 25 ppb blended medium and coarse

fibrous and granular LCM
Another option is to use a fine cellulose product fiber in place of fine mica at the same
concentration. Note however that temperature limitations (in this case 120°C or 250°F)
apply to some products. Refer to the product data sheet.
Prior to using these pill formulations, consideration should be given to the following :

MWD tool. Coarse grade LCM should not be used. Refer to manufacturer for the
acceptability of fibrous LCM's
Displace the pill around the open hole annulus at a slow rate (eg. 750 lpm or 250 gpm).
If the loss zone location is known, allow the LCM to 'soak'.
If an LCM zone is thought likely in the hole section to be drilled, bit nozzle size should
be a minimum of 16/32". If this is too large, a circulating sub should be incorporated in
the BHA.
Reservoir
Note that it is vital that the Halliburton Drilling IS Coordinator is contacted prior to using
LCM remedies in the reservoir section.
Two optional treatments types follow, which are based on predominantly liquid treatments,
or on calcium carbonate. Note that their are two grades of calcium carbonate, with marble
types used in the instance where erosion resistance is required (such as when the material
is to be repeatedly circulate).

Option 1.
• Loss rate < 3.2 m3 / hr. or <20 bbl/hr
Liquid casing: 40 kg/m3 or 15 ppb
• Loss rate > 3.2 m3/ hr. or >20 bbl/hr
OM seal 40 kg/m3or 15 ppb
Liquid casing 40 kg/m3 or 15 ppb
The cellulose fiber and OM seal are partially acid soluble, or can be flowed back easily.
These specific products should not be used at BHST of greater than 120 °C or 250°F.

Option 2. (calcium carbonate)

• Seepage Loss (< 1.6 cubic meters / hr. or <10 bbl/hr)

• Add 50 micron (median particle size) CaCO3 to the circulating system at 110kg/hr or
250 lbs/hr. Monitor for loss rate.
• Loss rate (1.6 - 3.2 cubic meters / hr. or 10-20 bbl/hr)
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• Pump a pill with : 40 kg/m3 or 15 ppb 50 micron CaCO3

• kg/m3 or 15 ppb 150 micron CaCO3
• Loss rate (3.2 - 6.4 cubic meters / hr. or 20-40 bbl/hr
• Pump a pill with : 40 kg/m3 or 15 ppb 50 micron CaCO3
kg/m3 or 15 ppb 150 micron CaCO3
kg/m3 or 15 ppb 600 micron CaCO3
With respect to calcium carbonate LCM, the material is acid soluble and the bit nozzle size
should allow clear passage of the coarsest grade of LCM. This can be checked by using a
small amount of the LCM, and putting it through a nozzle. However, care must be taken to
suspend the LCM adequately, as delays while pumping the LCM may lead to drop out and
nozzle plugging. A circulating sub should be considered in these instances.

6.2.1.3 LCM Pills - Soft (Gunk, Gunk-Cement etc.)

These types of plug or not routinely used, and are considered to be for serious or
moderately serious lost circulation situations, usually associated with cavernous or
fractured zones.
They are frequently used in combination. For example, a cement plug may be placed after a
gunk plug, as the gunk plug will provide backing for the cement, thus stopping it being
pushed away into the formation.
The drill out procedure for all the plug types is the same. Break circulation well above the
plugged zone and gradually work down, using minimum hydraulics.
High Fluid Loss Slurry (diatomaceous earth / fine grade fibrous LCM)he term high fluid
loss refers to the mechanism by which the plug produces its gelled structure down hole. In
this instance, as opposed to the clay swelling mechanism of gunk plugs, the fluid which
initially suspended the diatomaceous earth is lost to the formation, leaving the semi- solid
gelled mass infilling the fracture. This type of slurry is beneficial for both natural and
induced fractures where the "bridging" mechanism alone, provided by granular solid
LCM's would be unsuccessful. The plug induces high pressure drop along the fracture.
Drilling solids should then provide any further bridging required. Refer to Table 4.6 for
slurry formulation.

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Table 4.6 Formulation for a diatomaceous earth LCM Slurry.

Slurry Density Diatomaceous Barite Sea or Fresh

(kg / m3 - ppb\g) Earth (kg / lb) (kg / lb) Water (l/ gal)
1080/9.0 22.7/50 0 150/40
1200/10.0 19.3/43 30/66 145/38
1320/11.0 17.6/39 55/121 140/37
1440/12.0 16.2/36 80/176 133/35
1560/13.0 14.8/33 105/232 128/34
1680/14.0 13.3/33 130/287 120/32
1800/15.0 12.0/27 160/353 116/31

High Fluid Loss Slurry Placement Method

The placement method is designed to inject the slurry into the "fracture", and leave it in
place, and not to simply bridge off the surface of the fracture. Such a superficial "fix"
would rapidly be removed.

