DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

STREAM OF ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING

WIND FARM DESIGN IN FKADA, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA

(A Final thesis submitted to MU, Electrical & Computer Engineering department in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for B.Sc. degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering)

Prepared by:

NAME IDNO

1. Alem Aklil……………………………………………………CE/UR0299/02
2. Aman Hagos………………………………………………….CE/UR0309/02
3. Kibrom Gebregergs…………………………………..………CE/UR0532/02
4. Teklehaimanot Hadgu………………………………..………CE/UR0709/02

ADVISOR’S NAME:
Mr. ZENACHEW M (MSc. In Electrical Power Engineering and Electrical Engineering
Coordinator)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We wish to express our deep gratitude to Mr Zenachew Muluneh and Teshome Goa for their
supervision, guidance, continuous encouragement, helpful support, and valuable comments
throughout the progress of our research and the writing of this thesis.

Special thanks to Ato Abrha Gebregergs (MSc. Mechanical Engineering design), Alem Hadush
(MSc. Electrical computer engineering) and Ato Ataklti gebretsadkan, and our colleagues for
their support, interest, assistance and technical discussions during the course of this research.

Furthermore, we are very grateful to our friends for their patient and continuous encouragement
that have enabled us to complete this work.

Finally, we would like to express our sincere gratitude towards all the people who have contributed
their precious time and effort to help us, without them it would have been a great difficulty for us to
understand and complete the project.

At last but not least we are very appreciative to our parents for their encouragement, guidance,
and continuous support throughout our academic career.
 ABSTRACT

This thesis presents the wind farm design for supplying community living in Ethiopian remote
area. The work was begun by investigating wind energy potentials of the desired site, compiling
data from different sources and analyzing it using a software tool. Also it shows the overall
cabling of the wind farm.
 TERMINOLOGIES

A Cross sectional area (m2)

Ac Alternating current (A)
Cp The power coefficient

C the Weibull scale factor (m/s)

D the rotor diameter (m)
DC Direct current (A)
Ho The reference height (m)
H Turbine hub height (m)
Hr hour (s)
HV High voltage (V)
I Load current (A)
k The Weibull shape factor
KE The kinetic energy of a stream of air (J)
Kwh kilowatt hour
LV low voltage (V)
N the rotational speed of the rotor (RPM)
Ns The synchronous speed (RPM)
P Power (W)
P Air pressure (Pa)
RPM Revolution per minute
R Specific gas constant (Jkg-1 K-1)
r The radius of the rotor (m)
T Temperature (oK)
V Wind speed (velocity) (m/s)
V0 Reference speed (m/s)
Vave annual average wind speed at hub height (m/s)

v The volume of air parcel (m3)

V´ mean speed (m/s)
α Ground surface friction coefficient
λ Tip Speed Ratio
p The density of air (kg/m3)
 CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ 2

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 3

TERMINOLOGIES ........................................................................................................................ 4

CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................. 11

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 11

1.1. Background ........................................................................................................................ 11

1.1.1. Wind Energy ................................................................................................................ 13

1.2. Problem of the Statement ................................................................................................... 15

1.3. Objectives of the Study ...................................................................................................... 15

1.3.1. General Objective ........................................................................................................ 15

1.3.2. Specific Objectives ...................................................................................................... 15

1.4. Scope of the Thesis ............................................................................................................ 15

1.5. Significance of the Study ................................................................................................... 16

1.6. Topography ........................................................................................................................ 16

1.7 .Thesis Outline .................................................................................................................... 17

CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................. 18

RELATED LITRATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................ 18

2.1. Types of Wind Turbines ..................................................................................................... 18

2.1.1. Horizontal Axis............................................................................................................ 18

2.1.2. Vertical Axis ................................................................................................................ 18

2.2 Parts of Wind Turbine ......................................................................................................... 19

2.2.1. The Rotor ..................................................................................................................... 19

2.2.2. Rotor Hub .................................................................................................................... 20

 2.2.3. Pitch ............................................................................................................................. 21

2.2.4. Nacelle ......................................................................................................................... 22

2.2.5. The Generator .............................................................................................................. 22

B) Doubly Fed Induction Generator ...................................................................................... 25

2.2.6. Gear box ...................................................................................................................... 27

2.2.7. Cooling and filtration................................................................................................... 27

2.2.8. Braking system ............................................................................................................ 28

2.3. The Transmission ............................................................................................................... 28

2.4. Grid Connected Systems .................................................................................................... 28

2.5. Off-Grid Systems ............................................................................................................... 31

2.5.1. Cabling Layout ............................................................................................................ 31

2.6. Definition of Wind Speed .................................................................................................. 32

2.7. Configurations to Measure Wind ....................................................................................... 33

2.7.1. Anemometer ................................................................................................................ 33

2.8. Losses ................................................................................................................................. 34

2.8.1. Betz Limit .................................................................................................................... 35

2.8.2. Weibull distribution function....................................................................................... 35

2.8.3. Tip speed Ratio ............................................................................................................ 37

2.8.4. Capacity Factor ............................................................................................................ 37

2.9. Power Curves ..................................................................................................................... 37

Chapter 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 40

Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 40

3.1. Site Determination.............................................................................................................. 40

3.2. Wind Energy Analysis........................................................................................................ 42

3.3. Turbine Selection ............................................................................................................... 43

 3.3.1. Review Turbine Technology ....................................................................................... 43

3.3.2. Determining Technology ............................................................................................. 43

3.4 Cost Characterization .......................................................................................................... 45

3.4.1. Determining Number and Size of Turbines ................................................................. 45

3.4.2. Turbine Payback Period ............................................................................................... 53

3.5. Turbine Siting ..................................................................................................................... 53

3.6 .Access Road Design ........................................................................................................... 54

3.7. Staging Area ....................................................................................................................... 54

3.9. Scheduling and Delivery .................................................................................................... 55

Chapter 4 ....................................................................................................................................... 56

Result and discussion .................................................................................................................... 56

4.1. Wind speed forecasting of Fkada ....................................................................................... 57

4.2. Wind farm Design .............................................................................................................. 60

4.2.1. Turbine selection ......................................................................................................... 60

4.2.2. Wind farm Design ....................................................................................................... 66

4.3. Weibull Distribution........................................................................................................... 67

4.4. Calculation of underground cable size of wind farm Designing in FKADA ..................... 73

4.4.1. Cabling Layout .............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER 5 ................................................................................................................................. 73

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................ 98

REFERENCE .............................................................................................................................. 105

 List of Figures
Figure 2.2 pitch control ................................................................................................................. 21
Figure 2.3 Synchronous Generator ............................................................................................... 23
Figure 2.4 type 2 WGT ................................................................................................................. 24
Figure 2.5 Squirrel Cage rotor ...................................................................................................... 25
Figure 2.6 Type 3 WTG ................................................................................................................ 26
Figure 2.7 type 4 WTG ................................................................................................................. 27
Figure 2.8 Connection of wind turbines to the power grid ........................................................... 30
Figure 2.9 wind speed versus power out put................................................................................. 34
Figure 2.10 power curve ............................................................................................................... 38
Figure 3.1 the topography of Fkada .............................................................................................. 41
Figure 3.3 Measured wind speed of Fkada at 10 meter above the ground ................................... 42
Table 3.1 the power curve of vergnet 70 meter, 1000 KW wind turbine ..................................... 43
Figure 3.5 the vergnet GEV HP wind turbine............................................................................... 46
Figure 3.6 The internal parts of nacelle ........................................................................................ 51
Figure 3.7 The electrical component the whole turbine ............................................................... 52
Figure 4.5 Vergnet SA turbine ...................................................................................................... 60
Table 4.2 Power curve of vergnet SA 70 m, 1 MW wind turbine ................................................ 64
Figure 4.11 a) Weibull distribution b) power coefficient and mean power c) Annual energy in
kilowatts versus mean wind speed d) Annual energy in KWhr versus mean wind speed e)Turbine
power in steady wind, P(Kilo watts) ............................................................................................. 71
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

The history of wind power shows a general evolution from the use of simple, “light devices
driven by aerodynamic drag forces; to heavy, material-intensive drag devices; to the increased
use of light, material-efficient aerodynamic lift devices in the modern era” (Dodge, 1996-2001).
But it shouldn't be imagined that aerodynamic lift which is the force that makes airplanes fly, is a
modern concept that was unknown to people during the ancient time period. The earliest known
use of wind power, of course, is the sail boat, and this technology had an important impact on the
later development of sail type windmills. Ancient sailors understood lift and used it every day,
even though they didn't have the physics to explain how or why it worked.

The first sign of documented wind mill applications were grain grinding machines. The grinding
stone was attached to the same vertical shaft. Vertical-axis windmills are claimed to have been
created in China close to 2000 years ago. The earliest documentation of a Chinese windmill was
in 1219 A.D. being used in grain grinding and water pumping.

The first wind mills had four paddle-like wooden blades. They were followed by mills with thin
wooden slats nailed to wooden rims. Most of these mills had, “…tails that made them face the
wind. Speed control of some models was provided by hinging sections of blades, so that they
would fold back like an umbrella in high winds. The most important improvement of the
American fan-type windmill was the development of steel blades in 1870” (Dodge, 1996-2001).
Steel blades could be made lighter and modeled into more efficient shapes. They worked so well,
in fact, that their high speed required a gear system to turn the standard reciprocal pumps at the
required speed.

You have probably seen old, wooden windmills on a trip through rural or farmland areas. Some
were used strictly for pumping water out of the ground, while “other systems provided a farm or
ranch their electricity source where conventional power lines were not available in an area. The
older versions were often made from wood and some metal parts, while newer versions were
metal constructions. (Either way, they performed the same basic tasks)” (Dodge, 1996-2001).
Between 1850 and 1970, over six million mostly small (1 horsepower or less) mechanical output
wind machines were installed in the U.S. The main use for the small output wind machines was
for water-pumping and the primary applications were for livestock watering and farm house
water needs.

Very large windmills, with rotors up to 18 meters in diameter, were used to pump water for
steam Rail road trains that provided the primary source of commercial transportation in areas
where there were no crossable rivers. In the late 19th century, the successful “American” multi-
blade windmill design was used in the first large windmill to generate electricity.

The first use of a large windmill to generate electricity was a system built in Cleveland, Ohio, in
1888 by Charles F. Brush. The Brush machine was a post mill “(The defining feature of a post
mill is that the whole body of the mill that houses the machinery is mounted on a single vertical
post, around which it can be turned to bring the sails into the wind)” with a multi-blade picket
fence rotor 17 meters in diameter, featuring a large tail hinged to turn the rotor out of the wind
(Association, 2003). It was the first windmill to incorporate a step-up gearbox (with a ratio of
50:1) in order to turn a direct current generator at its required operational speed (in this case, 500
RPM). Despite its relative success in operating for 20 years, the Brush windmill demonstrated
the limitations of the low-speed, high-solidity rotor for electricity production applications.

In 1891, Poul La Cour developed the first electrical output wind machine to incorporate
aerodynamic design principles, “It featured low-solidity, four-bladed rotors incorporating
primitive airfoil shapes” (Dodge, 1996-2001). The higher speed of the La Cour rotor made these
mills quite practical for electricity generation. By the close of World War I, the use of 25
kilowatt electrical output machines had spread throughout Denmark, but cheaper and larger
fossil fuel steam plants soon put the operators of these mills out of business.

By 1920, the two dominant rotor configurations which were fan-type and sail, had both been
used and people realized that they were not viable for efficiently generating large amounts of
electricity.

The further development of wind generator electrical systems in the United States was inspired
by the design of airplane propellers.
The development of bulk power, utility-scale wind energy conversion systems was first designed
in Russia in 1931 with the 100kW Balaclava wind generator. This machine operated for about
two years on the shore of the Caspian Sea, generating 200,000 kWh of electricity. “Subsequent
experimental wind plants in the United States, Denmark, France, Germany, and Great Britain
during the period 1935-1970 showed that large scale wind turbines would work, but failed to
result in a practical large electrical wind turbine” (Dodge, 1996-2001).

European developments continued after World War II, when temporary shortages of fossil fuels
led to higher energy costs. As in the United States, the primary application for these systems was
interconnection to the electric power grid.

