Hydraulic Machines

Pumps & Turbines

HydraulicMachi
nes
● Hydraulic machine is defined as a device
which converts the fluid energy or
hydraulic energy (Potential or Kinetic) in
to mechanical energy or vice- versa.
● The machines in which water is used as
working flow, are called hydraulic
machines.
Types of Hydraulic Machines

Machines

Hydraulic Hydraulic
Turbines Pumps
Hydraulic
Pumps
Pum
ps
● A pump is a hydraulic machine which
convert mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy.

● Mechanical Energy Hydraulic energy

Types of Hydraulic Pumps

Pumps

Positive
Rotodynamic Pumps
Displacement Pumps
 Positive
Rotodynamic
Displacement
Pumps
Pumps

Centrifugal pumps Reciprocating Pumps

Half
Axial/Screw/Mixed Rotary Displacement
flow pumps Pumps

Axial Flow/Propeller Gear Pump

pumps
 Rotodynamic Pumps

A rotodynamic pump is a machine

in which energy is continuously imparted to
the pumped fluid by means of a
rotating impeller, propeller, or rotor, in contrast
to a positive displacement pump in which a fluid
is moved by trapping a fixed amount of fluid and
forcing the trapped volume into the pump’s
discharge.
 Rotodynamic Pumps
Centrifugal Pump: In the impeller, the liquid flows in the
outward radial direction.

Axial Flow/Propeller Pump: The flow of the liquid is in a

propeller pump is in the axial direction, parallel to the
rotating shaft.

Mixed Flow: This impeller has an intermediate form so

that the flow of liquid is in between the radial and axial
directions.

Note: There is no rigid boundaries separating these three

types of pumps, and often all the three types are called as
centrifugal pump.
Positive Displacement
Pumps

The positive displacement pumps are

those pumps in which the liquid is
sucked and then it is actually pushed
or displaced due to the thrust
exerted on it by a moving member,
which results in lifting the liquid to
the required height.
 Positive Displacement Pumps
Reciprocating Pump: A reciprocating pump is a class of
positive-displacement pumps that includes the piston pump, plunger
pump, and diaphragm pump. Unmaintained, however, they can
succumb to wear and tear. Application:- light oil pumping, feeding
small boilers condensate return, pneumatic pressure system, oil
drilling operations.

Rotary pumps: A type of positive displacement pump where for

each revolution, a fixed volume of fluid is moved. These pumps are
self-priming and provide near constant delivered capacity no matter
the pressure.

Gear Pumps: A gear pump uses the meshing of gears to pump fluid
by displacement. widely used in chemical installations to pump high
viscosity fluids such as oil, paints, resins or foodstuffs.
 Centrifugal Pump over
Reciprocating Pump
1. Because of fewer parts centrifugal pump have less cost than
reciprocating pump

2. Also because of fewer parts installation and maintenance are

easier and cheaper as compared to reciprocating pump

3. Centrifugal pump have much greater discharging capacity than

reciprocating pump

4. Centrifugal pump is compact and small in size and have less

weight for the same capacity and energy transfer as compared to
reciprocating pump

5. Centrifugal pump can be used for lifting highly viscous liquid

such as paper pulp, muddy and sewage water sugar molasses
and oil but reciprocating pump cannot do that
Pumps Applications

● To deliver fluid at a higher elevation or at a

long distance.
● To deliver fluid at a pressurized device
● For the control of hydraulic systems
● For drainage system, removing slurries,
mud, water
● For irrigation systems
● Cleaning, car wash
 Centrifugal Pumps

●Pumps in which a dynamic pressure is

developed which enables the lifting of
liquids from a lower to a higher level.
Important parts are
● Impeller
● Casing
● Suction Pipe
● Delivery pipe
● Foot valve & strainer
 Principle of Centrifugal Pumps
● It works on the principle that when a certain mass
of liquid is made to rotate by an external force, it is
thrown away from the central axis of rotation and
a centrifugal head is impressed which enables it to
rise to a higher level.

● Since in these pumps, the lifting of liquid is due to

the centrifugal action, the pumps are called
centrifugal pumps.
Centrifugal
Pumps
Component Parts of Centrifugal
Pumps
● The rotating part of the centrifugal pump is
called impeller. It is a rotating solid disk
with backward curved blades. Impellers
could be open, semi-open or closed or
shrouded.

