Sr Name of Formed in Head Quarter Members

No Organization Year
1 ICAO 1944/ 1947 Montreal 191
( Canada)
2 ECAC 1955 France 42
3 IATA 1945 Cuba 240
4 ACI 1991 Geneva 595

ICAO formation started in Dec 1944

ICAO came to being (functioning) on 4th April 1947

Creating and modernizing SARPs is the responsibility of the ICAO

Standard Practices - “Necessary” and will contain “Shall” in the definitions

Recommended Practices - “Desirable” and will contain “Should” in the definitions

India is a contracting state from 1st March 1947

Chicago Convention (1944): “Convention on International Civil Aviation”

Tokyo Convention (1963): “Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts

Committed on Board Aircraft.”

Hague Convention (1970): “Convention for Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of

Aircraft”

Montreal Convention (1971):“Convention against suppression of unlawful acts

against the safety of civil aviation”

Protocol Supplementary to Montreal Convention (1988):

“Protocol for the suppression of unlawful acts of violence at airports serving
International civil aviation”

Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives (1991) at Montreal :

“Convention on the marking of plastic explosives for the purpose of detection”

BCAS is the Regulatory authority of Civil Aviation security in India

COSCA / DG BCAS is the Appropriate authority of Civil Aviation security in India

DGCA is the Regulatory & Appropriate authority of Civil Aviation safety in India

Sr.No Name of Committee Year Out come Year

1 B D Pandey Committee 197 Formation of DCAS 1978
6
2 Ramamitran Committee 197 Dummy Check 1979
9

1
 3 Justice B N Kripal 198 Independent BCAS 1987
Commission 5
4 R P Singh Committee Security Functions
5 Arun Mishra Committee Deployment of
Manpower

BDDS were set up at International & Metro Airports on 01st May 1987.
CISF is termed as ASG
State / Union territory Police is termed as APSU
Units or Components of ASG/APSU
1. Anti-hijacking unit
2. Protection Unit
3. Intelligence and Surveillance unit
4. Support Unit

ASG/ APSU is responsible for :

Anti – hijacking, Anti – Sabotage & Anti – terrorist measures
Frisking of Passenger by ASG/APSU
Screening of Hand baggage by ASG/APSU
Access control to Airport by ASG/APSU
Perimeter guarding by ASG/APSU

Role of Airline Security:

Screening of Registered baggage by Airline Security / Airport operator
Surveillance at Departure hall
Securing boarding pass and hand baggage tags
Baggage make-up area security ( Baggage ID, Reconciliation & Escorting)
Baggage break–up area security
Handling of security removed articles
SLPC
Aircraft guarding
Aircraft security search/ check
Catering security / Cargo screening by Airline Security
Security of control room

Role of Airport operator:

Airport director is the chairperson of APSC meeting
APSC meeting conducted one in every month
2
AVSEC Awareness certificated is valid for One year
Airport director is the Coordinator of BTAC
AEP issued by BCAS
Vehicle permit issued by Airport operator / BCAS
ADP issued by Airport operator
Threats faced by Civil Aviation (Traditional Threats)
1. Unlawful seizure of aircraft In Flight (Hijack)
2. Sabotage of aircraft
3. Sabotage of airport
4. Off airport attacks
5. Terrorist attacks

New and emerging threats faced by Civil Aviation

1. Threat from chemical and dangerous substances
2. Threat from biological weapons
3. Misuse of radioactive substances
4. Misuse of nuclear weapons
5. Off airport facility attack / Misguiding communications of ATC to the aircraft
6. Aircraft used as a missile / Cyber terrorism

Types of offenders
Terrorist, Criminals, Refugees & Psychopaths
Lesson from the incidents-counter measures introduced
IC 814 Hijack
1. Introduction of CISF
2. Introduction of Secondary security checks in January 2000.
3. Introduction of Sky Marshals
4. Preventing an Hijacked aircraft to take off from Indian soil, once it lands
KANISHKA TRAGEDY-
1. Identification of baggage-Mandatory
2. Reconciliation of baggage was introduced
3. Re-identification of registered baggage on interline station by pas
4. Checking of baggage manually even after X-ray screening
5. Inspection of security arrangements of national air-carriers at foreign stations
by BCAS officers

US ATTACK
1. Strengthening of cockpit doors
2. Locking of cockpit doors
3. Implementation of strict pre-embarkation security checks
4. Deployment of sky marshals

Aircraft Acts 1934

3
Section 5 Power of Central Government to make rules for Civil Aviation

Section 5 A Power to issue directions (DGCA or any other officer empowered by Central
Govt)
Section 9A Power to Central government to prohibit or regulate construction of
building , planting trees etc.,
Section 10 Penalty for act in contravention of Rule made under Section 5 of the Aircraft
Acts. (2-3 years imprisonment or fine uptoRs. 10 Lakhs or both)
Section 11 A Penalty for failure to comply with directions issued under section 5A (2
years imprisonment or fine uptoRs. 10 Lakhs or both)
Section 11 B Penalty for failure to comply with direction issued under Section 9A (2 years
imprisonment or fine uptoRs. 10 Lakhs or both)

Aircraft Rules of 1937

Rule 8 Carriage of arms, ammunitions, explosives, military stores etc.

Rule 8 A Security check of persons boarding aircraft at aerodrome
Rule 13 Photograph at aerodromes or from aircraft in-flight.
Rule 24 Prohibition on consumption of intoxicating and psychoactive substances.
Rule 24 A Carriage of persons suffering from mental disorders or epilepsy in aircraft
Rule 24 B Carriage of prisoners in an aircraft
Rule 24 C Carriage of animals, birds and reptiles in aircraft
Rule 90 Entry into Public Aerodromes (Access Control)
Inspection of aircrafts – (Empowers some of government officials
Rule 156 authorized by Central Government to enter aircraft for inspection, but are
not exempted from frisking/searching)
Rules 2003 Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Air.