In Germany there was a development of a series of advanced, horizontal axis designs of

intermediate size that made use of modern, airfoil-type fiberglass and plastic blades to emphasize
light weight and high efficiencies. This design approach was to reduce air and structural failures
by shedding aerodynamic loads, as opposed to withstanding them. “One of the most original load
shedding design features was the use of a bearing at the rotor hub that allowed the rotor to teeter
in response to wind gusts and vertical wind shear” (Association, 2003).

In the United States, the federal government's involvement in wind energy research and
development began about two years after the so called “Arab Oil Crisis” of 1973. The research
from the Federal Government’s development activities resulted in; the design, fabrication, and
testing of 13 different small wind turbine designs.

After 1980, the market in the United States was dominated by the emergence of the wind farm

1.1.1. Wind Energy

The energy that can be extracted from the wind is directly proportional to the cube of the wind
speed, so an understanding of the characteristics of the wind (velocity, direction, variation) is
critical to all aspects of wind energy generation, from the identification of suitable sites to
predictions of the economic viability of wind farm projects to the design of wind turbines
themselves, all is dependent on characteristic of wind. The most striking characteristic of the
wind is its stochastic nature or randomness. The wind is highly variable, both geographically and
temporally. Moreover this variability exists over a very wide range of scales, both in space and
time. This is important because extractable energy from wind varies with the cube of wind
velocity. This variability is due to different climatic conditions in the world also the tilt of earth
on its axis and its own spinning results in different wind distributions across the world. Also
within any climatic region, there is a great deal of variation on a smaller scale, which is dictated
by several factors such as ratio of land and water, presence of mountains etc. The type of
vegetation also affects wind distribution through absorption of moisture, temperature moderation
and reflection of sun’s energy. Generally more wind is witnessed on the tops of hills and
mountains than in low level areas. Even more locally, wind velocities are altered by obstacles
such as trees or buildings. For any location there is variation of wind pattern, wind speed may
vary from year to year; also wind distribution will change from decade to decade. These long-
term variations are not well understood, and thus make it difficult to make predictions of the
economic viability of wind-farm projects. Wind distribution is more predictable over shorter
time spans like a year, but on shorter time frame like few days the wind energy is difficult to
predict. These variations are due to the weather systems. Depending on location, there may also
be considerable variations with the time of day (diurnal variations), which are fairly predictable.
These variations are important to be considered because they can affect production of large scale
wind energy and consequent integration into grid, also associated power generation systems must
be prepared for these variations. Also we must take into account the fact that short term
turbulence cause variations in the quality of power delivered.

1.1.1.1. Wind Energy Resources Assessment in Ethiopia

Several studies have been done regarding the wind energy potential in Ethiopia. From these
studies those done by [WoldeGhiorgis W, 1988] and [Drake and Mulugetta, 1996] have given
substantial results regarding the wind energy potential in the country by identifying the wind
regimes in several areas. However, the data used in these studies is relatively old; the most recent
data used in the first study is from 1968-1973 and was recorded only three times a day, at 6:00,
12:00, and 18:00. The remaining data used was also recorded three times a day at 8:00, 14:00
and 19:00 during the period 1937 – 1940.

Data used by [Drake and Mulugetta, 1996] was collected during the period 1979-1990 at 60
different locations across the country and recordings were made, according to the author, 4 to 7
times per day at a height of 2 m.
In addition to these studies [Getachew, 2009] had conducted wind energy surveys on four sites in
the country. His study focuses on four specific locations, carefully selected in such a way that
they represent a significant portion of the habitable parts of the country.

Unlike the previous studies, this study focuses on one specific location called Fkada situated in
north-eastern part of the Ethiopia.

1.2. Problem of the Statement

Most of the remote rural areas of Ethiopia are not yet electrified. Electrifying these remote areas
by extending grid system to these rural communities is difficult and costly. To electrify rural
areas solar, wind, biomass, and micro hydro power systems can be seen as alternatives. Among
these, wind energy systems in stand- alone or hybrid forms are thought to be ideal solution for
rural electrification due to abundant wind distribution availability nearby the rural community in
Ethiopia.

1.3. Objectives of the Study

1.3.1. General Objective

The general objective of this thesis work is to design, and model a stand-alone wind power
generation system in Fkada.

1.3.2. Specific Objectives

 To increase the overall power capacity of the country

 To recommend the government(EEPCO) to design this wind farm

1.4. Scope of the Thesis

The design strategy sets out the overall approach to the design development of the wind farm. In
order to achieve our goal we access the wind speed of the environment and its topography, then
using some calculations we designed wind farm. The power output of the farm is limited in 30
Mw because of manpower and time limitation.

The design strategy focused on considering layout options for the site in response to the site
conditions. The design strategy did, however, influence the site boundaries of the development.
Both extensions and reductions to the original site boundary were consequences of the
implementation of the design strategy.

The major development components considered in the design were turbines and
reforestation/replanting.

1.5. Significance of the Study

Our results of this thesis study will serve as a base for wind system planners and designers and
give an idea about wind technologies that could potentially be applicable in the Fkada. Hence,
the findings and recommendations will invite EEPCO to plan the wind farm energy in that area.
If the financial assist is found and the designed wind farm will apply for the part of north east
Tigray, they could grant various economic, environmental and social benefits for the respective
societies or community and the region and/or the country as a whole.

1.6. Topography
Fkada Wind farm project site is located in plateau area in the north eastern Ethiopia. The altitude
of the proposed wind farm project is in the ranges between 2300m to 2500m. Google earth map
has been used for the elevation study.

Fkada is one of the rural areas located in Tigray region, eastern zone, woreda Gulomekeda.
Gulomakeda (also spelled Gulomahda) is one of the woreda in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Its
name partly comes from the legendary Queen Makeda, also known as the Queen of Sheba. Part
of the eastern Zone, Gulomakeda is bordered on the south by Ganta Afeshum, on the west by the
Mehakelegnaw (Central) Zone, on the north by Eritrea, on the east by Irob, and on the southeast
by Saesi Tsaedaemba.

Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia
(CSA), this woreda has a total population of 84,236, census, of whom 40,549 are men and
43,687 women; 10,101 or 11.99% are urban inhabitants. With an area of 1,596.12 square
kilometers, Gulomakeda has a population density of 52.78, which is less than the Zone average
of 56.93 persons per square kilometer. A total of 18,365 households were counted in this woreda,
resulting in an average of 5.59 persons to a household, and 17,673 housing units.
1.7 .Thesis Outline
In this section, the individual parts of the thesis are introduced.

Chapter 1 - Background

The first chapter gives a general knowledge about wind energy, such as the topology, the wind
turbine, the cables, and the wind farm site.

Chapter 2-literature survey

Chapter two presents a literature survey of the available techniques for wind speed forecasting
and wind farm output power prediction. Advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are
presented. This Chapter also surveys the general ideas of wind farm design. The proper fields of
application of each model and their usage limitations are discussed.

In this part, the theory of the thesis is described and the equations are introduced. This section
starts with the calculation of the wind energy by means of the Weibull equations and establishing
the power curve of the turbine.

Chapter 3 - Method

In this chapter, the focus is shifted from theory to practical issues. It begins with the definition
for redundancy and introducing 10 different wind farm design concepts

Chapter 4-Result and discussion

In This Chapter the result and discussions of the thesis are presented.

Chapter 6-Conclusion and Recommendation

The last chapter focuses conclusion and finally the possible future work
 CHAPTER 2

RELATED LITRATURE REVIEW

2.1. Types of Wind Turbines

Wind turbines are classified into two general types: horizontal axis and vertical axis. A
horizontal axis machine has its blades rotating on an axis parallel to the ground. A vertical axis
machine has its blades rotating on an axis perpendicular to the ground. There are a number of
available designs for both and each type has certain advantages and disadvantages. However,
compared with the horizontal axis type, very few vertical axis machines are available
commercially.[30]

2.1.1. Horizontal Axis

This is the most common wind turbine design. In addition to being parallel to the ground, the
axis of blade rotation is parallel to the wind flow. Some machines are designed to operate in an
upwind mode, with the blades upwind of the tower. In this case, a tail vane is usually used to
keep the blades facing into the wind. Other designs operate in a downwind mode so that the wind
passes the tower before striking the blades. Without a tail vane, the machine rotor naturally
tracks the wind in a downwind mode. Some very large wind turbines use a motor-driven
mechanism that turns the machine in response to a wind direction sensor mounted on the
tower.[30]

2.1.2. Vertical Axis

Although vertical axis wind turbines have existed for centuries, they are not as common as their
horizontal counterparts. The main reason for this is that they do not take advantage of the higher
wind speeds at higher elevations above the ground as well as horizontal axis turbines. The basic
vertical axis designs are the Darrieus, which has curved blades, the Giromill, which has straight
blades, and the Savonius, which uses scoops to catch the wind. A vertical axis machine need not
be oriented with respect to wind direction. Because the shaft is vertical, the transmission and
generator can be mounted at ground level allowing easier servicing and a lighter weight, lower
cost tower. Although vertical axis wind turbines have these advantages, their designs are not as
efficient at collecting energy from the wind as are the horizontal machine designs.[30]

2.2 Parts of Wind Turbine

Figure 2.1 Internal parts of wind turbine

2.2.1. The Rotor

Every wind turbine has a rotor or propeller with blades which harvest the energy from the wind.
The rotor is connected to a hub which in turn is connected to the main drive shaft. The drive
shaft connects to the generator which generates the electricity. The rotor blades are usually made
of plastic, fiberglass or wood covered with an epoxy or urethane coating. The type of blade that
is used in the rotor is different depending upon the type of work you want the rotor to do. In a
Drag Design Blade the blades are designed to be pushed by the wind rather than lifted. These
types of designs cause the rotor to turn slower but with more force or torque. This type of blade
is well suited to work such as pumping, sawing or milling and is the type of blade you might find
in a Dutch windmill or in a farm-type windmill used for irrigation. However, for generating
electricity you need a rotor which turns at very high speeds so modern electricity generating
wind turbines do not use this type of rotor.[31,32]

Today's wind turbines use what is known as a Lift Design. These types of blades use the same
principle of lift as you would see in an airplane. The rotor blade edge is similar to that of an
airplane wing and creates lift because of the differential air pressure between the flat side and the
rounded side of the blade. However, since the blade is turned at an angle the lift causes the blade
to turn rather than rise. Lift-powered wind turbines have much higher rotational speeds than
drag types and therefore are well suited for electricity generation.

One of the questions people often ask is why do wind turbines only have 2 or 3 blades. The
reason is that number of blades that make up a rotor and the total area they cover affect wind
turbine performance. Rotors that use the lift-principle need for the wind to flow smoothly over
the blade. If the blades are too close together the turbulence from one blade can disrupt the flow
of air to the blade next to it. So the blades must be far enough apart given their overall size so
that this does not happen.[31]

Blade size is important in determining the amount of energy you can generate. The larger the
blade sizes the more of the kinetic energy of the wind you can capture. Often it is difficult to do
comparison shopping for wind turbines given the way different manufacturers rate their
systems. One way to cut through some of this is to compare the actual area the blade for each
wind turbine can cover. This area is known simply as the Wind Swept Area and can be
calculated with the formula Π x Radius2. You just take the length of a single blade, which is
usually provided by the manufacturer, square it, and then multiply the result times the constant
pi. The bigger the Wind Swept Area the more power the turbine will generate.

