LECTURE NO.

1
INTRODUCTION, EQUILIBRIUM

Objectives:
INTRODUCTION
External Loads
Support Reactions
Support Reactions
Equations of Equilibrium
Internal Loading Components in 3-D
Internal Loading Components in 2-D
 Problem # 1
The support bearings at A and B allow free turning of
the shaft, as shown below. Determine the resultant
internal torque acting on the cross-sections through
points C and D.
 (i) Cutting at C
V
N
Tc
C
(i) Tabout B = 0
B
Bx
TC + 800 = 0 TC = 800 lb-ft Ans.
By FBD of BC

V
(ii) Cutting at D N
700 lb-ft TD
D
800 lb-ft
C
(ii) Tabout B = 0
B
Bx TD + 700 + 800 = 0 TD = 1500 lb-ft Ans.
By FBD of BD
 Problem # 2

.
 C Cx

Cy Considering the FBD of CB

2m
Mabout B = 0
B 2Cx + 1.5 Cy = 0 --------- (1)
NB
1.5m

VB FBD of CB

fR = 1.25 1.5
= 1.875 kN Considering the FBD of AB
0.75m
Mabout B = 0
B
N
Ax 1.5 Ay + 1.875 0.75 = 0
Ay V Ay = 0.9375 kN --------- (2)
FBD of AB
 Considering the FBD of ABC
C Cx
Fy = 0 Ay 1.875 + Cy = 0
Cy Cy = 1.875 0.9375 = 0.9375 kN ------- (3)
FR = 1.875 kN
From Eq. 1 (2Cx + 1.5 Cy = 0)
Ax A
B
2Cx + 1.5 0.9375 = 0
Ay Cx = 0.7031 kN ------- (4)
FBD & ABC
Fx = 0 Ax Cx = 0
Ax = Cx = 0.7031 kN ------- (5)
 0.5m FR 1.25 1 1.25 kN
ME
0.7031 kN A E
NE

1m
0.9375 kN VE
FBD of AE

Considering FBD of AE
Fx = 0 NE 0.7031 = 0 NE = 0.7031 kN Ans.
Fy = 0 0.9375 1.25 + VE = 0 VE = 0.3125 kN Ans.
Mabout A = 0 1.25 0.5 + VE 1 + ME = 0 ME = 0.3125 kN-m Ans.
 1 1.5
tan 36.86
2
C 0.7031 kN

MF 0.9375 kN

VF
NF
FBD of CF

Considering FBD of CF
Fx = 0 NF sin +VF cos + 0.7031 = 0 0.6 NF + 0.8 VF = 0.7031
Fy = 0 NF cos VF sin + 0.9375 = 0 0.8 NF 0.6 VF = 0.9375
Solving above two equation gives: NF = 1.1718 kN and VF = 0 Ans
Mabout C = 0 MF = 0 MF = 0 Ans.
Problem # 3
 Considering the FBD of entire system:
B
Bx
Mabout A = 0

0.6m
0.6 Bx + 8 2.25 = 0
A
Ax
Bx = 30 kN
2.25m Fx = 0
Ay
P=8kN 30 Ax = 0
F.B.D. of entire system
Ax = 30 kN
Fy = 0 8 + Ay = 0 Ay = 8 kN
 C A 30 kN
Nc
Mc 0.75m
8 kN
Vc
F.B.D. of AC

Considering the FBD of AC.

Fx = 0 Nc 30 = 0 Nc = 30 kN
Fy = 0 Vc + 8 = 0 Vc = 8 kN Ans.
Mabout C = 0 Mc + 8 0.75 = 0 Mc = 6 kN-m
Problem # 4
 B
Bx
900 9
FR 4050 lb
2
C
9 sin30 = 4.5 ft

A
Ax

Ay
F.B.D. of entire system

Considering FBD of entire system

Mabout A = 0 4.5 Bx 4050 3=0 Bx = 2700lb
 300 3 Considering FBD of BC:
FR 450 lb
2
B Bx = 2700lb Fx = 0 Vb-b + 450 sin30 2700 = 0
30o Vb-b = 2475 lb = 2.475 kip Ans
3 sin30=1.5ft
Fy = 0 Nb-b 450 cos30 = 0
b C b

Mc Vb-b Nb-b = 389.71lb = 0.389 kip Ans

Nb-b
Mabout C = 0
2700 1.5 450 1 + Mc = 0
F.B.D. of BC
Mc = 3600 lb-ft = 3.6 kip-ft Ans
 LECTURE NO. 2
STRESS, NORMAL STRESS