• Mix 8-16 cubic meters or 50-100 bbl of slurry

• Locate bit at top of loss zone
• Circulate to condition and perform injectivity, if appropriate.
• Displace slurry with mud out of drill string, to balance
• If returns are obtained, close an annular preventer and squeeze/hesitation squeeze.
Once all the slurry is in place, attempt to hold pressure for at least 30 minutes.
• If no returns are noted whilst pumping the slurry, and if the hole cannot be fill, a second
slurry should be placed.

Additional Notes On High Fluid Loss Slurries

• Up to 30 kg/m3 or 10 ppb of "fine" fibrous LCM can be beneficial in the slurry. Nothing
coarser than this should be used, as it may prevent the slurry entering the fracture zone.
• Where the technique is to be used while drilling with OBM, precautions should be
taken to ensure mud does not contaminate the slurry, and vis-versa. A base oil spacer
should be pumped ahead and behind the slurry.
• The slurry can bepumped through a bit

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Oil/ Bentonite Plug for Water Based Mud Systems

This plugging method depends on the fact that bentonite will not yield in oil. However,
when fresh water comes into contact with a high concentration oil/bentonite slurry, it forms
a solid plaster like material which blocks off the loss zone.

Procedure
1. Flush pit, lines, cement unit with base oil (diesel as available) to ensure their is no
possibility of water contaminating the slurry prematurely.
2. Note that the time taken to clean out a set gunk plug from a surface tank is substantial.
3. Position the work string (preferably open ended drill pipe) approximately 10m or 30 ft
above the loss zone.
4. Mix 85 kg/m3 or 30 ppb of Bentonite (preferably sacked bentonite) in the base oil to
produce a viscous fluid.
5. Pump 4.8 cubic meters or 30 bbl of fresh water.
6. Pump 1.6 cubic meters or 10 bbl of base oil.
7. Pump the gunk slurry.
8. Pump 1.6 cubic meters or 10 bbl of base oil.
9. Displace the plug to the bottom of the drill string.

The squeeze operation should proceed as follows :

• If the hole is full, squeeze at 20 - 35 BAR or 300-500 psi.
• If the hole is not full, first attempt to fill the hole (if that is appropriate). If the hole will
not fill, close the annular preventer and pump down the annulus at the same time as
pumping the gunk to the formation.
• Allow four hours for the gunk plug to set.
Oil/ Bentonite/Cement Plug for Water Based Mud Systems
If the gunk plug does not succeed, a 8 - 16 cubic meters or 50-100 bbl oil/bentonite/cement
plug should be attempted. Follow the same procedures as those for a gunk plug, except
mix the following: mix 57 kg/m3 or 20 ppb of bentonite and 57 kg/m3 or 20 ppb of cement
into the base oil. It is also beneficial to pump down the annulus with or without returns, as
when returns occur the slurry should preferably not be allowed too far up the annulus of
the work string.
Fresh Water/ Organophilic Clay Plug for OBM Systems
When using an OBM, the reverse of an oil/ bentonite plug can be used. The organophilic
clay is an oil dispersible clay, used as a viscosifier for OBM, which will yield in the
presence of oil. The clay is mixed into water and pumped in a similar fashion as was the oil/
bentonite plug.
A formulation for one barrel of unweighted water/ organophilic clay slurry is as follows :
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Water .115 cubic meters or 30 gal

Caustic 0.7 kg or 0.25 ppb
Dispersant 1.6 kg or 0.5 ppb
Organophilic Clay 115 kg or 40 ppb
Follow the procedures and precautions for mixing an oil/bentonite plug, with the
important exception that the lines/tanks etc are flushed with water and rig wash, followed
by water, to remove the residue of OBM.

6.2.2 Kick Control Barite Plug

Generally, where a high pressure kick zone exists below a weak zone, it is preferable to
first kill the lower zone, then treat the loss zone above. This can be accomplished by
spotting a Barite plug in the lower section of the hole, of adequate annular height to
hydrostatically kill the lower zone while not affecting the upper zone. This bottom hole
annular pressure may be insufficient, but its secondary affect, which is to form a mechanical
flow block may kill the well.

6.2.3 Hole Cleaning

A very brief consideration of hole cleaning is given here, to indicate desirable properties of
mud in certain situations.

• Hole angle is extremely important.

◊ At angles < 30 degrees, the fluid tubular velocity transports cuttings in the mud,
and the consideration of slip velocity is valid
◊ At angles from 30 - 90 degrees cuttings beds form on the low side of the hole.
At 50 - 60 degrees in particular, cuttings tend to fall back down the hole, and
cause annular pack-offs more easily. The method of cuttings transport where
cuttings beds are formed is either bulk translation of sheets of cuttings, or "
saltation ". The saltation method of cuttings transport, whereby the cutting
moves in a sequence of short 'hops' above the hole bottom, in the high fluid
shear layer immediately above the cuttings bed is promoted by low viscosity
fluids with high annular velocities, which promote turbulence. The use of large
diameter (eg. 6 5/8") drill pipe and pipe rotation promote these mechanisms.
Minimum of 60 RPM is recommended, although greater values are more
beneficial. The larger diameter drill pipe has 2 main advantages in this respect.