Another factor that is looked at in rotor design is what is called the Tip Speed Ratio, the tip being
the tip of each blade on the rotor. The larger this ratio, the faster the rotation of the wind turbine
rotor at a given wind speed. Lift-type wind turbines have maximum tip-speed ratios of around
10, while drag-type ratios are approximately 1. The tips of a wind turbine rotor can reach speeds
of up to 300 mph. Since electrical generators require the shaft to turn at a high speed, high tip
speed ratios are needed. [31]

2.2.2. Rotor Hub

The next major component of the rotor is the hub. Blades are radially bolted to the hub. On the
axial end, the rotor hub is connected to the drive train, which may be one or more of the
following: Main shaft, gearbox, and generator. The hub is made of high-quality cast iron. It
transfers load from the blades to the nacelle frame and to the drive train. The manner of
transferring loads from the hub to rest of the components in the nacelle depends on the turbine
configuration direct drive or with gearbox.[31]
2.2.3. Pitch
The pitch mechanism controls the angle of the blades with respect to the plane of rotation.
Smaller turbines do not have a pitch mechanism; instead, these turbines rely on stall to regulate
the speed of rotation at high wind speed. Control of pitch allows a turbine to capture energy at
low wind speed and to capture a constant amount of energy at wind speed higher than the rated
wind speed. [31,32,36]
There are several methods of controlling the pitch angle; all involve a mechanism that controls
the angles of the blades. Control algorithm continuously monitors wind speed and energy
reduction and adjusts the pitch of blades. Blades are pitched significantly when the wind speed is
higher than the rated speed to change the angle of attack and induce stalling. There are several
pitching mechanisms, the most commonly used are:
 Hydraulic system in which a hydraulic cylinder that is controlled by an oil pump which
acts on the blades
 Rack and pinion in which rack is circular and meshes with pinions of the two or three
blades. The rack is driven by a motor through a worm gear
 Individual motor to control each blade. This is the most common method of controlling
pitch

Figure 2.2 pitch control

2.2.4. Nacelle
The nacelle consists of the cast machine frame, a welded generator frame, a steel structure for the
crane system and for supporting the nacelle housing and the nacelle housing itself, which is made
of glass fiber reinforced plastic. Ergonomically designed, it is spacious and thus very service-
friendly[31]

2.2.5. The Generator

A generator is an electrical machine which helps in generating electricity by using the mechanical
energy of a prime mover. Wind or Aero-generators are basically wind turbine-generator sets, i.e. a
propeller or rotor attached to a turbine which in turn is coupled with an electric generator. The
generator is further connected to appropriate electronic devices that help in its connection and
synchronization to the electrical grid. [32]

2.2.5.1. Types of generators

Generators are basically of two different types:
A) Synchronous Generators
B) Asynchronous Generators
The basis of this categorization is the speed of operation of generators. Synchronous generators
are run at synchronous speed (1500 rpm for a 4 pole machine at 50Hz frequency) while
asynchronous generators run at a speed more than the synchronous speed. [17, 23]
A) Synchronous Generator

Synchronous generators are doubly fed machines which generate electricity by the principle of
electromagnetic induction. The rotor is rotated by a prime mover. The result is a current, which flows
in the stationary set of rotor conductors. Now this produces a magnetic field which in turn induces a
current in the stator conductors. This is the current which we use finally as the output. [39]
 Figure 2.3 Synchronous Generator
This rotating magnetic field induces an Alternating voltage, by the principle of electromagnetic
induction, in the stator windings. Generally there are three sets of conductors distributed in phase
sequence, so that the current produced is a three phase current. The rotor magnetic field is generally
produced by means of induction, where we use either permanent magnets (in very small machines) or
electromagnets in larger machines. Also the rotor winding is sometimes energized with direct current
through slip rings and brushes. Sometimes even a stationary field winding, with moving poles in the
rotor may be the source of the rotor magnetic field. Now this very setup is been used in automotive
alternators, where by varying the current in the field winding we can change and control the
alternator voltage generated. This process is known as excitation control. Basically the problem
which plagues the electromagnets is the magnetization losses in the core, this is absent in the
permanent magnet machines. [39]

Type 2 WTG is a variation on the Type 1, operating with variable slip. It utilizes a wound rotor
induction generator whose rotor winding is brought out via slip rings and brushes. An external
rotor resistance is electronically modulated to effect dynamic changes in the machine’s torque
speed characteristics.[39]
 Figure 2.4 type 2 WGT

B) Asynchronous Generator

Asynchronous generators or Induction generators are singly excited AC machine. Its stator winding
is directly connected to the ac source whereas its rotor winding receives its energy from stator by
means of induction. Balanced currents produce constant amplitude rotating mmf wave. The stator
produced mmf and rotor produced mmf wave, both rotate in the air gap in the same direction at
synchronous speed. These two mmf s combine to give the resultant air-gap flux density wave of
constant amplitude and rotating at synchronous speed. This flux induces currents in the rotor and an
electromagnetic torque is produced which rotates the rotor. [39]Asynchronous generators are mostly
used as wind turbines as they can be operated at variable speed unlike synchronous generator. Two
kinds of asynchronous generators are used namely

A) Squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG)

B) Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)

A) Squirrel Cage Induction Generator

A squirrel cage rotor is so named due to the shape which represents a cage like structure; it basically
is the rotating part of the generator. Being cylindrical in nature, it’s mounted on the shaft. The
internal construction relates to the cage structure and contains longitudinal conductive bars (made of
aluminum or copper) set into channel like constructs and connected together at both ends by shorting
rings forming a proper cage-like shape. The core of the rotor is built of a stack of iron laminations, so
as to decrease the eddy current losses. [39]

Figure 2.5 Squirrel Cage rotor

The current flowing in the field windings in the stator results in the setting up of a rotating magnetic
field around the rotor. This magnetic field cuts across the shorted rotor conductors resulting in
electromagnetic induction which induces a voltage and in turn a current in the rotor windings. The
magnitude of both the induced entities depends directly on the relative speed of the rotor with respect
to the stator; this quality is basically called the slip of the motor. Slip 45 basically signifies the
difference between the speeds of the rotor and synchronous stator field speed. The rotor is carried
around with the magnetic field but at a slightly slower rate of rotation. [39]

B) Doubly Fed Induction Generator

The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), or partial conversion, topology is designated as
Type 3. The turbine is pitch-regulated and features a wound rotor induction generator with an
AC/DC/AC power converter connected between the rotor terminals and grid. The generator
stator winding is directly coupled to the grid. The power converter in the rotor circuit allows for
independent control of generator torque and flux, providing fast active and reactive power
control over a wide range of generator speeds[39]
 Figure 2.6 Type 3 WTG

DFIG is Double Fed Induction Generator, a generating principle widely used in wind turbines. It is
based on an induction generator with a multiphase wound rotor and a multiphase slip ring assembly
with different brushes for access to the varied rotor windings.

For wind power applications, this type of machine has distinct advantage over the conventional type
of machines.

 The rotor circuit is basically controlled by a power electronics converter. Now this makes it
possible for the induction generator to act both as a source and sink for reactive power. This
allows for power system stability and allows the machine to support the grid during severe
voltage disturbances (low voltage ride through, LVRT) also it allows for reactive power
compensation of the system.
 The control of the rotor voltages and currents enables the induction machine to remain
synchronized with the grid while the wind turbine speed varies. This allows for the proper
usage of the wind stream, since a variable speed drive can derive greater power from the
wind stream, as compared to a fixed sped drive
 Another factor which reduces the cost of the converter, apart from the initial investment is
that only fraction of the Mechanical power, typically 25-30 %, is fed to the grid through the
converter, the rest is fed to grid directly from the stator. This in turn enhances the efficiency
of the DFIG.
Type 4

Finally, the full conversion topology is designated as WECC Type 4. The turbine is pitch-
regulated and features an AC/DC/AC power converter through which the entire power of the
generator is processed. The generator may be either induction or synchronous type. As with the
Type 3 WTG, the power converter allows for independent control of quadrature and direct axis
output currents at the grid interface, providing fast active and reactive power control over a wide
range of generator speeds.[39]

Figure 2.7 type 4 WTG

2.2.6. Gear box

The nacelle is equipped with a two-stage planetary gearbox with a spur gear stage, as an option a
differential gearbox is also available. The gearbox is fitted with a cooling circuit with variable
cooling output. The gearbox bearing and tooth engagement are kept continuously lubricated with
oil.[26,30]

2.2.7. Cooling and filtration

The gearbox, generator and converter of the turbine each have independent active cooling
systems. The cooling system for the generator and frequency converter is based on a cooling
water circuit, while the gearbox is cooled by an oil-based system. This ensures optimum
operating conditions in all types of weather. A separate cooling system room at the rear of the
nacelle facilitates access to the cooling units and ensures optimum performance of the individual
systems.[26]
2.2.8. Braking system
The three redundant and independently controlled rotor blades can be set at full right angles to
the rotation direction for aerodynamic braking. In addition, the hydraulic disc brake provides
additional support in the event of an emergency stop.[26]
2.2.9. Yaw system
The wind direction is continuously monitored by two redundant wind direction sensors on the
nacelle. If the permissible deviation is exceeded, the nacelle yaw is actively adjusted by means of
up to four geared motors.[26]

2.3. The Transmission

Generators typically require 1,200 to 1,800 revolutions per minute (RPM's) to operate
efficiently. However, the RPM's of a wind rotor are usually more in the range of 40 to 400
RPM's. In order to make up this difference wind turbines will usually have a gear-box
transmission to increase the rotation of the generator to the speeds necessary for efficient
electricity production. The gear is connected to a second high speed shaft which because of the
gear ratio turns at the higher speed the generator requires.

In any device there is usually a tradeoff between complexity and maintainability. This is true for
wind generators. Some DC-type wind turbines do not use transmissions but instead have a direct
link between the rotor and generator. These are known as direct drive systems. By eliminating
the gearbox the device is considerably simpler and will require less maintenance. However, in
order to generate sufficient electricity with a direct drive a larger generator is required to deliver
the same power output as the AC-type wind turbines. [26]

2.4. Grid Connected Systems

The size or generating capacity, of a wind turbine for a particular installation depends on the
amount of power needed and on the wind conditions at the site. It is unrealistic to assume that all
your energy needs can be met economically by wind energy alone. As a general rule, a wind
system should be sized to supply 25% to 75% off your energy requirements. Most residential
applications require a machine capacity of between 1 and 10 kW.

In a grid-connected system excess electricity from the wind turbine is automatically fed to the
utility and backup power is automatically supplied. While this does not constitute true storage, it
provides power on demand at any time, in any amount. One of the major advantages of this
approach is that batteries are not needed to store the power. In essence the grid acts somewhat
like a battery providing power whenever your wind turbine is generating insufficient electricity
to meet your needs. On windy days when you are generating more energy than you can use this
energy is fed into the grid and your power meter runs backwards giving you credit for the energy
you are generating.

Most states are required to provide access to the grid using a two-way power meter. Usually your
local utility company will have to do the actual hookup. Whenever installing a wind turbine you
should notify the power company well in advance of the installation and make arrangements for
them to do the hookup. As more people have begun moving to solar and wind energy some
utilities have started to get backed up in doing these hookups so you should plan carefully this
part of your project.[32]

Connecting wind turbines to the power grid

Precautions to be taken when connecting wind turbines to the power grid: The procedure for
connecting wind turbines to an electric distribution network normally consists of 2 steps:

1. First, the HV/LV transformer is energized from the high voltage side,
2.Then, in the right wind conditions and further to wind turbine adjustment tests (initial pole test,
pole test sequence, etc.), the turbine is connected to the power grid as follows:

The rotation of the wind turbine’s blades triggers the aero generator (motor generator set), which
acts as a generator, the transformer’s LV winding is energized by the wind turbine’s stator
(connected by a star or delta connection) and hence provides electrical energy to the HV
network.[32]

However, during this 2-step process, the HV/LV transformer must not, in any event whatsoever,
be supplied with high and low voltage currents at the same time. In such an event, there would be
a risk of energizing the LV voltage side in opposite phase to the HV side.

The result would be an extremely strong current, the intensity of which would be greater than the
brief, 3-phase short-circuit current stipulated in the contract (usually 2 seconds).
 Figure 2.8 Connection of wind turbines to the power grid

General diagram of a wind turbine installation

As the electrodynamics stress on the windings is proportional to the square of the current
intensity (F = K.I2), the transformer cannot, in general, withstand the extremely intense stress
caused by a current greater than the contractual short-circuit current. This type of stress would
automatically lead to significant, unacceptable and irreversible mechanical deformation of the
LV and HV windings, and the LV connections: hence it would, in due course, totally destroy the
transformer.

On-site transformer failures have occurred, as a result of energizing the LV and HV sides at the
same time and failing to comply with the phase sequence of the LV network.

Power HV/LV Transformer

Therefore, when connecting a wind turbine transformer to a power grid, it is absolutely essential
not to energize the LV and HV sides of the transformer at the same time, which may cause the
LV winding to be in opposite phase.