The Aircraft (Security) Rule 2011

Rule 17 Disembarkation of Unruly Passenger
Rule 21 Security check before embarkation
Rule 22 Certification of Screeners
Rule 23 Prohibition on carriage of certain goods (in cabin baggage)
Rule 26 Deployment of staff (for security duties)
Rule 27 Security search of aircraft
Rule 28 Access control of aircraft
Rule 29 Locking of cockpit door
Rule 30 Deployment of IFSO
Rule 31 Security control for hold baggage

4
Rule 37 Security control for Cargo and Courier bags
Rule 40 Prohibition on carriage of certain goods (in cargo and courier)

What are the techniques used for hijacking?

 Smuggle weapons onto the aircraft (examples of how this has been done ranges from
concealment in toys to false prosthetics)
 Possible collusion with or bribery of airport or airline staff
 Armed assault. This has been has been used on several occasions

The civil aviation industry has developed various countermeasures to counter the threats. These
countermeasures can be categorized as:
 Legislative - International Conventions, National Legislations
 Technical – Annex 17, ICAO Manual, NCASP,NCASTP,NCASQCP
 Physical -

Moving about the Airport:

Do’s
Do maintain radio contact with ATC when moving in the vicinity of taxiway & runway
Do use vehicle hazard lights / flags (florescent)
Speed limit in operational area is 15km/hr
Speed limit around perimeter is 30 km/hr
Do follow prescribed vehicle route
Don’t
Don’t park vehicle in a dangerous location
Don’t assume it’s safe to cross a taxiway/ runway as it appears clear
Don’t disobey ATC instructions
Don’t cross a runway unless clearance received from ATC
Typical airport entry permit indicates following:
1. Photograph of holder
2. Area of validity (colour indicating restriction)
3. Period of validity
4. Name of permit holder and designation
5. Name of employer
6. Permit serial number/Official stamp
Good Radiotelephony Checklist
KNOW CORRECT PROCEDURES
1. ADJUST equipment properly
2. USE standard words and phrases

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MAINTAIN RADIO DISCIPLINE
1. THINK before you speak
2. LISTEN before you transmit
3. KEEP IT short and concise
4. DON’T use slang

USE GOOD MICROPHONE TECHNIQUE

1. HOLD microphone close to mouth
2. SPEAK clearly and distinctly
3. SPEAK directly into microphone
4. DON’T cut your transmission with the microphone button

RADIOTELEPHONY COMMUNICATIONS WORDS AND PHRASES

Phrase Meaning

ACKNOWLEDGE "Let me know that you have received and understood this message"

APPROVED "Permission for proposed action granted"

CHECK "Examine a system or procedure"

CLEARED "Authorized to proceed under the conditions specified"

"Have I correctly received the following…? Or "Did you correctly receive

CONFIRM
this message?"
DISREGARD "Consider that transmission as not sent."
GO AHEAD "Proceed with your message"
HOW DO YOU
"What is the readability of my transmission"
READ
NEGATIVE "No" or "Permission not granted" or "That is not correct"

OUT "This exchange of transmission is ended and no response is expected"

ROGER "I have received all of your last transmission."
SAY AGAIN "Repeat all, or the following part, of your last transmission."

STANDBY "Wait and I will call you."

VERIFY "Check and confirm with originator"
A. As a request:"Communication is difficult. Please send every word,
or group of words, twice."
WORDS TWICE B. As information:"Since communication is difficult, every word, or
group of words, in this message will be sent twice"

Purpose of access control point:

“To control movement of people and vehicles from landside areas to airside
areas”.

Access control system:

6
  Web based bar coded photo identity card for casual labour are issued to Casual workers
who are hired on daily wages.
 Members of Parliament can enter Airport up to check in counters & arrival hall without
an AEC, on the basis of showing their ID Card.

Types of access control system:

1. Physical access control system and
2. Automated access control system ( ACCS)

CATEGORIES OF PEOPLE WHO NEED AUTHORISED ACCESS TO AIRPORT.

1. Airport employee
2. Airline and agency employee
3. Employees of airport organization (eg. Customs, Immigration, Police)
4. National government representatives
5. Diplomatic representatives
6. Visitors (Temporary / Permanent)
7. Emergency services

Typical External Access Control Point will contain

1. Control equipment - barriers/turn styles and manual or automatic gates
2. Communication system-radio and/or telephone
3. Search equipment - flashlight, mirror
4. Detection equipments – X-Bis, HHMD, DFMD, EDS
5. Documents - Control point record book/log
6. Control point Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)

Access Control Challenges

 Size of the airport and boundary
 Number of workers at an airport
 The requirement for people and vehicles to have legitimate access to controlled and
security restricted areas for operational purposes
 Airports are often 24-hour per day operations

Access Control Points

 Must be manned at all times they are open or in use, or otherwise locked or closed.
 All persons working at the airport must use the SRA access points when entering SRA,
(includes aircraft crew and airline employees).