Open Semi - Open Closed

Centrifugal Pumps
(Contd…)

Backward curved Radial curved Forward curved

● For Incompressible fluids (water) backward

curved vanes are used (pumps)
● For compressible fluids (air) forward curved
vanes are used (compressors)
Centrifugal Pumps
(Contd…)
● Casing is an airtight passage surrounding the impeller
which converts the kinetic energy of the fluid leaving
the impeller into pressure energy.
● Suction pipe is connected to the inlet of the pump
and other side is dipped into the fluid in a sump.
● Delivery pipe is connected to the outlet of the pump
and other end delivers the fluid at required height.
● Foot valve & strainer A foot non-return or one way
valve is fitted at lower end of the suction pipe. Strainer
is also used at lower end of the pipe to stop the flow of
sand with water.
Centrifugal Pumps
(Contd…)
Working principle

● The impeller is keyed onto a shaft which is mounted on

bearings and is coupled to a motor which rotates the
impeller.
● The kinetic energy of the impeller is transmitted to the
fluid and its velocity increases.
● The volute casing converts the kinetic energy of the
fluid to pressure energy. The pressure at the center of
the impeller (eye) decreases as the fluid flows outward.
The decrease in pressure causes the fluid of the sump
to continuously flow through the suction pipes.
● The high pressure fluid is delivered through the
delivery pipe.
Centrifugal Pumps
(Contd…)
Centrifugal Pumps
(Contd…)
Centrifugal Pumps
(Contd…)
 Classification of Centrifugal
Pumps

On the basis of On the basis of On the basis of

casing working head impeller
• Volute casing • Low Head • CloseImpeller
• Vortex casing • Medium • Semi-open
• Casing with Head impeller
guide vanes • High Head • Open
impeller
 Classification of Centrifugal
Pumps

On the basis of On the basis of flow

impeller per shaft through impeller
• Single stage • Radial flow
centrifugal pump • Axial Flow
• Multi-stage • Mixed Flow
centrifugal pump
 Classification of Centrifugal
Pumps
• In case of volute casing the area of flow is gradually
Volute increased from impeller outlet to delivery pipe to
reduce the velocity of flow & Kinetic energy of fluid
Casing is converted into pressure energy at high rate.

Vortex • If circular chamber introduced between casing &

impeller, the casing is known as vortex casing to
Casing reduce the eddies formation

• The impeller surrounded by a series of guide blades

Casing with mounted on ring which is known as diffuser. Water
leaving the impeller passes through the passage
guide blades between guide vanes and casing.
 Classification of Centrifugal
Pumps
Low Head • Total head upto 15m.

Medium Head • Between 15m -40m

High Head • Above 40m.

Single stage
centrifugal • Only one impeller mounted on shaft

pump
Multi Stage • Two or more impeller connected in series
mounted on same shaft & are enclosed in the
Centrifugal pump same casing.
Velocity Triangle
Velocity Triangle
Heads of Centrifugal Pump
 Head of Centrifugal Pump

Suction Delivery Manometric

Static Head Total head
Head Head Head
1. Suction head (hs) : It is vertical distance between level
of sump and eye of an impeller. It is also called suction
lift.

2. Delivery head (hd): It is the vertical distance between

between eye of an impeller and the level at which water is
delivered.

3. Static head (Hs): It is sum of suction head and delivery

head. It is given by
Hs = (hs+ hd)

4. Manometric head (Hm): The head against which the

centrifugal Pump has to work.
 LOSSES OF HYDRAULIC
PUMPS

1. Hydraulic Losses 2. Mechanical Losses

• Shock or eddy losses at the • Losses due to disc friction
entrance to and exit from the between the impeller and the
impeller. liquid which fills the clearance
• Losses due to friction in the spaces between the impeller and
impeller casing.
• Friction and eddy losses in the • Losses pertaining to friction of the
guide vanes/diffuser and casing. main bearing and glands.
 EFFICIENCIES OF
HYDRAULIC PUMPS
Manometric efficiency

Mechanical Efficiency

Volumetric Efficiency

Overall Efficiency
 EFFICIENCIES OF
HYDRAULIC PUMPS
Manometric efficiency

The ratio of the manometric head developed by the pump

to the head imparted by the impeller to the liquid is known
as manometric efficiency. It is denoted by ηmano.

Manometric efficiency (ηmano) = Manometric head/ Head

imparted by the impeller

Manometric efficiency (ηmano) =Hm / (Vw2 u2/g)

 EFFICIENCIES OF
HYDRAULIC PUMPS
Mechanical efficiency

The ratio of the power delivered by the impeller to the

liquid to the power input to the pump shaft is known as
mechanical efficiency. It is denoted by ηmech

Mechanical efficiency (ηmech) = Power at the impeller /

Power at the shaft

Mechanical efficiency (ηmech) = Work done by impeller per

second/ S.P.

S.P. = Shaft power

Power at impeller = (Vw2 u2 )W*/g
 EFFICIENCIES OF
HYDRAULIC PUMPS
Volumetric efficiency
 EFFICIENCIES OF
HYDRAULIC PUMPS
Overall efficiency

The ratio of power output of the pump to the power input

to the pump is known as overall efficiency. It is denoted by
ηo

Overall efficiency (ηo) = Power output of the pump/ Power

input of the pump

Power input = Power of the shaft = S.P.