◊ Larger ID reduces the restriction on pump rate due to mud pump maximum
operating pressures at a flow rate.

◊ Greater annular velocities for a flow rate due to the diameter.

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For wells deviated below 30 degrees inclination, hole cleaning models are usually based on
a specified maximum allowable annular cutting concentration, which is a function of ROP,
mud flow rate and slip velocity.
Inclined well hole cleaning (greater than 30 degrees inclination) relies on the calculation of
a so called cuttings transport index. These subjects are considered outside the scope of a
drilling manual.

• The practice of circulating a carbide lagged bottoms up plus 20% , prior to a trip, while
rotating the pipe, in wells with greater than 30 degrees inclination is strongly advised.
Monitoring of the quantity of cuttings at the shaker whilst drilling and during the
circulation of bottoms up is also advisable.

• With particular respect to circulating the shakers clean, it is recommended to jet out
the header box at the start of the bottoms up circulation so that the cuttings in the
surface flowline system do not give a false impression that cuttings are being removed
from the well, there by extending circulation time unnecessarily.
Hole Cleaning Pills
• For wells deviated below 30 degrees, the use of conventional high viscosity/ high
weight pills is recommended to assist cuttings removal

• For wells deviated above 30 degrees, thin (i.e. base oil) fluids pumped in turbulent
flow are the best way to remove cuttings beds, in association with pipe rotation. The
low viscosity pill should be immediately followed by a high viscosity/ high weight pill to
assist in suspending the cuttings while they are being carried to surface.
• The recommended volume for both the high and low viscosity pills together are :

17.5" hole : 8 - 1.6 cubic meters or 50-100 bbl(i.e. 4 cubic meters or

25 bbl/4 - 8 cubic meters or 25-50 bbl / 8 cubic meters
or 50 bbl)

12.25" hole : 4.8 - 9.6 cubic meters or 30-60 bbl

• It is strongly recommended that the initial hole cleaning pill volumes be at the lower
end of these ranges initially. This is recommended due to field experience, which
indicates that annular pack -offs can occur due to lifting excessive cuttings with one
larger pill.

6.3.1 Operation and Optimization of Solids Control Equipment

6.3.1.1 Flowline Located Tr aps

Flowlines, "gumbo" traps and shaker header boxes are to be cleaned at the required
frequency, depending on ROP, cuttings type etc, to ensure the system functions correctly.

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Jet lines should be installed in the header box, and be effective. The cleaning of all systems,
which may involve dumping tank contents will be monitored strictly if OBM is used.

6.3.1.2 Shale Shakers

• Adequate stocks of various sized shaker screens will be available to optimize the size of
screens used, which is usually a trial and error process. The variables which influence
selection include mud type and rheology, ROP, flow rate, and formation type.
Generally, screen size is chosen to give maximum cuttings removal without overloading
the screens, when circulating at full drilling rate with normal mud properties
established. Thus, for example, if the mud is not initially shear thinning enough due to
low initial temperature on breaking circulation, a lower initial circulation rate may be
considered, rather than changing screens twice.
• The top screen of a double deck shaker is normally used as a 'scalping' screen, with a
coarse mesh, used to remove the large cuttings and save the finer lower deck screens
from damage or swamping.
• The fluid front should cover approximately 60% of the screens. This allows adequate
distance for solids to be 'dried' by movement over the remaining screen area.
• If sand screen blinding occurs, a finer mesh size should be used if further distribution/
re-distribution between other shaker devices does not solve the problem. Note that
rectangular mesh screens are less likely to blind off than square mesh screens.
• Prior to new polymer based mud systems (WBM and OBM) being sheared and thus
mixed properly through the bit, a coarse mesh dressed shaker should be used. This will
stop losses due to screen blinding by polymer lumps.
• Shaker screens must always be cleaned thoroughly after ending circulation and at
connections. They should also be inspected regularly for breaks in the mesh
(particularly the lower screens)
• Never run shakers without fluid flow over them.
• Coarse mesh screens discharge drier cuttings than fine mesh screens.

6.3.1.3 Settling Tanks

Sand Traps should never be by-passed in normal drilling operations. Sand traps are to be
dumped on a regular basis when using WBM.
Sand traps should have as large an area as possible and should not be used as suction
compartments, as this disturbs the settling action of the solids. The base of the tanks
should be angled at about 45° towards a large dump valve.

6.3.1.4 Hydrocyclone Devices

The following applies to desanders, desilters/mud cleaners.

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