Access Control Point Log

 Time control point was opened or handed over to a new shift
 The status of check point equipment
 Record of incidents at the control point
 Record visits to the control point by supervisors
 Details of vehicles without passes
 Details of vehicles admitted; ( depending on frequency and local SOP)

7
Details checked in a vehicle permit
1. Registered number of vehicle
2. Name of organization/agency
3. Area of validity
4. Period of validity
5. Designated access gate to be used
6. AIRSIDE safety status of vehicle

Checks carried out on a vehicle before allowing it access to airside

1. Check vehicle permit for validity
2. Check the vehicle for presence of any prohibited article
3. Only drivers having ADP are allowed to drive in the airside
4. Driver/occupants should have AEP
5. Frisk the driver/occupants
6. Check all items being carried in the vehicle

Attention to be paid during searching a vehicle

 The interior of the vehicle.
 The trunk, boot or load carrying area .
 The engine compartment.
 The underside of the vehicle.
 The roof of a vehicle
 Any external apertures

Discovery of suspect person

 Check for valid AEC, reason for entry
 Frisk / search for suspect items
 In case of any doubt Notify supervisor

Prohibited Items

They are classified into four categories:

WEAPONS: Are articles designed to kill, injure, immobilise or incapacitate a person.

DANGEROUS ARTICLES: Any article that can be used to threaten the safety of the
Aircraft

DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES

EXPLOSIVES: Any item that can be triggered to explode

A standard IED mechanism consists of: -

1. Explosives (Main charge)
2. Detonator (Initiator/ Blasting cap)
3. Power source
4. Switches (Bomb Initiating Mechanism / control mechanism)

Explosives

8
They are of two types
Low explosive is less hygroscopic E.g. Gunpowder
High explosive is non hygroscopic E.g. RDX, TNT, PETN, PEK Semtex etc.,
Liquid explosive E.g. Nitro glycerine

Propellants and pyro-technique are often called as Low explosive.

Detonators (are otherwise called as Initiators / Blasting Caps)

Detonators are cylindrical copper or aluminium tubes filled with primary explosive.
It may be electrical or non electrical.
Detonators are manufactured in plastic or non-metallic tubes to avoid detection.
Detonators are used in high explosives
Inside a detonator both high and low explosives are used

Power Sources: normal batteries such as 1.5V, pencil and torch cells, 6V, 9V etc.

Switch -IED Initiating Mechanism or Switches used in an IED

ANTI-HANDLING (Victim Operated Switch) Eg: Tilt, Release, Pull, Pressure
DELAYED: Eg Timers and Chemicals also can be used as delay
AMBIENT CONDITIONS: Acoustics, Barometric, Proximity, Humidity etc.,
REMOTE CONTROL : Infra Red, FM transmission, Radio waves, Command Wire

Methods / Ways/ places of concealment of explosives:

1. On person in the clothing
2. In a vehicle
3. In carryon baggage
4. In checked in baggage

Manners of concealment of explosives:

1. Disguised
2. Dismantle
3. Camouflaged

EFFECTS OF EXPLOSION
1. Blast over pressure : High pressure may generate up to 40, 00,000 PSI. Velocity
of Detonation of TNT is 25,000 KMPH.
2. Fragmentation – Speed of fragment may be up to 6000 KMPH.
3. Thermal effect – Temperature 3000 – 4000 0 C
4. Translation – Bodies are lifted 30 to 60 Ft high and thrown away hundreds of feet
away
5. Concussion effect
6. Earth and water shock
7. Secondary effects
50 PSI of pressure cause eardrum to rupture
250 PSI of pressure applied on lungs of a human being

Basic Types of holding areas / Basic Screening plans:

1. Centralized plan: Screening of passengers is carried out at the entrance to a
concourse, finger or satellite containing several gates, with no specific relationship
to a particular flight.

9
2. Semi – centralized plan: Screening of passengers is carried out at the entrance
to an area designed to hold all passengers for a particular flight.
3. Decentralized plan: Screening of passengers is carried out immediately before
boarding at the boarding gate.

Searchers should be briefed to

Look for unidentified objects or anything:
 That should not be there
 That cannot be accounted for
 That is out of place

Example Room Search

 A search should begin at the entrance to the room.
 Each searcher or team should first stand still and look around the room.
 They should note the contents of the room and make a quick assessment of those
areas that will need special attention.
 They should look for any unusual lights (including small light sources knows as
Light Emitting Diodes which are often used in the arming circuits of improvised
explosive devices).
 They should also listen carefully for any unusual noises - particularly ticking or
whirring sounds.

The search should be conducted methodically, moving in one direction around the
area to be searched. It should be carried out in three sweeps.

First sweep is to work around the edges of the room, taking in the walls from top to
bottom and the floor area immediately beneath the wall.

Second sweep should take in the furniture and the floor. Furniture should not
be removed but drawers should be opened and searched and gaps in and unde
furniture should be explored.

Third sweep should cover the ceiling, if it is of a kind in which objects might be
Concealed.

Golden rules:
 Don’t use more searcher than necessary.
 Use 02 searcher per room or an area of 250 Sq.ft
 Mark the area after searched
 Don’t assume that only one device is planted
 Don’t trust anything and don’t assume the face value of objects.

If the item detected is a weapon:

 Immediately safeguard the item; and
 Notify the search coordinator (supervisor).

10
If the item located is an explosive device or object that appears to be an explosive
device:
 Do not touch the object;
 Mark the location; and
 Notify the search coordinator (supervisor).