Hence, it is extremely important not to interfere with the various tripping sequences, and to
comply with the adjustment specifications for the transformer in question. If the transformer is
energized from both sides and, in addition, the phase sequence of the LV network is not
respected, the result will be total transformer failure.
2.5. Off-Grid Systems

Off-grid power systems can result in higher cost energy, but the high cost of extending a power
line to a remote location often makes an independent energy system the most cost effective
choice for remote homes and equipment. If the average wind speeds at a location are greater than
12 mph, a wind turbine may provide the least expensive form of energy. Because wind is
intermittent, it is often used in conjunction with batteries or with other energy sources, such as a
gas generator or solar electric panels, to make a hybrid system. Battery systems can supply the
owner with reserve power whenever energy demand exceeds that delivered by the wind turbine.
This reserve power comes in handy during calm spells, but in situations where the storage
capacity is taxed beyond its limits, a backup system, such as a portable gasoline or diesel
generator, may be necessary. By combining two or more sources of energy, the size of energy
storage can be decreased.[32]

2.5.1. Cabling Layout

Onshore wind farm layout is defined by both physical and social factors, so
generalizations about optimal layout of both turbines and cabling are next to relevant especially
where a planning decision can be made on criteria as variable as visual amenity.
Empirical assessments of track-side cable runs provide a relatively robust data set for
reasons discussed above, however the number of cables and their topology is a design
detail that can be subject to company engineering policy or an individual engineers
design ethic as much as it is subject to minimum safety requirements.

Different cable topologies can and do exist, each providing differing balances between
redundancy, performance and cost. Larger wind farms may opt for more redundancy, achieved
through replication of equipment or more inter-connected internal cable layouts, in order
that operation may be more continuous. Smaller wind farms may be optimized for lower
capital cost in order to provide a quicker financial return. However, these design options are
installation specific and it is difficult to provide a reasonable General model on limited
data without over complicating matters. [32]
2.6. Definition of Wind Speed
Although definition of wind speed may seem trivial, in reality, it is not. This exposition on wind
speed will cover facets of wind speed that are relevant from the perspective of a wind energy
project.

 Wind velocity in the horizontal plane. From the perspective of a wind energy project,
the two quantities of importance are the resultant wind speed in the horizontal plane
and the direction in the same plane. Vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) captures
energy irrespective of the direction of wind in the horizontal plane. Horizontal axis
wind turbine (HAWT) has a yaw mechanism that aligns the normal to the plane of
rotation such that it is parallel to the direction of wind. For most turbines, energy is
derived from the wind velocity vector in the horizontal plane.
 Wind velocity in the vertical direction. The vertical component of wind velocity is
caused by convection, topography of land, or other factors. This component of wind
velocity can modify the flow of wind over blades and degrade the performance of a
turbine.
 Wind velocity at a point versus a volume. Because of the stochastic nature of airflow,
wind velocity vector at the particle level has a significant random component.
Therefore, the wind velocity vector is spatially averaged. A cup anemometer
measures wind speed in a small volume, whereas remote sensing devices measure
wind speed over larger volumes.
 Wind velocity at a point of time versus over an interval of time. Again, because of the
stochastic nature of wind velocity, there is a significant component of randomness to
wind velocity at a point in space and at a point in time. Temporal averaging is,
therefore, done to report wind speed. For wind energy applications, wind speed is
typically measured every 1–3 sand 10-min statistics like average, minimum,
maximum, and standard deviation are computed and recorded, and the 1– 3-s sample
data is discarded. In some meteorological applications, wind speed is measured only
once an hour and the quantity that is recorded is the wind speed at the end of the hour.
These single measurements are subject to significantly large error compared to
averaging of, say, and 200 measurements over 10 min. As various methods of
 measurement and configurations of instruments are described in sequel, references
will be made to the above facets of wind speed.[26]

2.7. Configurations to Measure Wind

Broadly speaking, there are two types of measurements: In situ measurement and remote
sensing. In situ measurements are done with a meteorological tower (met-tower) and remote
sensing is done with SODAR (based on sound waves) or LIDAR (based on light waves). A met-
tower is used to measure wind speed, wind direction, temperature, barometric pressure, relative
humidity, and few other atmospheric conditions.[27] Met-towers may be classified as:

 Temporary or permanent. A met-tower installed for a period of 1 to 3 years is considered

a temporary structure, while a met-tower with a life of about 20 years is considered
permanent. Most temporary met-towers are tilt-up with no foundation, while permanent
met-towers have a concrete foundation.
 Maximum height of met-tower. Some of the more common heights of met-towers are 30,
50, 60, 80, and 100 meters. The 60 m is the most popular met-tower height and the trend
is toward taller met-towers.

2.7.1. Anemometer
Anemometers are used to measure wind speed. There are different types including:

 Cup anemometer this is the most widely used. Most modern anemometers contain three
cups with a vertical axis of rotation. The rotation speed of the cups is proportional to the
wind speed. The output signal of an anemometer is a low-level AC sine wave; the
frequency of the sine wave is proportional to the wind speed. [26]
 Propeller anemometer. As the name suggests, a propeller is used to measure wind speed.
The axis of rotation of propeller anemometer is horizontal. In order to align the axis of
rotation with the direction of wind, this type of anemometer also contains a wind vane.
This instrument serves two purposes:
Wind speed and wind direction measurement. A form of propeller anemometer is used to
measure the vertical component of wind speed; in this case, the axis of rotation is fixed to
be vertical.
  Sonic anemometer. Ultrasound waves are used to measure wind speed and direction.
Three-dimensional velocity vectors are computed by measuring travel time of sonic
pulses between.

2.8. Wind Speed Facts

One of the key things to know about wind speed is that the amount of energy which wind can
generate is not a one to one function. Rather energy increases by the cube of the wind speed. If
you double the wind speed, you get eight times the energy. That is one reason that looking at
wind maps is so useful. Even a small difference in wind speed within a given area can have a
big impact on the amount of energy a wind turbine can generate. It is also one of the reasons why
a taller wind tower can make so much of a difference. If the wind speed increases even a few
miles an hour by going with a taller tower the energy generation potential goes way up (see
sidebar chart).[27]

One way to get a sense of the amount of energy a wind turbine will produce at different speeds is
look at a power curve graph. Most wind turbine manufacturers will show the power curve for
their particular turbines. This type of chart shows the power output (usually in watts) on one axis
and the wind speed on the other. The chart below shows power curve for an Air-X wind turbine.
It should be noted that the sudden drop off at above 30 mph is caused by a safety cut off.

Figure 2.9 wind speed versus power out put

2.8. Losses
During operation, losses are expected at different points, distributed across the whole wind farm. Firstly,
losses occur directly at the wind turbine. The most important part of the losses is the physical limit of
Betz, cp. It specifies the percentage of the maximal energy, which can be harvested from the wind energy.
In reality, a harvest of 100% of the energy is impossible, because this would lead to a wind speed of zero
after the wind turbine. A simple illustrative explanation is, if the air stops behind the blades, it acts like a
wall and blocks the wind flow. Since no fresh wind can flow through the rotor area anymore the whole
system stops. After passing the rotor, some energy must be left in the wind to continue the air
movement. This phenomenon results in the theoretical maximum of Cp betz = 0.59. The real
value of cp in wind turbines is around 0.4 - 0.48, because turbulence effects prevent reaching the
maximum [20]. For a wind farm also the park effects have to be considered. Due to the comparatively
narrow configuration of the wind turbines, a shadow effect influences the power production and leads to
losses of generally 5-10% [19]. This value depends on the amount of WTGs and the distances between
them. After several months of operation, blade soiling could come into play, resulting in more turbulence.
In the case of the open sea, only salt and light dirt can be considered. Another fraction of the production is
lost due to the wind hysteresis, which may change rapidly and the wind turbine mechanism is not able to
react fast enough. Transforming kinetic energy to electrical energy leads to losses as well, this is
dependent on the generator installed.[10,29]

2.8.1. Betz Limit

It is the flow of air over the blades and through the rotor area that makes a wind turbine function.
The wind turbine extracts energy by slowing the wind down. The theoretical maximum amount
of energy in the wind that can be collected by a wind turbine's rotor is approximately 59%. This
value is known as the Betz limit. If the blades were 100% efficient, a wind turbine would not
work because the air, having given up all its energy, would entirely stop. In practice, the
collection efficiency of a rotor is not as high as 59%. A more typical efficiency is 35% to 45%. A
complete wind energy system, including rotor, transmission, generator, storage and other
devices, which all have less than perfect efficiencies, will (depending on the model) deliver
between 10% and 30% of the original energy available in the wind.[10,29]
𝐎𝐮𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐌𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐞
Coefficient of Power = x100%
𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐦

2.8.2. Weibull distribution function

Various mathematical models have been developed to assist in the predictions of the output
power production of wind turbine generators (WTG), A statistical function known as Weibull
distribution function has been found to be more appropriate for this purpose [4]. The function is
used to determine the wind distribution in the selected site of the case study and the
annual/monthly mean wind speed of the site. The Weibull plot is inspected to determine how
well the failure data fit a straight line. The Weibull distribution function has been proposed as a
more generally accepted model for this purpose [4, 6].

The two-parameter Weibull distribution function is expressed mathematically in equation below

[4,6, 31]

Where

k is the Weibull form parameter

C is the Weibull scale parameter

F(v) is the Weibull density function

M(v) is the Weibull cumulative distribution function

It has a cumulative distribution function as expressed in equation below, and is given as:

To determine K and C, the approximations widely accepted are given in equations given below
respectively [6, 8].

Where σ= standard deviation of the wind speed for the site (ms-1)

V´ = mean speed (ms-1)

2.8.3. Tip speed Ratio
The tip speed ratio (TSR) of a wind turbine is defined as,
λ= 2πRN/V∞
V∞ = Speed of Wind without any rotor intervention
R=Radius of the Rotor, which signifies the swept area
N=Rotational speed of the rotor in rps

λ= Tip Speed Ratio

The tip speed ratio (λ) for wind turbines is the ratio between the rotational speed of the tip of a
blade and the actual velocity of the wind .It’s basically non dimensional in nature and high
efficiency 3-blade-turbines have tip speed ratios of 6–7 [5,32].

2.8.4. Capacity Factor

Capacity factor is a term used to denote the utilization rate of a wind turbine or any power generating
source for that matter. It is the ratio between power produced to the power that could have been
produced if the generation source operated at 100% efficiency.

Actual amount of power produced over time

Capacity Factor =
Power that would have been produced if turbine operated at maximum output 100% of the time.

For a Wind turbine however it is more of a question of the availability of the wind, as the wind is
random in speed and direction, therefore a wind turbine may not always operate at maximum output
condition.[2] Also there lies a cut-in and furl in speed which means the turbine only acts within a
specific window. The capacity factor of turbines is typically low around 40 %.

2.9. Power Curves

The theoretical power performance curves are validated by field testing. IEC 61400-12 specifies
detailed procedures for creating empirical power curves based on field testing.[26] Three wind
speed-related parameters describe a power curve (see Figure 2.10 ).
 Figure 2.10 power curve

1. Cut-in speed, vci. A turbine starts producing energy at this wind speed. At low wind speeds,
the torque is small and not enough to overcome the inertia of the entire system. vci for most
turbines is in the range of 3 to 5 m/s. Although turbine manufacturers like to trumpet lower cut-in
speed, it must be remembered that very little amount of energy is produced at low wind speed.

2. Rated speed, vrs. This is the wind speed at which the rated power is produced. For most
turbines, vrs is in the range of 11.5 to 15 m/s. This is a crucial number because it defines the
shape of the power curve. Power curves with lower vrs, will produce more energy overall because
it will produce more energy at wind speeds between cut-in and rated. When evaluating the power
production capabilities of turbines for a given wind condition, it is common to compare the
capacity factor, which is the average annual energy production divided by the annual energy
production at the rated power. Power curve with lower vrs will yield a higher capacity factor.
Larger and more efficient blades lead to lowering of vrs. A deceptive way to lower vrs is to take a
turbine designed for, say, 1.65MWand rate it at 1.5 MW. [14]

3. Cut-out speed, vco. A turbine stops operating at this wind speed. Vco for most turbines is 25
m/s. The primary reason for stopping is safety. Components of a turbine are not designed to
handle the loads created by wind speeds above the cut-out speed. There are various methods to
stop a turbine.[5]

♠ Modern pitch-controlled turbines increase the pitch to complete stall position. The control
algorithm has a delay period that defines the wait time for restart of the turbine after wind
speed has dropped below vco.
♠ The second method is a spring-loaded mechanism in the blade that turns the tip section of
the blade in a feather position.
♠ The third methods to turn the turbine 90◦ about the vertical axis and thereby change the
axis of rotation. This is done in a few small turbines. Note, most stall-regulated turbines
will start to slow down because of the sharp rise in drag force. This is a result of higher
angle of attack, which leads to separation of flow and high drag.
5. Survival wind speed. Although this is not part of the power curve, it is an important wind
speed, which specifies the design wind speed of the entire turbine structure including the
tower. This is in the range of 50 to 60 m/s
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This Major Qualifying Project’s ultimate goal was the design of a wind turbine or farm at the site
of Fkada, in Gulomakeda, Tigray. In order to achieve this result, the following steps were
developed to ensure that the project maximizes its energy production based on the available wind
at the site, while also completing a preliminary site design for Fkada. The methodology details
the mean by which each task was accomplished in order to reach the projects ultimate goal.