Power output = Weight of water lifted x Hm

Overall efficiency (ηo) = ηmano x ηmech

Minimum speed for starting a centrifugal
pump
Minimum speed for starting a centrifugal
pump
Specific Speed
Specific Speed
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

Note: The quantity used to determine if the pressure of

the liquid being pumped is adequate to avoid cavitation
is the net positive suction head (NPSH).
 Cavitation in Centrifugal Pump

● If the suction pressure at the eye of the impeller

falls below the vapor pressure of the fluid being
pumped, the fluid will start to boil.
● Any vapor bubbles formed by the pressure drop at
the eye of the impeller are swept along the
impeller vanes by the flow of the fluid. When the
bubbles enter a region where local pressure is
greater than saturation pressure farther out the
impeller vane, the vapor bubbles abruptly
collapse.
● This phenomenon is called cavitation.
 Cavitation- Factors

● It creates noise, vibration, and damage to many of the

components.
● We experience a loss in capacity.
● The pump can no longer build the same head
(pressure)
● The output pressure fluctuates.
● The pump's efficiency drops.
 Cavitation- Prevention

● Raise the liquid level in the tank

● Lower the pumping fluid temperature
● Reduce the N.P.S.H. Required
● Use a pump with a larger, impeller eye
opening.
● Pump should be airtight
● Friction losses should be decreased
● Configuration of pumps

● Pumps in parallel
● For high flow rate requirement
● Head or pressure developed is same as the
individual pump
● Flow rate is the summation of the individual pumps
● Pumps in series
● For high head or pressure requirement
● Flow rate remains same as the individual pump
● Head or pressure is the summation of two pumps.
Configuration of pumps
 Priming
The pump casing must be filled with liquid
before the pump is started, or the pump will not
be able to function.
It is a process by which the suction pipe, casing
and a portion of delivery pipe upto delivery valve
is completely filled with the liquid from external
source.
By priming, the air present in different parts of
the pump is replaced with pumping liquid.
If not done, the pump is running in airm, hence
head generated is in terms of metre of air.
 CHARATERISTIC CURVES OF PUMP

Operating Constant efficiency

Main Characteristic (Muschel Curves)
Characteristic
Curves
Curves
Main Characteristic Curves
Operating Characteristic
Curves
Constant efficiency
(Muschel Curves)
 Reciprocating PDP

● Pumps are used to increase the energy

level of water by virtue of which it can be
raised to a higher level.
● Reciprocating pumps are positive
displacement pump, i.e. initially, a small
quantity of liquid is taken into a chamber
and is physically displaced and forced
out with pressure by a moving
mechanical elements.
● The use of reciprocating pumps is being
 Introduction

● For industrial purposes, they have

become obsolete due to their high initial
and maintenance costs as compared to
centrifugal pumps.
● Small hand operated pumps are still in
use that include well pumps, etc.
● These are also useful where high heads
are required with small discharge, as oil
drilling operations.
Reciprocating PDP
Reciprocating
PDP

Cross-section of a diaphragm pump

 Classification of
Reciprocating pumps
According to use of piston sides

◦ Single acting Reciprocating Pump: If there is only

one suction and one delivery pipe and the liquid is
filled only on one side of the piston, it is called a
single-acting reciprocating pump.
◦ Double acting Reciprocating Pump: A
double-acting reciprocating pump has two suction
and two delivery pipes, Liquid is receiving on both
sides of the piston in the cylinder and is delivered into
the respective delivery pipes.
 Classification of Reciprocating
pumps
According to use of piston sides

Reciprocating pumps having more than one cylinder

are called multi-cylinder reciprocating pumps.
◦ Single cylinder pump
◦ Double cylinder pump (or two throw pump)
◦ Triple cylinder pump (three throw pump)
◦ There can be four-cylinder and five cylinder pumps
also, the cranks of which are arranged accordingly.
 Slip

Slip of a reciprocating pump is

defined as the difference between
the theoretical and the actual
discharge.

i.e. Slip = Theoretical discharge -

Actual discharge
= Qth. - Qa
 Negative Slip
• It is not always that the actual discharge is lesser than
the theoretical discharge. In case of a reciprocating
pump with long suction pipe, short delivery pipe and
running at high speed, inertia force in the suction pipe
becomes large as compared to the pressure force on the
outside of delivery valve. This opens the delivery valve
even before the piston has completed its suction stroke.
Thus some of the water is pushed into the delivery pipe
before the delivery stroke is actually commenced. This
way the actual discharge becomes more than the
theoretical discharge.
• Thus co-efficient of discharge increases from one and the
slip becomes negative.
 Rotary PDP
● A rotary pump traps fluid in its closed casing and
discharges a smooth flow.
● They can handle almost any liquid that does not
contain hard and abrasive solids, including
viscous liquids.
● They are also simple in design and efficient in
handling flow conditions that are usually
considered to low for economic application of
centrifuges.
● Types of rotary pumps include cam-and-piston,
gear, lobular, screw, and vane pumps
Rotary
PDP
● External Gear Pump
Rotary
PDP
● Internal Gear Pump
Rotary
PDP
● Lobe Pump
Rotary
PDP
● Vane Pump
Rotary
PDP
● Screw Pump
Rotary
PDP
● Diaphragm Pump

Cross-section of a diaphragm pump

Rotary
PDP
● Piston pump