Basic Concept of Security

DETER, DELAY, DETECT & RESPOND

Principles of airport protection based on:

1. Controlling movement of people and vehicles
2. Dividing airport into non-restricted and restricted areas
3. Protecting airport with physical barriers
4. Preventing penetration of airport barriers

INTEGRITY OF BARRIER CARRYING OUT FOOT OR MOBILE PATROL:

1. Search guards protecting access points and vulnerable facilities, building and
installations
2. Security personnel carrying out foot or mobile patrols

Objectives of Physical Barriers

1. Define area to be protected
2. Create physical and psychological deterrent
3. Delay intrusion and assist detection/apprehension
4. Provide controlled access points for people and vehicles

Elements of a Physical Barrier

1. Effective security fencing as per ICAO standard
2. Efficient security lighting
3. Limited access control points
4. Use of building, structures. natural barriers such as water, geographic terrain
5. Any access points must be protected

ADDITIONAL PROTECTION REQUIRED FOR/Vulnerable Points In Barriers

Requiring Special Protection:
 Places where natural barriers used as boundary
 Waterways and storm sewers, service ducts

OBJECTIVE OF SECURITY PATROLLING IS TO:

 Deter and prevent unauthorized access
 Detect attacks and attempted attacks against airport buildings, aircraft, installations
 Ensure effectiveness of physical barriers (door, windows and openings)
 Respond quickly to attacks and attempted attacks

Objective Of Security Guarding Is To:

 Protect vulnerable areas/vital airport facilities
 Control movement of people/vehicles
 Deter and prevent attacks against airport facilities

Level of Search

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Level 1 : This is a hand search of the outer levels of the persons clothing and a hand
search of the passenger’s body through that clothing.

Level 2 : Used after a level 1 search if suspicions till exist that the person may still be
in possession of a prohibited item, or there is any other reason to search the person to
a greater depth than a level 1 search allows.
May also be used when person requests a private search.
Carried out in private away from the view of other persons / passengers.
Requires the persons consent and a witness of the same sex as the person being
searched

Level 3: This level of search is usually only carried out by personnel who have
had specialist training i.e Police or customs. It is carried out on persons suspected
of attempting to or committing a crime.
It may involve the removal of all clothes examination of body orifices and the use of x-
ray or other detection equipment.
It may also include detention of the person and placing that person under observation
for a number of days to allow the examination of body waste.

Stages Involved In Passenger Inspection / Screening Process

 Passenger Screening and physical search of passenger
 X-ray examination of baggage
 Physical inspection of baggage
 Searching and Securing Sterile holding area

Location No. 1: Direct passengers through walk-through metal detector & ensure
baggage loaded correctly on the X-Ray conveyor belt

Location No. 2: Monitor walk-through metal detector and conduct check with hand-
held metal detector

Location No. 3: Observe X-Ray monitor and identify items to be inspected

Location No. 4: Physically inspect items requiring attention

Location No. 5: Supervise busy screening point

Screening Equipments Checks And Operating Procedure

HHMD
DFMD
Explosive detectors

Door Frame Metal Detector (DFMD)/ Walk Through Metal Detector (WTMD):
1. Works on Electromagnetic pulse field technology
2. Has 8 overlapping zone
3. It has Multi zone capability with uniform sensitivity in all zones.
4. DFMD should be of 2 mts height and 0.75 – 0.85 mts wide
5. Detecting capacity/ Threshold: 0.5 gms
6. Has both Audio and Visual alarms
7. Reset itself within 3 sec of alarm condition

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8. Should not be affected by UV, IR, EM, RF radiations
9. OTP is 10*10cm weighing 30gms

What are the Pre operation checks of DFMD?

1. Not more than 1-2 LED's should be glowing when no one passes through the
DFMD.
2. Use OTP to calibrate the DFMD
3. The staff should pass 10 times from the DFMD.
4. Out of the ten times at least eight times the DFMD should give a correct alarm.
5. Spacing between two pax- 3 feet

Parts of DFMD
1. Control panel
2. Transmitting panel
3. Receiving panel
4. Remote Control Unit
5. Cross piece

Sr.No Advantage Disadvantages

1 Easy to operate, Faster way to check Detects only metallic items, replicas made
passengers,Provides touch free of other materials or components of IED
checking facility, Convenient for may not be identified.
passengers
2 Safe for pacemakers, magnetic tapes Proper Distance to be maintained between
and pregnant ladies the passengers or else it may give false
alarm.
3 Gives fair idea of the location of the Detects the metallic items in specific range
metallic items, as only light in that only
zone will glow
4 Capable of detecting ferrous / non -
ferrous metals.

HHMD

1. Works on Electromagnetic pulse field technology

2. Detect metal without being in direct contact with the object.
3. Has audible and visual alarm to indicate the detection metal.
4. Equipped with indicator to indicate battery status
5. Unit should be light around 250 gms.

Parts of HHMD
The HHMD is divided into 06 parts namely--
1. Sensitivity Control
2. Power Switch
3. Power Indicator
4. Metal Indicator
5. Battery Section.
6. Head Phone Jack or Vibrator mode

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Cardinal Rules:
1. Everyone must be screened including Women, Children, Physically challenged,
Wheel chair Passenger (Physical / X-ray search of Wheel chair,) Persons on
Crutches (X-ray search of Crutches).
2. Exercise caution and courtesy
3. Physical search must be with consent.
4. Female checks female and male checks male

Sr.No Advantage Disadvantages

1 Easy to use, Touch free checks for Replicas made of other materials or
passenger, Quick and user friendly components of IED may not be identified.
2 It is safe for pacemakers, magnetic May malfunction
tapes and pregnant ladies.
3 It can pinpoint the position of metallic Sometimes give false alarm
object
4 Helps in identifying Metallic items both Detects only metal items.
ferrous / non ferrous.

Frisking Process:
1. Hold the metal detector approximately 2.5 cm from the body
2. Start from Head and go through boundaries of body and front W and back W
3. If the alarm sounds, ask passenger to check the area and to display any items
found
4. Passengers shall empty their pockets for all metallic items
5. Re-scan the area to confirm that all items have been removed
6. Check the contents removed from the passenger before handing over it to them.