 Site Determination
 Wind Energy Analysis
 Turbine Selection
 Turbine Siting Options
 Access Road Layout
 Site Constraints & Public Concern
 Cost Characterization
 Scheduling and Delivery
 cabling

3.1. Site Determination

When deciding which site would be best suited for wind turbine or turbines, there were many
factors that came into the decision making process. Initially the group reviewed the five (5) sites
that were assessed in the study. A preliminary review of the sites was conducted by this group to
see if any of the sites had the potential for further consideration. The factors taken into
consideration were:

Reviewed wind speeds at an elevation of 70 meters from the ground in m/s, distance from
neighborhoods not only for Regulatory reasons, but also for consideration of potential noise
impacts, Potential environmental impacts and associated permitting requirements. This group
considered possible environmental impacts that could be affected by constructing a wind turbine.
Transportation of the wind turbine to the site, as well as the need of an access road into and out
of the site is also accessed. The access road into each site must be carefully planned and must be
able to provide a safe route for the turbine parts to and from the turbine site. Keeping all those
criteria in mind we selected the Fkada site.

Figure 3.1 the topography of Fkada

Figure 3.2 Annual Mean wind power density of Ethiopia at 50m height
3.2. Wind Energy Analysis
When trying to create a wind farm, analyzing the wind at the proposed site is an important issue.
Initially the group’s plan was to place an anemometer on site in order to gain wind information
from the site. Due to the access issue for setting up the anemometer, the group was forced to
look into alternative sources of wind speed data. The sources for wind speed data used were the
NASA, Mass Geographic, aweather2.org Information Systems. By using the data from each
source at 70 meters, the group was able to create an average wind speed for the Fkada site.Speed
of the wind at 10 meters above the ground

Figure 3.3 Measured wind speed of Fkada at 10 meter above the ground

Wind
8 6.22 5.77
4.88 4.88 4.88 4.88 4.88 5.33
4.88 4.88 4.88 4.88
WIND SPEED

6
4
2
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
MONTH

Wind

Figure 3.4 Wind speed of Fkada from www. aweather2.org

3.3. Turbine Selection

3.3.1. Review Turbine Technology

In order to select the turbines for the wind farm, the group first reviewed the potential turbine
technologies. The group looked at all possible turbine technologies, considering their height,
energy output, cut-in speed and any other possible issues related to the turbines including the
technologies lifecycle and maintenance needs. By reviewing all the technologies, it gave the
group a starting point to compare the group’s wind speed data in order to determine the most
appropriate wind turbine. For our design we have selected the vergnet turbine with 1MW output
energy.

3.3.2. Determining Technology

Based on the results from the group’s wind measurements the group selected the most
appropriate turbine or turbines to energy needs while minimizing the turbines costs. The goal was
to create the maximum amount of energy based on the winds available. The group used the
several power curves from various turbine manufacturers and model to best maximize the
electricity output based on the wind speed available.

For this reason we have selected the appropriate turbine with power curve of the following:

Table 3.1 the power curve of vergnet 70 meter, 1000 KW wind turbine
Vergnet 70m 1000kw power
data
Steady wind Power output
Speed (m/s) (kilowatts)

1 0
2 0
3 15
4 40
5 84
6 150
7 250
8 410
9 560
10 800
11 900
12 980
13 1000
15 1000
16 1000
17 1000
18 1000
19 1000
20 1000
21 1000
21 1000
22 1000
23 1000
24 1000
25 1000
26 0
27 0
28 0
29 0
30 0
3.4 Cost Characterization

This aspect of the project was handled primarily by the Interactive qualifying team; however
their results are critical to the overall project. A cost analysis process is critical in determining
the most suitable wind turbine or turbines to be implemented on the site which maximizes the
energy production while minimizing the cost. Also involved in the cost analysis, once the ideal
turbines are selected, the group were began to look at the technologies payback period.

3.4.1. Determining Number and Size of Turbines

After the group has finalized the wind measurements and researched the current prices for
different turbines technologies the size and number of turbines were determined. The goal is to
maximize the energy produced by the technology, while minimizing its cost. Factors that are
important in the group’s decisions are included the height of maximum wind speed, the total
costs of technologies of different sizes and the energy of these turbines that will produce. The
ultimate goal for Fkada wind farm is to maximize the energy output from the turbines in order to
generate the largest possible revenue from the project. Thus the group is decided to install 30
turbines in that area.

3.4.1.1. Turbine selection

Most wind turbines in the world use a so-called three phase asynchronous (cage wound)
generator, also called an induction generator to generate alternating current. One reason for
choosing this type of generator is that it is very reliable, and tends to be comparatively
inexpensive. The generator also has some mechanical properties which are useful for wind
turbines, (Generator slip, and a certain overload capability).
 Figure 3.5 the vergnet GEV HP wind turbine

3.1.1.1.1. Description of the Wind Turbine

VERGNET GEV-HP wind turbine is a two blades aero generator with adjustable speed and
1MW rated maximum power with front wind. The wind turbine has a teetering hub and a power
control made by electrical pitch and electronic controller. The guyed tower stabilizes the wind
turbine and reduces the quantity of concrete necessary for civil work.

Manufacturer VERGNET SA

Type GEV HP

Rated power 1 MW

Hub high 70 m

Rotor diameter 62 m

Nominal rotor speed 22.5 rpm

Cut-in: 2 m/s

Cut-out: 25 m/s @ 10 min

Rated: 12.5 m/s

Upwind nacelle

Weight with rotor 52 t.

Material Steel

Outer Material Fiberglass and polyester composite

Blades

Number 2

Material Polyester composite

Weight 4.4 tons per blade

Length 30 m

Manufacturer Aéro Composite Occitane

Rotor Blades setting system

Type Electrical Pitch

Blades motion Individual

Actuator Gear motors

Setting angle 0° to 89°

Hub

Type Teetering hub

Technology Delta 3 principle (rotation & reversal movement)

Cone angle 176°

Gearbox

Type 1 high torque planetary stage & 2 parallel stages

Weight 6.5 t

Nominal ratio 67.4

Cooling Oil circulation and air oil heat exchanger

Min generator speed 809 rpm

Rated generator speed 1516 rpm

Brake

Type Disc break

Control system Hydraulics

High speed shaft

Material Composite fiber

Downwind Nacelle

Weight with beam 24 t

Material steel

Generator

Type Asynchronous
Rated power 1060 kW

Tension 690 V

Rated courant 1030 A

Nominal torque 6799 Nm

Weight 4.7 t

Yaw drive

Type Active yaw

Control system 2 hydraulics gear motors

Tower

Type Tubular

Material Galvanized steel

Processing Marine coating C3 (anticorrosive)

Weight 75 t

Sizes H 68.8 m - ø max= 2,25m

Guy wires

Material Galvanized steel (optionally protected by PEHD)

Number 6

Brake system

Electrical Pitch Immediate pitch of the blades in the « feathered » position

High speed shaft disc brake Rotor stop assistance

In safety settings of the turbine

Yaw locking device Mechanical Locking Assisted by hydraulics

Low speed shaft locking device Mechanical Locking Assisted by hydraulics

Tilting hub locking device Mechanical locker

Blades locking device 1 tool locking straight rack per blade

DESCRIPTION:

The GEV HP made of 3 different parts:

¾ The nacelle

¾ The guyed tower

¾ The electrical building

The Nacelle

The nacelle produces the electricity. On top of the tower it changes the wind energy in electrical
energy.

The nacelle is divided in two frames. One with blades is disconnect able, and can be lowered on
the ground. The other frame is fixed on tower top.

¾ The UPWIND nacelle holds the blades and facing the wind. The UPWIND nacelle is mobile.

¾ The DOWNWIND nacelle is attached on top of the tower via the yaw bearing. It can rotate on
360° always allowing the blades facing the wind.

Upwind nacelle:

The main components of the drive chain between blades rotation and the electricity generation
are: the rotor 9 holds 2 blades on a delta 3 tilting hub 7 reducing the tiredness of the rotor while
giving an optimal and balanced wind angle in between the 2 blades; power regulation of the rotor
is done by the electrical pitch system 8 acting dynamically on the blade pitch angle; the resulting
torque is transmitted to the three stage gear box6 ; a mechanical disc brake 2 associated to a
mechanical locking device 1 allows braking and locking mechanically the propeller in
maintenance position for operations in the rotor.
 Figure 3.6 The internal parts of nacelle

Downwind nacelle:

The generator 4 transforms mechanical energy in electricity. The active yaw system 5 keeps the
nacelle always facing the wind. A mechanical locking of yaw device maintains the turbine in
safety position during the maintenance operation in the nacelle. An auxiliary tools beam 3 allows
carry up tools and spare parts from the ground

3.1.1.1.2. The Electrical Building

 In the electrical building are located the following components doing:

 Wind turbine control command 4 and communication 8 with the other part of the wind farm.
 Generator excitement and modulation of the energy coming from the generator in order to make
it comply with the local grid definition7.
 Wind turbine electrical protection 6 on « grid side » and on « machine side » in order to avoid
crossed perturbations on one to the other and vice versa.
 Figure 3.7 The electrical component the whole turbine

The 1060 kW asynchronous squirrel cage type generator 3 convert the mechanical torque coming
from the gearbox 2 to an electrical power transmitted to the full scale power electronic drive
located in the electrical building5.

The generator runs on propeller rotation speed fluctuating in between 800 to 1500 rpm. The drive
is operating an electronic filtering of the torque and power fluctuations coming from the
generator, in order to supply a tension in conformity with the grid, after elevation done by a
transformer 9. Electrical performance of the wind turbine is provided by the PLC unit 4 setting a
perfect coordination in between electrical pitch regulation system 1 and the full scale power
electronic drive 10 while controlling the totality of all the wind turbine components.
3.4.2. Turbine Payback Period

Once the team has identified the number, size and model of the turbines propose to be placed at
Fkada, the group was determined the turbines payback period. The payback period of a green
technology is the time it takes for the technology to create electricity that is worth more than the
original cost of the total wind turbine project. This information is helpful in identifying the
feasibility of the project because if the technology has a very long payback period, it may not be
worth the original investment.[39]

The returns ratio and payback period are the important financial calculations for anyone
interested in investing in wind energy. However, some may also be interested in the intrinsic cost
per kilowatt-hour of wind turbine generated electricity. [39] Accountants have various methods
for making such calculations but the estimate in the present case is obtained simply from the total
cost of installing and running the turbine divided by the number of kilowatt-hours generated over
the turbine lifetime, namely

Turbine and other fixed costs costs+ (Annual recurrent costs Lifetime)

Cost per kilowatt-hour = 365 *24 Lifetime (years) P (U)

Where Pm (Um) is the mean power in kilowatts produced at a mean wind Um. The factor (365x24)
just converts the lifetime in years into the lifetime in hours. Once again, if interest charges are
ignored, this will lead to a low estimate of the cost per kilowatt-hour and, in most analyses of
costs from various power sources, it is usual to include interest payments in some way. A simple
approach is to assume that a loan is taken out for the turbine and its installation and then
calculate the overall cost of repaying this sum with interest payments over the lifetime of the
turbine.

3.5. Turbine Siting

There are several aspects involved in selecting the sites for the turbine towers themselves. We
determined a series of constraints which the group had to work within, in order to find the most
appropriate sites. The constraints the group dealt with included the fall zone, the slope of the
land, and wetlands on site. The fall zone is an envelope which the turbine must be sited within
so, if the turbine were to fall, it would not damage any private property bordering the site. The
slope of the site represents an access issue for delivery and construction vehicles.