Pat Down Search

There are two types of pat-down searches.
1. Whole body pat-down search.
2. Pat-down search limited to the area of an alarm

Persons with special needs:

 Babies in strollers and Children (will require consent of adult);
 Pregnant women;
 Differently able persons (physically challenged);
 Passengers in wheelchairs;
 Persons with medical conditions [limbs in plaster]; and
 Passengers with religious reasons that effect how they are searched by hand

X-Ray
X-rays were invented by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen,
The standard unit for measuring the quantity of ionizing radiation is ‘Roentgen
denoted by R.

Denser the object, darker will be the shadow.

14
Safety Measures in an X-ray BIS
Low X-ray Dose, Lead Curtains, Lead Shielding & Interlocks

Why X-ray is film safe?

Low X-ray Dose, Constant speed of conveyor belt & Fan beam geometry

X-Ray:
Main Properties of X-rays
 They are Invisible
 Move in a straight line and at the speed of light
 Cannot be deflected by means of a lens or prism
 Pass through matter. The degree of penetration depends on the kind of matter and the
energy of the X-ray concerned.
 Impair or destroy living cells
 X-rays wavelengths are extremely short, only 1/10,000 that of light rays.
 X-rays are produced when electrons, travelling at high speed collide with matter.

Requirements of X-ray BIS

Any equipment that we would use at our airports to help us perform our work in a better
manner has to satisfy certain requirements. As per BCAS the X-ray machine should satisfy the
following requirements :

 A high detection rate

 An un equivocal differentiation between hazardous and non-hazardous substances has to be
ensured.
 Low false alarm rate
 Inspection of entire bag as well as partial bag areas
 Integrated image device
 Detection category of small amounts even below ICAO/TSA standard
 Throughput up to 300 bags per hour for Hold Baggage and 150 pieces per hour for Cargo

Deployment of manpower at X-ray BIS:

Each X – BIS requires to be manned by four-trained personal per shift:

01 – Load Officer
01 – X-ray Officer
02 – Officer for manualhand search of baggage / explosive detection test

List of “Do's” for screeners

 DO check conveyor belt before operating equipment;
 DO check X-Ray chamber before operating equipment;
 DO make sure leaded curtains are not damaged;
 DO check leaded curtains are hanging straight down; and
 DO check exterior of X-Ray for loose wires/connections.

List of “Don’ts” for screeners

15
 DO NOT reach into the chamber when X-Ray is on;
 DO NOT allow passengers to reach inside the chamber for their baggage;
 DO NOT allow any person to loiter in the area to observe the screening process;
 DO NOT allow children to play with the leaded curtains or touch the conveyor belt; and
 DO NOT place objects such as coffee, plants and bottles on top of the X-Ray machine.

Following log books / registers / files shall be maintained at each X – BIS as detailed
below: -

a. X – Ray BIS maintenance register –It will contain the details of maintenance work done on
XBIS.

b. Dangerous goods register - Details of dangerous goods detected or not permitted to be

carried or permitted to be carried in safe condition will be entered.

Combined Test Piece :

CTP is a test kit to check the performance of X-ray BIS as per BCAS specifications.

There are Six test in CTP

1. Single Wire Resolution test
2. Useful penetration test
3. Multi energy / Material discrimination test
4. Simple penetration test
5. Spatial Resolution test
6. Thin Metal imaging test

Threat Image Projection (TIP):

A software installed in X-ray BIS to create fictional images of prohibited items such as knife,
weapon, explosives, IED or components of IED in a real bag under examination
Tip Messages:
Hit / Detected – will appear in Green in Colour on the Monitor
Miss – will appear in Red in Colour on the Monitor
Cancelled / Aborted / Real threat : will appear in Yellow in Colour on the Monitor

Rings of protection:
Controlled Area /Outer ring: It is established at the airside/landside boundary. –
ASG/APSU is responsible for protection
Security restricted area / Middle ring: Is established at exterior of buildings within
the airport boundary. - ASG/APSU is responsible for protection
Heightened security area / Inner ring: Is established for aircraft by close protection
(guarding and additional security measures) Airline security is responsible for
protection.

Aircraft Search:
When to search?
There are 4 instances when searches are usually conducted:
 Pre-flight;

 Transit Flight;

16
  Post flight; and

 When the Aircraft is under increased threat.

Additional procedures when higher level of threat exists

1. Specific airline person in charge of aircraft with authority to challenge people
who attempt to board the aircraft
2. Designated parking area
3. Portable lighting system
4. Additional security guards/patrols

Airline Procedures for Unattended Aircraft

1. Aircraft are parked in a well-lit area
2. All external doors are locked
3. Stairs and loading bridges are removed
4. Stairs and steps in the vicinity of aircraft are moved away and immobilized

Physical inspection of baggage is required when:

1. In the event of the breakdown of X-Ray equipment
2. When an X-Ray examiner can’t accurately determine the contents of baggage
3. When the image is dark or black.
4. When a prescribed percentage check of baggage is required (random check)
5. When higher level of threat exists

The bags are categorized as:

Safe bags - Affix a security sticker or seal and bags can be send for check-in

Suspect bags-Send for physical search

Confirm threat bags -Inform supervisor and ASG and take action as per SOP

Cardinal Rules to conduct a search of baggage:

 Courtesy

 Tact and

 Caution
Security measures ensured for registered bag after it has been checked:
1. Affix security sticker / strapping
2. Surveillance from XBIS to check-in counters
3. Reconciliation at BMA
4. Escorting from BMA to aircraft

Bottles containing liquids:

If the seal is broken, unscrew the cap and smell the contents; If the bottle is sealed,
check the seals

Aerosol containers: holding them and determining that the weight is consistent with
the contents, Squeeze the can, Change the position of the can & test spray

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Camera: Check the film number indicator to see if the camera contains a film.

Radios and electrical items: Radios and other electrical items such as portable
computers and calculators should be closely examined to determine if they have been
adapted to contain a prohibited item.
Also look at screws to see if they have been removed or the paint chipped off.

Emergencies involving aircraft. These include:

1. Accident-Aircraft on airport
2. Accident-Aircraft off airport
3. Incident-Aircraft in flight
4. Incident-Aircraft on ground
5. Sabotage, including bomb threat
6. Unlawful seizure

Emergencies not involving aircraft. These include:

1. Fire
2. Sabotage, including bomb threat at airport
3. Natural disaster
4. Terrorist attack of ATC/terminal building
5. Terrorist attack of airport
6. Breakdown of runway
7. Emergencies at airport(fire, collapse of airport building

Medical emergencies. These include:

1. Collapsed person
2. Sudden death”
3. Industrial accidents
4. Delivery of newborn
5. Communicable disease alert
6. Collective food poisoning.

Bomb Threat:
Bomb threat call classified as Serious/ Genuine or Hoax call
Bomb threat classified as Specific or Non-specific threat

Questions to be asked while receiving a bomb threat call:

1. Where is the bomb placed? – Gives Location
2. What time is the bomb set to explode? – Time of explosion
3. What does it look like? - Appearance
4. What type of device is it? – Type of switch
5. What is your name? – Name / Organization involved
6. Where are you doing this?

The Bomb Threat Assessment Committee (BTAC)

1. Airport Director ( Coordinator)
2. DCP / ACP on duty / Commandant of ASG
3. Representative of BDDS
4. Directorate of Airworthiness (DAW) officer of DGCA
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 5. Watch Supervisory officer (WSO) of ATC (Air Traffic control)
6. Local Police
7. Station / Duty manager of airline
8. Customs ( In case of international flights)
9. Immigrations ( In case of international flights)

The recipient fills Bomb threat report form (BTRF)/ Appendix “A” of BWAF on
receiving a bomb threat call

The BTAC uses a specially designed form called “Bomb Warning Assessment Form
(BWAF) to evaluate the bomb threat.

Bomb threat - Specific

1. Aircraft taken to Isolated parking bay
2. Compulsory to off load everything from aircraft
3. Offloaded things to be kept 100 mtrs away from the aircraft
4. Cordoning of aircraft by ASG
5. Aircraft Searched by Airline Security, Airline Engineering, BDDS, Dog Squad &
ASG /APSU
6. Clearance certificate signed by Search team and DAW, one copy handed over to
ATC and BTAC by Concern airline.
7. All crew to undergo Pre embarkation check, 100% manual check of baggage, if
any registered bag will identify it and undergo SLPC before entering the flight.
8. On clearance from crew only catering will be loaded.
9. All pax will be re issued with new boarding pass and hand bag tag, staff to undergo
Pre embarkation check, 100% manual check of baggage, pax reconciliation
carried, pax to identify their registered bag and undergo SLPC before entering the
flight.
10. Only identified bags to be loaded into aircraft
11. If any gate no show pax follow gate no show drill .
12. No need to load cargo, courier , co-mail, co-mat
13. Get the ARC signed and release the aircraft

Bomb threat Non -Specific

Aircraft remains in Normal bay
Aircraft Searched by Airline Security and Airline Engineering
Off loading of Cargo / Register baggage/ Co- mail/ Co-mat is as per advice of BTAC.
Rest process is same as specific.

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Bomb threat to Terminal Building – Specific
Coordinator makes announcements on central PA system in different languages for
evacuation
All heads of airlines, agencies & departments should evacuate their passengers / staff
quietly to the pre designated safe assembly areas
Passengers who are not security checked will evacuate to city side
Passengers / staff in in Security Hold will evacuate to airside
All passengers / staff will carry their baggage / personal belongings with them
Coordinator will ensure to switch off central AC
Unclaimed / suspect article if spotted during search shall not be handled but reported
to BDDS

Bomb threat to Terminal Building Non – Specific

Evacuation of Terminal building is not required
Search of common areas to be undertaken by coordinator through his care takers ,
cleaners & watch and ward staff

Basic Search Rules

Never use more searchers than necessary
Use maximum 2 searchers per room of size up to 250 sq ft
Use searchers in alternate rooms
Never assume that only one device is planted
Give rest after 10 minutes of search
Trust nothing and assume nothing is safe
Never accept anything on its face value

The four generic steps to be taken by BDDS on finding a suspicious item during a
search is as under :

CONFIRM, CLEAR, CORDON & CONTROL

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 Sr.N Name of Committee Chairman Convenor
o
1 Aerodrome Committee in Home Secretary Airport Director
State Capital
Aerodrome Committee in District Airport Director
District Head Quarter Magistrate/
District Collector/
Aerodrome Committee Airport Director Airport Director
outside District Head Quarter
Aerodrome Committee Station Station
Defence airport commander commander
2 Central Committee DGCA COSCA
3 Committee of Secretaries on Cabinet Addl Secretary
Aircraft Hijacking Secretary
4 Cabinet committee on Prime Minister
Security
5 BTCP Airport Director
6 APSC Airport Director

The primary responsibility for the movement of people is that of the agency as
mentioned below.
 Deportee / Inadmissible pax - Immigrations
 Persons in custody - Law enforcement Officer
 Medical Pax - Airline
 VVIP / VIPs - Personal Security officers

Prisoner
Permission to carry prisoner issued by BCAS
Permission issuing Authority RDCOS and above
No of escort for Normal prisoner is minimum one or more
No of escort for Dangerous prisoner is minimum Two or more
Only one Dangerous prisoner allowed per flight
Board first Disembark last
They should be seated in a single row
Prisoner should not be issued with Aisle seat
No metal cutlery, No intoxicated drinks for both prisoner and escort
Even while using wash room prisoner should be at strict surveillance
Prisoner does not carry contraband, weapons, matches or other potentially dangerous
items.