An additional factor in determining the most appropriate site for a wind turbine is trying to site
the turbine on the highest available point of land. By maximizing this height, you are able to
expose the turbines to higher and more powerful winds. The distance between turbines is a
constraint in wind farms since siting wind turbines too close to one another can cause wind
turbulence which can potentially damage wind turbine towers and rotors. All of these constraints
will be used to determine the optimal wind farm design.

3.6 .Access Road Design

The access road is an important aspect of Fkada wind farm design. Since the area is located
around a small town there is already constructed road, so there is no need of that much road
construction unless for the turbine placement. This project recommends constructing the road
leading from the entry point in the most direct path to the turbine sites. The materials from which
the access road will be constructed will be basic gravel and fill materials. The group also
researched the necessary standards for the width and depth of an access road to support delivery
and construction vehicles.

3.7. Staging Area

Staging areas are necessary in the development of a wind farm site plan. The staging areas is
used to store the equipment and wind turbine parts as they are delivered, as well as provide an
area for the construction of the turbine itself. The group determined the appropriate size on
location for the staging areas on the Fkada site. In that place there is a large free farm land
applicable the staging of materials.

3.8. Site Constraints and Public Concerns

There is always a lot of controversy when the construction of wind turbine, or anything for that
matter. There will always be people who are for and against wind turbines. When coming up with
the public concerns, showing the public that a lot of what they may think about wind turbines
may not actually be fact, just here say. What the group needed to look into when figuring out
what the site constraints and the public concern would be were a series of obstacles:

Site selection should consider the view of the turbine from other locations in the community.
Noise is another issue that might cause public concern. A site with minimal houses in close
proximity would be a preferred choice.

Potential impacts on birds have been another common concern. Research has shown, however,
that wind turbines have very little negative impact. In fact, a wind turbine is only likely to kill a
maximum of two birds a year. This information should be relayed to the public early in the
process. The way the group addressed the public concern issue is in this report the explanation of
each public concern is described. Each public concern is explained and tells how each concern is
nothing major to be concerned about.

3.9. Scheduling and Delivery

The scheduling of the delivery and delivery of the wind turbine itself are two very important
processes in the construction of a wind turbine. When completing the scheduling absolutely
everything that is taking place in the process from the time the turbine leaves the company it is
purchased from until the last piece of the wind turbine is put together.

The delivery process must be mapped out accordingly. This means that all routes the turbines
blades, rotor, etc. will be taking need to be very carefully mapped out. This will in the end reduce
time, which in the end is money. The better prepared the delivery process is, the faster the turbine
will get there. Another important aspect of the delivery process is to make sure that none of the
parts of the turbine get damaged. The parts are very expensive.

Scheduling is an important tool for manufacturing and engineering because it can have a major
impact on the productivity of a process. In manufacturing, the purpose of scheduling is to
minimize production time and costs, by telling a production facility what to make, when, with
which staff, and on which equipment. Accurate scheduling can maximize the efficiency of the
operation and reduce costs
 CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The overall design of the wind farm starts from the following diagram

Figure 4.1 Wind farm design diagram

4.1. Wind speed forecasting of Fkada

Figure 4.2 Annual average wind Speed of Fkada 10 meters above the ground

Figure 4.3 Annual average wind Speed of Fkada 10 meters above the ground
Exponential Formulae:

𝑉 𝐻
( ) = ( )𝛼
𝑉𝑜 𝐻𝑜

Where v is the wind speed at height H, V0 is the wind speed at the reference height of H0, (H0
=10m for the specified location, Fkada) and α is the friction coefficient.

Table 4.1 Friction coefficient for various terrain Characteristics

Thus the wind speed at hub height 70 m is calculated as bellow

V=Vo (H/Ho) α

At Vo=4.88 and α=0.3

V=4.88(70/10)0.3=4.88*1.7899=8.74

At Vo= 5.33 and α=0.3

V=5.33(70/10)0.3=5.33*1.7899=9.54

At Vo= 5.77 and α=0.3

V=5.77(70/10)0.3=5.77*1.7899=10.33

At Vo= 6.22 and α=0.1

V=6.22(70/10)0.3 =6.22*1.7899=11.13

Average wind speed

9𝑥8.74 + 9.54 + 10.33 + 11.13

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
12
 109.66
= = 9.14m/s
12

Wind speed at hub height of 70 is given graphically as below.

Figure 4.4 Wind speed at 70 meter above the ground in meter/second

Density of air for Fkada site

Given data for our study area:

Atmosphere pressure (P) =101.325kpa

Universal gas constant(R) = 287.05J/kgK

Temperature (T) in oc = 20, but T is in Kelvin, so 273.15+20= 293.15 K

Therefore Air density = P/RT

=101.325/287.05*293.15

= 1.204Kg/m3

P=0.5𝜌AV3 Where , A= 𝜋𝑟 2
P =1/2*1.204*3.14*312*9.143

=1,387,037W

=1387KW

Wind power density =459.66KW/m2

4.2. Wind farm Design

4.2.1. Turbine selection

Figure 4.5 Vergnet SA turbine

Figure 4.6 The Electrical Building of the turbine

The electrical building located near the tower base of each wind turbine holds the different GEV
HP controls and diagnostic devices.

Back of the door of the first compartment, there is:

  The main electrical cabinet
 The drive’ cabinet
 The cooling system unit
 The MV switchgear protection
 Uninterrupted power supply
 Obstruction lighting box (optional)

 Back the door of the second compartment,

 There is:
 The step-up transformer
 The fans of the cooling unit on roof

Transformer selection

Depending on our power output we have the chance to select

Minimum requirements of the transformer with:

 Power 1100 kVA

 Rated voltage 690 V Figure 4.7 Transformer
 Low-loss

But we have selected a step up transformer with

 power1250KVA,
 Rated voltage 690V/33KV
 Power factor 0.8

Transform LV delivered by drive (690V) in MV current to be transported and injected on the

electrical grid. It is located in the second compartment of the electrical building and step up the
incoming voltage to 33KV secondary voltage.

Variable Speed Turbine with Doubly Fed Induction Generator

The system in Fig. below consists of a wind turbine with a doubly fed induction generator
(DFIG). In the DFIG, the stator is directly connected to the grid while the rotor is connected to a
converter via slip rings. The converter only has to handle 20-30 % of the total power and the
losses in the converter can be reduced compared to the converter that has to handle the full
power. This system has a sufficient speed range to also smoothen out incoming wind power
variations.

Figure 4.8 Power electronic converters

For the variable speed wind turbine the rotational speed of the turbine is controlled by a full
power converter.
An IGBT inverter is used for connecting to the grid. The inverter is connected to an transformer
either outside or inside the foundation. The voltage level of the electricity fed to the grid is 33 kV
and the frequency is 50 Hz depending on our system.

AC inverter selection

Type 4 quadrant IGBT frequency converter

Power ab. 1400 kVA

Supply voltage 690 V (+ 10% / -15%)

Supply mains’ frequency 50 or 60 Hz

Water cooled

Electrical building

Power electronics

Type Full-scale drive

Electronic type Full scale IGBT modules generator drive side

Full scale IGBT module line side

Rated line voltage 690 V

Frequency 50 or 60 Hz

Switching frequency 2 kHz generator drive side

2.5 kHz line side

Max THD current 3%

Cooling Water cooling unit

Protection Main LV circuit breaker withdrawal 1250 A

Power of regulation Reactive Conform with grid codes

Electrical building

HTA grid connection

Type Oil bath tension elevator transformer.

Control DMCR

Insulant Mineral oil

Grid coupling Dyn11

Nominal Frequency 50 or 60 Hz

Primary nominal Tension 690 V

Secondary nominal tension Grid connecting point tension level

Middle tension Protection Fuse and switch cell

Control command system

Type Industrial PLC

Operator / Turbine interface Touch pad colored screen

Automation Architecture Communication Protocol Profibus (optic fiber and copper)

Structure data-processing

Communication between GEV HP and SCADA computer

Protocol Ethernet optic Fiber

Lightning protection system

Principle Direct transmission direct of lightning current to the earthing system.

Protection against Electromagnetic rays due to lightning

Picking up Lightning conductors in the blades

Lightning conductors

Setting Antenna’s earthling at the tower base from the blades lightning
conductors.

Lightning protections in the nacelle and in the electric cabinet

Power curve for vergnet

Table 4.2 Power curve of vergnet SA 70 m, 1 MW wind turbine

Vergnet 70m 1000kw power

data
Steady wind Power output
Speed (m/s) (kilowatts)

1 0
2 0
3 15
4 40
5 84
6 150
7 250
 8 410
9 560
10 800
11 900
12 980
13 1000
15 1000
16 1000
17 1000
18 1000
19 1000
20 1000
21 1000
21 1000
22 1000
23 1000
24 1000
25 1000
26 0
27 0
28 0
29 0
30 0

The above table 4.2indicates the power outputs in a steady wind between the cut-in and cut-out
speeds in 1 meter per second intervals up to a top limit of 25 meters per second. It should be
noted that the power curve flattens off at what is known as the rated output. This is the power
limit of the electrical generator connected to the turbine rotor and once again the control
necessary to restrict the output to this limit is achieved by different means for different turbines.
4.2.2. Wind farm Design
A wind farm is a collection of wind turbines in the same location. Wind turbines are often
grouped together in wind farms because this is the most economical way to create electricity
from the wind.

If multiple wind turbines are placed too close to one another, the efficiency of the turbines will
be reduced. Each wind turbine extracts some energy from the wind, so directly downwind of a
turbine winds will be slower and more turbulent. For this reason, wind turbines in a wind farm
are typically placed 3‐5 rotor diameters apart perpendicular to the prevailing wind and 5‐10 rotor
diameters apart parallel to the prevailing wind. Energy loss due to the "Wind Park Effect" may
be 2‐5%.For this reason we placed the turbines with a minimum distance of 4D and 7D distance
difference in between the two turbines.

Figure 4.9 turbine micro siting

4.3. Weibull Distribution

Having determined k, it is necessary to compute the value of the Gamma function for (1+1/k) so
that it can be used in equation given above for the probability density distribution. The Gamma
function is rather complex but we need to know its values only over a rather narrow range of
values of (1+1/k) from 1.173 to 2.014 corresponding to wind standard deviations of 20% and
100% respectively of the mean speed

Power output profile

In addition to the mean power, it is also of some interest to understand the power distribution that
is obtained from a wind turbine that is the percentage of time that the turbine produces different
levels of power. One particular example is the period of time that the wind speed is below the
cut-in speed. For this period of time, the turbine produces no power at all. At the other extreme,
it may be of interest to know what percentage of time the turbine is producing power at its rated
output. For the Weibull distribution, the proportion of time, Ti, spent between two wind speeds of ul
and uu may be different. For our design we used an interval of three hours per day.

A particular form of the Weibull distribution is known as the Rayleigh distribution and occurs
when k=2. This corresponds to a standard deviation of 52% of the mean speed and this is often
used in the wind industry as the form for the probability distribution. However, in the program,
this ratio can easily be scrolled from 20% to 100% and the effect of this on the mean power
instantly displayed.
 Figure 4.10 Average wind power program average out puts for turbine

The figure 4.10 above shows the opening form of the wind power program. It consists of three
panes, namely, (i) the wind turbine data and power curve input pane where the basic turbine data
and its power curve are entered, (ii) the output pane mean power or annual energy output versus
mean wind speed results where the final mean output power results are displayed and (iii) the
wind standard deviation input pane where the magnitude of the unsteady component of the wind
speed (i.e. Its standard deviation) can be adjusted.
(a)

(b)
(c)

(d)
 (e)

Figure 4.11 a) Weibull distribution b) power coefficient and mean power c) Annual energy in
kilowatts versus mean wind speed d) Annual energy in KWhr versus mean wind speed e)Turbine
power in steady wind, P(Kilo watts)

Total average output power calculation

In order to calculate the mean power output from a turbine, it is necessary to know both the
steady wind power curve and the probability density distribution for the variation of wind speed.
The sketch in figure 4.11 (e) shows the probability density distribution and steady power output
curve in a steady wind. Also at (a) shown is the probability density distribution p(u) for a
particular mean wind speed Um of 9.14 meters per second.
In the Wind Power program, this integral is evaluated over a range of mean wind speeds from 5
to 10 meters per second in 0.2 meter per second steps. This encompasses the range of wind
speeds likely to be encountered in the majority of cases. Sites with wind speeds below 5metres
per second are not really viable for wind-generated power .Therefore as we have calculated
before the average wind speed of the site is 9.14m/s. Thus the output power at this average wind
speed is 484.3 KW for single turbine. Using 30 turbines we can generate an average of
(30*484.3 KW=14529KW) and a maximum of 30000KW output power.