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Escorts shall be equipped with adequate restraining devices to be used in the event
they determine that restraint is necessary
Deportees : A person who had legally been admitted to a State by its authorities or
who had entered a State illegally, and who at some later time is formally ordered by
the competent authorities to leave that State.

Inadmissible persons: A person who is or will be refused admission to a State by its

authorities. Such persons normally have to be transported back to their State of
departure, or to any other State where the persons are admissible, by the aircraft
operator on which they arrived.

Inflight Security Officers also known as Sky Marshals

Are from National Security Guards (NSG)
 Travel as per flight schedule given by BCAS
 AEP / AEC all airports
 Medical certificate-company doctor of the airline
 Briefing of crew prior to departure carried out by IFSO.
 Weapon authorization Card (WAC) issued by BCAS
 Travel documents (Tickets)

Weapon:
SPG can carry one pistol/assault rifle/ sub machine gun with 60 or 150 ammunition.
Who can carry weapon in cabin baggage:
 PSO of VVIP
 SPG when accompanying and SPG protctee
 IFSO( Sky Marshal)

Who can Carry in Hold baggage:

 PSO of VIP
 Dignitaries of High Risk
 Staff of Duty
 Bonafide Passenger
 Sports person

Carriage of Weapon in Procedure in ATR:

 Should load weapon and ammunition separately.
 Should be place in a special handling box and placed in the Weapon compartment.

On passenger is allowed to carry Only One licensed weapon with maximum 50

cartages/ ammunition
To carry more weapon and ammunition permission of DGCA is required.
SPG can carry one pistol/ assault rifle/ sun machine gun with 60 or 150 bullets or
ammunition.

Security Controls by the Caterer

 Premises secured

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 Access control
 Deliveries of Raw material and equipment to be X-rayed or physically checked
 Chilling rooms and refrigerators under strict control
 Catering carts should have proper locking systems
 Security certificate for each consignment to be loaded in aircraft
 HLV’s should be securable

Stages of Catering Security

1. Preparation
2. Pre-Setting
3. Hi-lift/ Transportation

Systematic Search of a Food Trolley

 Search under the food trolley and check locks.
 Open both ends of the trolleys and look for anything unusual inside the trolley.
 Check the trays for unusual weight.
 Search the top part of the trolley namely the ice tray.
 Seal the trolley once it has been security cleared.

Response to Tampering Of Security Seals/ Stickers

 Inform the supervisor immediately
 Carry out a thorough check of the HLV, catering uplift for any suspicious items
 Record the incident

Cargo:
Types of Cargo
 General Cargo
 Perishable Cargo (PER)
 Valuable Cargo (VAL)
 Live animals (AVI)
 Company Stores ( Comail / Comat)
 Human Remains (HUM)
 Transshipment Cargo
 Express cargo / parcel

Consignments that are treated as cargo

 Courier
 Postal mail
 Diplomatic mail (DIP)

Methods for Screening Cargo:

X-ray
Physical Check
Cooling off – 24 hrs
EDS
Sniffer Dog
Simulation chamber

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Documents for HUM within India
 Death Certificate from a competent Medical Authority;
 Embalming Certificate by the Hospital/competent Authority;
 Permission by the local Police Authorities for carrying dead body/human remains;
 Any document like Driving licence or Passport or any other Photo ID Card issued
by a Govt./semi-Govt. agency to establish identity of the deceased .

Documents for HUM from Foreign Station to INDIA

 Death Certificate from a competent Medical Authority;
 Embalming Certificate by the Hospital/competent Authority;
 Certificate by the local Police Authority for carriage of dead body/human remains;
 Permission from the Indian Mission for carriage
 Copies of cancelled passport of the deceased.

Security Measures for Mail

Letters or parcels weighing less than 200 grams
 These may not be X-ray screened or may not be subjected to cooling off period.
 A Certificate to the effect that the postal bag does not contain any letter or parcel which weighs
more than 200 grams, shall be obtained by the airline operator from the Postal authorities.

Letters or parcels weighing 200 grams and above

 The postal authorities will screen the postal mail bags by X-ray machine at their premises.
 If X-ray machine is not available, the mail shall be subjected to cooling off for at least 24 hours.
 The Postal authorities shall issue a Certificate to the airline operator certifying that the security
measures have been fully complied with and the mail or speed post, as the case may be, does not
contain any prohibited item.

Diplomatic mail bag

 Visible external marks of their character
 Contain only diplomatic documents or articles intended for official use.
 Name and address of the consignee as well as that of the Foreign Diplomatic Mission /
Consular Post a sender.

Diplomatic bags to be transported as cargo / registered baggage

 Screened by X-ray
 In case of serious doubts / suspicion about the contents of these bags, the matter shall be
brought to the notice of the Protocol Division of the Ministry of External Affairs who
would take appropriate action.

Diplomatic bags carried as hand baggage

 Diplomatic Bags carried as hand baggage is exempted from Security Checks
 Pre-embarkation security checks shall be carried out on the person accompanying the diplomatic
bags and other bags carried by him should be security checked
 The holder of a diplomatic bag must submit a certificate by concerned diplomatic mission stating
that the packages constituting the diplomatic bag do not contain any substance which would be
dangerous and harmful to the aircraft or its passengers.