Turbine selection for the appropriate wind speed

We accessed so many wind turbine companies then from all of these we have selected vergnet
1MW turbine according to its power curve and low cost.

4.4. Calculation of underground cable size of wind farm designing in FKADA

A30MW wind farm with thirty, 1MW wind turbine units has been considered. Underground
cables interconnect turbines and the substation in the 33 kV medium voltage collector systems.
Assuming the units generate power at a lagging power factor of 0.8, the current is projected to be
a maximum of:-

I= (Rated power of the turbine)/ (1.732*VLL*cosβ) A per unit at 33kV.

Or I= (Turbine per segment*P)/1.732* VLL*cosβ)

Optimal wind turbine placement considering effects of local wind patterns, land topography,
wind turbine wake effects is a widely researched area. Therefore, for the purpose of this work, it
has been assumed that optimal turbine locations in the wind farm are already available.

In order to ‘correct’ for use in a 3-phase system the current capacity of individual

conductors has been multiplied by 3√3, so that a total Aluminum requirement per meter

may be calculated.

Reference: - Martinez, E et al (2009) ‘Life cycle assessment of a multi-megawatt wind turbine’.

Renewable Energy 34, p 667-673

Cabling Layout

Onshore wind farm layout is defined by both physical and social factors, so
generalizations about optimal layout of both turbines and cabling are next to relevant especially
where a planning decision can be made on criteria as variable as visual amenity.
Empirical assessments of track-side cable runs provide a relatively robust data set for
reasons discussed above, however the number of cables and their topology is a design
detail that can be subject to company engineering policy or an individual engineers
design ethic as much as it is subject to minimum safety requirements.
Inspection of Fkada Power’s approved cables list shows no 3-core copper cable rated at 33kV
pre-approved for general use. That is not to say that a specific wind farm installation could never
use a 3-core copper conductor, but that it must be approved for specific use within that
company’s internal design process.

Different cable topologies can and do exist, each providing differing balances between
redundancy, performance and cost. Larger wind farms may operate for more redundancy,
achieved through replication of equipment or more inter-connected internal cable layouts,
in order that operation may be more continuous. Smaller wind farms may be optimized for
lower capital cost in order to provide a quicker financial return. However, these design options
are installation specific and it is difficult to provide a reasonable general model on limited
data without over complicating matters. For this study we have used a least distance, 33kV
single 3-core cable as the standard and used a least diameter approximation to estimate
which of the standard conductor diameters available would be most appropriate. We
recognize that this may represent an under-estimation of total cable requirements especially
where wind farms are designed on a turbine cluster basis, or an over-estimation where the
wind farm has a small number of turbines, however without access to a range of
detailed designs, process control documentation or engineers we must come to a reasonable
generalization in full knowledge of its deficiencies.

The rated power of the wind energy is 30 MW and the rated power for each turbine is 1MW.
Accordingly the wind farm cable array for this option will operate at 33kV. For this study, a
30MW wind farm with twenty two 1MW wind turbine units has been considered. Underground
cables interconnect turbines and the substation in the 33kV medium voltage collector system.
Assuming the units generate power at a lagging power factor of 0.8, the current is projected to be
a maximum of:-

IB= (Rated power) ∕ (1.732*V*cosβ)

Where cosβ is the power factor which is 0.8

IB=1MW/1.732*33KV*0.8= 21.869, A per unit at 33KV for three phase 3* IB.

For this study a 30MW wind farm with a thirty 1MW wind turbine has been considered.
Underground cables interconnect turbines and the substation is 33KV medium voltage collector
system. Assuming the units generator power at a lagging power factor of 0.8, the current is
projected at a maximum of 21.869 A.

Therefore, the total current of the turbine in the equivalent representation is given by:

IS = n I

Where n is the number of turbine and I is the current in each turbine.

The voltage drop across each impedance, can be easily derived as follows.

The voltage drop across Z1 = ∆VZ1 = I1 Z1 = I Z1

The voltage drop across Z2 = ∆VZ2 = (I1 + I2) Z2 = 2 I Z2

The power loss at each impedance can be computed as:

SLoss_Z1 = ∆VZ1 I1* = I1 I1* Z1 = I I* Z1 = I2 Z1

SLoss_Z2 = ∆VZ2 (I1 + I2)* = 2 I Z2 (2 I)* = 22 I2 Z2

The output currents from each group are given as

Follows:

I1 = n1 I

I2 = n2 I

I3 = n3 I

The total output from the parallel branches is given as:

IP = I1 + I2 + I3

IP = n1 I + n2 I + n3 I

IP = (n1 + n2 + n3) I

Losses in individual branches:

SZ1 = 3I12 Z1

SZ2 =3 I22Z2

SZ3 = 3I32 Z3

The total loss is:

SZP = 3IP2 ZP

Therefore using the calculated value of current we can select the cable size of which is connected
each of the transformers more to the bus. Transformers are always rated in KVA (MVA) so we
have to convert from the generating unit in KW or MW by using the power factor. This is

30MW/0.8= 37 .5 MVA. And each Generator has 1.25 MVA.

The cable size from the generator to the bus bar A is 3*50mm2 from each turbine to the bus bar.
The cable size has an impedance of 0.7749Ω/km.
The maximum power loss for each cable of the turbine to the bus-bar of A is calculated as
follow.

The maximum power loss from the turbine to the bus-bar is SZT=3I2T*Z

At bus-bar-A

For generator G1 or turbine T1 is the power loss from bus-bar A at a distance of 850m is:-

SZT1=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 850m

SZT1=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(850m)

SZT1=0.945KVA

The power loss is PT1= SZT1 cosβ

Pt1= 0.945*cosβ

Pt1= 0.945*0.8

Pt1 = 0.756kw

For generator G2 or turbine T2 is the power loss from bus-bar A at a distance of 730m is:-

SZT2=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 730m

SZT2=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(730m)

SZT2=0.812KVA

The power loss is PT2= SZT2 cosβ

Pt2= 0.812*cosβ

Pt2= 0.812*0.8

Pt2 = 0.649kw

For generator G3 or turbine T3 is the power loss from bus-bar A at a distance of 756m is:-
SZT3=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 756m

SZT3=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(756m)

SZT3=0.841KVA

The power loss is PT3= SZT3 cosβ

Pt3= 0.841*cosβ

Pt3= 0.841*0.8

Pt3 = 0.672kw

For generator G4 or turbine T4 is the power loss from bus-bar A at a distance of 292m is:-

SZT4=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 292m

SZT4=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(292m)

SZT4=0.325KVA

The power loss is PT4= SZT4 cosβ

Pt4= 0.325*cosβ

Pt4= 0.325*0.8

Pt4 = 0.260kw

For generator G5 or turbine T5 is the power loss from bus-bar A at a distance of 500m is:-

SZT5=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 500m

SZT5=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(500m)

SZT5=0.556KVA

The power loss is PT5= SZT5 cosβ

Pt5= 0.556*cosβ
Pt5= 0.556*0.8

Pt5 = 0.445kw

For generator G6 or turbine T6 is the power loss from bus-bar A at a distance of 300m is:-

SZT6=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 300m

SZT6=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(300m)

SZT6=0.334KVA

The power loss is PT6= SZT6 cosβ

Pt6= 0.334*cosβ

Pt6= 0.334*0.8

Pt6 = 0.267kw

For generator G7 or turbine T7 is the power loss from bus-bar A at a distance of 450m is:-

SZT7=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 450m

SZT7=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(450m)

SZT7=0.5KVA

The power loss is PT7= SZT7 cosβ

Pt7= 0.5*cosβ

Pt7= 0.5*0.8

Pt7 = 0.4kw

At bus-bar-B

For generator G8 or turbine T8 is the power loss from bus-bar B at a distance of 600m is:-
SZT8=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 600m

SZT8=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(600m)

SZT8=0.6674KVA

The power loss is PT8= SZT8 cosβ

Pt8= 0.667*cosβ

Pt8= 0.667*0.8

Pt8 = 0.534kw

For generator G9 or turbine T9 is the power loss from bus-bar B at a distance of 500m is:-

SZT9=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 500m

SZT9=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(500m)

SZT9=0.5564KVA

The power loss is P9= SZT9 cosβ

Pt9= 0.556*cosβ

Pt9= 0.556*0.8

Pt9 = 0.445kw

For generator G10 or turbine T10 is the power loss from bus-bar B at a distance of 600m is:-

SZT10=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 600m

SZT10=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(600m)

SZT10=0.6674KVA

The power loss is P10= SZT10 cosβ

Pt10= 0.6674KVA *cosβ

Pt10= 0.6674KVA *0.8

Pt10 = 0.534kw

For generator G11 or turbine T11 is the power loss from bus-bar B at a distance of 300m is:-

SZT11=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 300m

SZT11=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(300m)

SZT11=0.334KVA

The power loss is P11= SZT11 cosβ

Pt11= 0.334KVA *cosβ

Pt11= 0.334KVA *0.8

Pt11 = 0.334kw

For generator G12 or turbine T12 is the power loss from bus-bar B at a distance of 300m is:-

SZT12=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 300m

SZT12=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(300m)

SZT12=0.334KVA

The power loss is P12= SZT12 cosβ

Pt12= 0.334KVA *cosβ

Pt12= 0.334KVA *0.8

Pt12 = 0.334kw

At bus-bar-C

For generator G13 or turbine T13 is the power loss from bus-bar C at a distance of 620m is:-

SZT13=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 620m
SZT13=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(620m)

SZT13=0.693KVA

The power loss is PT13= SZT13 cosβ

Pt13= 0.693*cosβ

Pt13= 0.693*0.8

Pt13 = 0.551kw

For generator G14 or turbine T14 is the power loss from bus-bar C at a distance of 530m is:-

SZT14=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 530m

SZT14=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(530m)

SZT14=0.589KVA

The power loss is PT14= SZT14cosβ

Pt14= 0.589*cosβ

Pt14= 0.589*0.8

Pt14 = 0.471kw

For generator G15 or turbine T15 is the power loss from bus-bar C at a distance of 300m is:-

SZT15=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 300m

SZT15=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(300m)

SZT15=0.334KVA

The power loss is P15= SZT15 cosβ

Pt15= 0.334KVA *cosβ

Pt15= 0.334KVA *0.8

Pt15 = 0.334kw

For generator G16 or turbine T16 is the power loss from bus-bar C at a distance of 720m is:-

SZT16=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 720m

SZT16=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(720m)

SZT16=0.8KVA

The power loss is PT16= SZT16cosβ

Pt16= 0.8*cosβ

Pt16= 0.8*0.8

Pt16 = 0.641kw

For generator G17 or turbine T17 is the power loss from bus-bar C at a distance of 500m is:-

SZT17=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 500m

SZT17=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(500m)

SZT17=0.5564KVA

The power loss is P17= SZT17 cosβ

Pt17= 0.556*cosβ

Pt17= 0.556*0.8

Pt17 = 0.445kw

For generator G18 or turbine T18 is the power loss from bus-bar C at a distance of 770m is:-

SZT18=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 770m

SZT18=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(770m)

SZT18=0.856KVA
The power loss is P18= SZT18 cosβ

Pt18= 0.856*cosβ

Pt18= 0.856*0.8

Pt18 = 0.685kw

For generator G19 or turbine T19 is the power loss from bus-bar C at a distance of 540m is:-

SZT19=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 540m

SZT19=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(540m)

SZT19=0.6KVA

The power loss is P19= SZT19 cosβ

Pt19= 0.6*cosβ

Pt19= 0.6*0.8

Pt19 = 0.48kw

For generator G20 or turbine T20 is the power loss from bus-bar C at a distance of 560m is:-

SZT20=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 560m

SZT20=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(560m)

SZT20=0.623KVA

The power loss is P20= SZT20 cosβ

Pt20= 0.623*cosβ

Pt20= 0.623*0.8

Pt20 = 0.498kw

At bus-bar-D
For generator G21 or turbine T21 is the power loss from bus-bar D at a distance of 600m is:-

SZT21=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 600m

SZT21=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(600m)

SZT21=0.667KVA.

The power loss is P21= SZT21 cosβ

Pt21= 0.667*cosβ

Pt21= 0.667*0.8

Pt21 = 0.667kw

For generator G22 or turbine T22 is the power loss from bus-bar D at a distance of 300m is:-

SZT22=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 300m

SZT22=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(300m)

SZT22=0.334KVA

The power loss is P22= SZT22 cosβ

Pt22= 0.334KVA *cosβ

Pt22= 0.334KVA *0.8

Pt22 = 0.334kw

For generator G23 or turbine T23 is the power loss from bus-bar D at a distance of 30m is:-

SZT23=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 30m

SZT23=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(30m)

SZT23=0.0334KVA

The power loss is P23= SZT23 cosβ

Pt23= 0.0334KVA *cosβ

Pt23= 0.0334KVA *0.8

Pt23 = 0.0334kw

For generator G24 or turbine T24 is the power loss from bus-bar D at a distance of 300m is:-

SZT24=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 300m

SZT24=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(300m)

SZT24=0.334KVA

The power loss is P24= SZT24 cosβ

Pt24= 0.334KVA *cosβ

Pt24= 0.334KVA *0.8

Pt24 = 0.334kw

For generator G25 or turbine T25 is the power loss from bus-bar D at a distance of 600m is:-

SZT25=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 600m

SZT25=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(600m)

SZT25=0.667KVA.

The power loss is P25= SZT25 cosβ

Pt25= 0.667*cosβ

Pt25= 0.667*0.8

Pt25 = 0.667kw

At bus-bar-E
For generator G26 or turbine T26 is the power loss from bus-bar E at a distance of 600m is:-

SZT26=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 600m

SZT26=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(600m)

SZT26=0.667KVA.

The power loss is P26= SZT26 cosβ

Pt26= 0.667*cosβ

Pt26= 0.667*0.8

Pt26 = 0.667kw

For generator G27 or turbine T27 is the power loss from bus-bar E at a distance of 300m is:-

SZT27=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 300m

SZT27=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(300m)

SZT27=0.334KVA

The power loss is P27= SZT27 cosβ

Pt27= 0.334KVA *cosβ

Pt27= 0.334KVA *0.8

Pt27=0.267 KW

For generator G28 or turbine T28 is the power loss from bus-bar E at a distance of 30m is:-

SZT28=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 30m

SZT28=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(30m)

SZT28=0.0334KVA

The power loss is P28= SZT28 cosβ

Pt28= 0.0334KVA *cosβ

Pt28= 0.0334KVA *0.8

Pt28 = 0.0334kw

For generator G29 or turbine T29 is the power loss from bus-bar E at a distance of 300m is:-

SZT29=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 300m

SZT29=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(300m)

SZT29=0.334KVA

The power loss is P29= SZT29 cosβ

Pt29= 0.334KVA *cosβ

Pt29= 0.334KVA *0.8

Pt29= 0.267 KW

For generator G30 or turbine T30 is the power loss from bus-bar E at a distance of 600m is:-

SZT30=3(21.869)2*0.7749Ω/km* 600m

SZT30=3(21.869)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(600m)

SZT30=0.667KVA.

The power loss is P30= SZT30 cosβ

Pt30= 0.667*cosβ

Pt30= 0.667*0.8

Pt30 = 0.667kw

The rated current In for each generator having 1MW is 21.869 A. Then the power loss from each
bus-bar to the main cluster F is calculated as follow:-
In for 7 generator= 7*21.869 A =153.083 A from the standard table the area of the Al conductor is
3*70mm2.And has an impedance of 0.5388Ω/km.

The power loss of the cable from bus-bar A to the F at a distance of 500m is also as follow:-

SZP = 3IP2 ZP

SZA=p +jx

SZA=3(153.083)2*0.5388Ω/km*500m

SZA=3(153.083)2*(0.5388Ω/1000m)*(500m)

SZA=18.939 KVA

The power loss PA= SZA cosβ kW

PA=18.939 KVA *cosβ

PA= 18.939 KVA *0.8

PA=15.152 kW

In for 5 generator= 5*21.869 A =109.345 A from the standard table the area of the Al conductor is
3*50mm2 and have an impedance of 0.7749 Ω/km

The power loss of the cable from bus-bar B to the F at a distance of 450m is also as follow:-

SZP = 3IP2 ZP

SZB=p +jx

SZB=3(109.345)2*0.7749Ω/km*450m

SZB=3(109.345)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(450m)

SZB=12.51KVA

The power loss PB= SZB cosβ kW

PB=12.51KVA *cosβ
PB= 12.51KVA *0.8

PB=10.006 kW

In for 8 generator= 8*21.869 A =174.952 A from the standard table the area of the Al conductor is
3*95mm2 and have an impedance of 0.3934Ω/km

The power loss of the cable from bus-bar C to the F at a distance of 550m is also as follow:-

SZP = 3IP2 ZP

SZC=p +jx

SZC=3(174.952)2*0.3934Ω/km*550m

SZC=3(174.952)2*(0.3934Ω/1000m)*(550m)

SZC=19.868KVA

The power loss PC= SZC cosβ kW

PC=19.868KVA *cosβ

PC= 19.868KVA *0.8

PC=15.8944 kW

In for 5 generator= 5*21.869 A =109.345 A from the standard table the area of the Al conductor is
3*50mm2 and have an impedance of 0.7749 Ω/km

The power loss of the cable from bus-bar D to the F at a distance of 580m is also as follow:-

SZP = 3IP2 ZP

SZD=p +jx

SZD=3(109.345)2*0.7749Ω/km*580m

SZD=3(109.345)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(580m)

SZD=16.12KVA
The power loss PD= SZD cosβ kW

PD=16.12KVA *cosβ

PD= 16.12KVA *0.8

PD=12.896 kW

In for 5 generator= 5*21.869 A =109.345 A from the standard table the area of the Al conductor is
3*50mm2 and have an impedance of 0.7749 Ω/km

The power loss of the cable from bus-bar E to the F at a distance of 530m is also as follow:-

SZP = 3IP2 ZP

SZE=p +jx

SZE=3(109.345)2*0.7749Ω/km*530m

SZE=3(109.345)2*(0.7749Ω/1000m)*(530m)

SZE=14.312KVA

The power loss PE= SZE cosβ kW

PE=14.312KVA *cosβ

PE= 14.312KVA *0.8

PE=11.785 kW

The total loss at all the cables is 79.52 KW

The number of turbines connected to the group of clusters is sampled as follow

Bus bar selection
For bus-bar A,B ,C ,D and E it’s size is three 348 mm2 having the current of 1200 A for each 5
bus-bar. And the size of the main bus-bar F is three 2000 A and have an area of three 634mm2

Breaker selection
Stator circuit connection to grid
The converter can control both an air breaker and a contractor for connecting the generator stator
to grid. The main difference between these two configurations is that if the stator circuit is
equipped with an air breaker, it allows disconnecting the stator from grid even with a high stator
current. The differences between these two configurations are presented below.

When the stator circuit is equipped with a contractor, disconnecting the stator from the grid must
be handled selectively. If the stator contactor is opened under high current it may be damaged.
Selective disconnection from grid is handled so that any time the stator contactor is commanded
to open; instantaneous stator current is compared to the given limit. If stator current is below the
limit, the stator contactor is opened. Conversely, if stator current is above the limit, the stator
contactor is kept closed and grid-side air breaker (MCB1) is opened instead; the stator contactor
is opened after a certain delay.
Thus the rating of those breakers are selected according to the rating current of the generator
which is 1030A.So any rating above the rating current is capable to protect the equipment from
any malfunctions.
MCB1=MCB3=1500A
But the feedback current protector breaker MCB 2 is 300A.
Surge arrester selection
Lightning and surge protection of wind turbines is of particular importance since these facilities
are especially vulnerable to lightning strikes due to their design, height and exposed location.
The risk of lightning striking a wind turbine increases quadratically with its height. Cloud-to-
earth flashes and earth-to-cloud flashes, which are also referred to as upward flashes, present a
risk to wind turbines of more than 60 m in height. Long strokes with a high charge potential
importance as due to their complexity, height and exposed location they are especially vulnerable
to lightning strikes. Long-duration currents with high charging values, which must be especially
taken into account for protecting the rotor blades and the dimensioning of lightning current
arresters, are characteristic of upward flashes. Therefore, comprehensive lightning and surge
protection is required for wind turbines.
All the surge protectors are selected from DEHN protects Wind Turbines
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This thesis concludes that the output power of a wind turbine is strongly influenced by the mean
wind speed to which it is subjected. Obtaining a good estimate of this speed is therefore of
central importance in a planning exercise.
The annual average wind speed at 70m height is 9.14 m/s, and the annual wind power density is

459.66W/m2.Using those data’s we got an average of 14,529 kilowatts and a maximum of

30,000 MW output power using 30 turbines.

This data indicate that the site area is favorable to the layout of turbines and can adequately
reduce the power crises of the country and then we highly recommend to EEPCO to plan a wind
farm project in the proposed area.
 APPENDIX

Electrical and Physical Properties of 3 and 4 core PVC Insulated PVC bedded SWA PVC
sheathed 600/1000 V cables manufactured to SANS 1507-3.

Cable Size Current Rating Impedance 3ᵩVolt drop 1ᵩ Volt drop

Ground Ducts Air
(mm²) (A) (A) (A) (Ω /km) (mV/A/m) (mV/A/m)
25 90 73 80 1.4446 2.502 2.889
35 108 87 99 1.0465 1.813 2.093
50 129 104 119 0.7749 1.342 1.549
70 158 130 151 0.5388 0.933 1.078
95 192 157 186 0.3934 0.681 0.787
120 219 179 216 0.3148 0.545 0.629
150 245 201 250 0.2607 0.452 0.521
185 278 229 287 0.2133 0.369 0.427
240 324 268 342 0.1708 0.296 0.342

Breaker and contactor size

The figure below shows the exact Gamma function compared with a simple polynomial fit.

The probability density function of a Weibull random variable V is:

Where, K > 0 is the shape parameter and C > 0 is the scale parameter of the distribution. V is
wind speed measured at different intervals in a day.

Using the method of least square method we evaluate the values of the Weibull parameters k & c.

The cumulative distribution function for the Weibull distribution is

Now representing the above function in a linear format, so as to facilitate the use of least square
method we get,

Y=A1+A2X

Where Y=ln [ln ((1-F (V))- 1 ) ]

X=ln (Vi)

A1=-K*ln(C)

A2=K

Using the above relation, we compute the Weibull parameters K & C by means of least square
method, as given by the following MATLAB code

Program code

clc;
clear all;
close all;
x=input('Enter the data sequence:');
n=length(x);
x1=0;
y1=0;
w=0;
z=0;
a=0;
b=0;
c=0;
d=0;
for i=1:n
w=log (x(i));
z=log(-log(1-(i/(n+1))));
x1=x1+z;
y1=y1+w;
a=a+z*w;
c=c+w*w;
end;
a=n*a;
b=x1*y1;
c=n*c;
d=y1*y1;
x1=x1/n;
y1=y1/n;
q=((a-b)/(c-d)); % q=k
p=exp(y1-(x1/q)); %p=c
v=p*gamma(1+1/q); %1+1/q=1+1/k
vmp=p*(1-1/q)^(1/q);
t=exp(-(vmp/p)^q);
epf=gamma(1+1/q)+3*q/((gamma(1+1/q)+1/3)^3);
ed=0.00031*v^3*epf;
Here are some collected wind speed datas at different hours to get the appropriate out put power
using the MATHLAB code or The Wind Power Program.
Place date Wind speed K C Vave Vmp Energy density
at 3 hours Kwh/hr/day
interval
starting from
0:00-21:00
Fkada 31 4.48 0.8738 7.3156 7.8271 0.7181 0.3001
May 2.49
2.3
1.98
6
8
 8
5
Jun 6.96 1.6109 10.0941 9.0445 5.5294 0.8021
04 4.5
4.98
6.48
10.44
9.49
12.92
7.52
Jun 8.45 1.5101 11.6397 10.4993 5.6728 1.1858
05 5.46
6.95
6.98
10.44
12.9
11.42
7.52
Jun 5.96 1.5998 10.4778 9.3942 5.6749 0.8934
06 4.48
5
5
8.45
11.44
11.44
17.46
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