Security Measures for Perishable Cargo:

 Security Declaration by the consignor
 X-ray Screening

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 Physical Checks
 EDS
 But not Cooling off

Security Measures for Live animals (AVI)

 Certificate from Veterinary Doctor – if carried as registered baggage
 Cage / Box to be examined Physical / X-ray
 Items attached to the body of animal to be examined
 Live Animals not to be put through X-ray

Profiling is carried out on Passenger, Baggage & Travel documents

Questions asked about the baggage while profiling

 Is it your baggage?
 Did you pack it yourself?
 Do you know the contents?
 Was the bag in your custody throughout?
 Are you carrying any electronic / electrical goods?
 Did you accept any gift / packets etc from any other person?

VVIP / VIP SECURITY PROCEDURES

Categories of personnel exempted from pre-embarkation security checks at civil

airports in India
A. GROUNDS OF PROTOCOL
In their own vehicles with an escort all over India
a. President,
b. Vice President
c. Prime Minister
d. Visiting Heads of State
e. Visiting Heads of Govt

In their own vehicles without an escort all over India

a. Former President of India
b. Former Prime Minister
c. Chief Justice of India
d. Speaker of Lok Sabha
e. First Lady (Wife of President of India)
f. Wife of Vice President of India
g. Foreign Ambassadors/High Commissioners on their first arrival and final
departure.

In their own vehicles without escort up to tarmac area within their states/union
territories
a. Governors
b. Chief Ministers

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 c. Lt Governors of Union Territories
(At all other airports in the country-AAI ferry vehicles up to the aircraft during
departure /arrival)

B.MEDICAL GROUNDS
a. Passengers with medical requirements – AAI ambulance
b. Ministers/Chief Minister/Governors having serious medical problem security
cleared govt vehicle

C. GROUNDS OF SECURITY
a. SPG Protectees own vehicles up to the aircraft along with escort during
departure/arrival from to all airports in the country.
b. XYZ Protectees-own vehicles ferry vehicles of AAI up to the aircraft on specific
instructions from the regulatory authority

SIZE
Size of DFMD 2meters X 0.75-0.85 meters
Size of OTP 10 X 10 cms or 10 sq cms
Perimeter wall 8 feet wall with 1 ½ feet ‘Y’ shaped angle with
overhang of barbed wire
Size of APSU stamp 3.5 cms x 2.5 cms
Size of Cooling Pit 4 X 4 X 4 feet
Hand bag allowed at Jammu & 100cms (sum total of all dimensions, 50 x 30 x 20
Srinagar cms)
Size of hand bag allowed - 115cms (sum total of all dimensions, 55 x 35 x 25
other than Jammu & Srinagar cms)
Size of frisking booth 2.14 m X 2.43 m
Size of frisking stand 2.5 ft x 2.5 ft x 6 Inches height
Size of Kirpan Total Size 9 inches and Blade not more than 6
inches blade) allowed only on domestic flights for
Sikh Pax only

DETECTION CAPACITY
Sr.No Equipment Detection Capacity
1 HHMD 0.5 gms
2 DFMD 30 gms
3 EVD 5gms
4 ETD 100ng

SPACING BETWEEN
Sr.No Spacing between Distance
1 Two bags on X-ray conveyor belt 30 cms (or) 1 feet
2 Two passengers while passing through 90 cms (or) 3 feet
DFMD
3 Yellow line and DFMD 90 cms (or) 3 feet
4 Pax body and HHMD 2.5 cms (or) 1 inch

 Speed of x-ray conveyor belt - 0.18 m to 0.3 m/sec

 Throughput of X-BIS for baggage - 300 bags /hr

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 Throughput of X-BIS for cargo – 150 pieces/hr
 Radiation level = 0.1mR/hr at 5cm outside external housing

TECHNOLOGY
Sr.N Equipment Technology
o
1 X-BIS Multi Energy
2 DFMD Electro Magnetic Pulse Field Technology
3 HHMD Electro Magnetic Pulse Field Technology
4 Back Scatter/ Body Scanner Reverse Video
5 EVD Gas Chromatography
6 ETD Ion Mobility Spectrometry

EVD ETD
Detection By absorbing Vapour By collecting Traces
Technology Gas Chromatography Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Weight Less than 02 kg Approx 40 Kg
False alarm Less than 03% Less than 2 %
Result Less than 10 Sec per sample 05-08 Sec per sample
Explosive required 5 gms 100 ng
for detection

LOW EXPLOSIVES HIGH EXPPLOSIVES

It burns It explodes
It does not require detonator It requires detonator
Magnitude of destruction is less Magnitude of destruction is more
Not safe to handle Safe to handle
Not safe to store Safe to store
Needs confinement to explode Does not need confinement to explode
More Hygroscopic Less Hygroscopic

IED IID
Four components (Explosives , detonator , Three components (Low Explosives , Initiator
power source and switch) and Incendiary material)
It require detonator It does not requires detonator
Magnitude of destruction is more Magnitude of destruction is less
Requires triggering mechanism Required ignition mechanism

BOMB IED

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Service Explosives Improvised Explosives
Made by approved ordinance factory Made by Anti National elements(ANES)
Standard mechanism used Improvised mechanism used
Used by Army & Security forces (SFS) for safety Used by ANES to kill innocent public &
& security of the country create terror in public
Very difficult to diffuse as mechanism is
Can be diffused easily as mechanism is known
not known.

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