Objectives:
• To explain the concepts of the stress
and average normal stress
 DEFINITION OF STRESS
 Considering a small force ∆F acting on its
associated area ∆A, as shown in the following
figure:
∆Fx ► acting tangent to ∆A,
along x-axis
∆Fy ► acting tangent to ∆A,
along y-axis
∆Fz ► acting normal to ∆A,
along z-axis
These components induce normal
stress (σ) and shear stress (τ), as
shown in the following figure:
 DEFINITION OF TRESS
(Orientation of Area and Direction Lines)

•The axis perpendicular to

the cross-section is called
“orientation of area”

•Normal stress, σ, always

acts along orientation line
Fz
 z  lim
A0 A
•The axes tangential to the
cross-section are called
“direction lines”

•Shear stresses, τ, always

act along direction lines
σ and τ corresponding to other "orientations
of area" and "direction of lines"
• Orientation of area ∆A : x – axis
• Direction lines : y and z - axes

Fx
 x  lim
A0 A

Fy
 xy  lim
A0 A
Fz
 xz  lim
A0 A
σ and τ corresponding to other "orientations
of area" and "direction of lines"
• Orientation of area ∆A : y – axis
• Direction lines : x and z - axes

Fy
 y  lim
A0 A
Fx
 yx  lim
A0 A

Fz
 yz  lim
A0 A
 GENERAL STATE OF STRESS
 A cubic element of material, as shown in the
following figure, represents the "general state of
shear:
UNITS OF STRESS
 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AN AXIALLY LOADED BAR

 Let us consider a "prismatic bar" (i.e. a bar with all

cross-sections same for its length) subjected to an
axial load (P), as shown in the following figure:

P

A
Where:
σ = average normal stress
P = internal resultant normal force
acting through the centroid of
the cross-section
A = cross-sectional area of the bar
 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AN AXIALLY LOADED BAR

The expression for the average normal stress (σ)

is based on the following assumptions:
• bar should deform uniformly under load
• bar should be "prismatic“ (same c/s area along
length)
• bar should be made from "homogenous“ (same
physical and mechanical properties throughout its
volume) and "isotropic“ (same physical and
mechanical properties in all directions) material
• bar should be subjected to axial force acting
through the centroid of the cross-sectional area
 MAXIMUM AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS (σmax)
For a bar having different axial forces at different
locations along its length, σmax may be determined
by plotting the axial or normal force diagram, as
shown below:
P

Pmax
x
Pmax
 max 
A
 PROBLEM SOLVING
Problem # 1
For the column, as shown below, determine the
distance to the centroid and the average normal stress
acting at section a-a.
 300 mm

20mm

250mm
y

20mm

20  250 125  300  20  260

y  198.63 mm Ans.
20  250  300  20

P 80 1000
   7.27 N/mm 2 (MPa) Ans.
A 20  250  300  20
 Problem # 2
Determine the largest value of P, if the average
normal stress in the material is limited to 120 psi

Maximum permissible,  = 120 psi

A = 14  6 – 2  4  1 – 2  3  4 = 52 in2
Largest P = A = 120  52 = 6240 lb = 6.24 kip Ans.
 Problem # 3
The 50-lb lamp is supported by two steel rods
connected by a ring at A. Determine  such that σAC =
2σAB. Also determine the values of σAC and σAB.
 FAC
FAB y


x

50 lb
Fx = 0
–FAB sin 60 + FAC cos  = 0
 FAB = 1.154 FAC cos  ----------- (1)
Fy = 0  FAB cos 60 + FAC sin  – 50 = 0
 0.5 FAB + FAC sin  = 50 ----------- (2)

FAB FAC
 AB   5.093FAB and  AC   7.957 FAC
 
 0.5  0.4 
2 2

4 4
 We have, AC = 2 AB
7.957 FAC = 2  5.093 FAB
 FAC = 1.28 FAB -------- (3)

FAB = 1.154 FAC cos ----------- (1)

Substituting FAC in Eq. (1)

FAB = 1.154 (1.28 FAB) cos

1
 cos = = 0.677   = cos-1 (0.677)
1.154 1.28
  = 47.39o Ans.

0.5 FAB + FAC sin  = 50 ----------- (2)

Substituting FAC and  in Eq. (2)
0.5 FAB + 1.28 FAB sin 47.39 = 50
 1.442 FAB = 50  FAB = 34.672 lb
 FAC = 1.28  34.672 = 44.38 lb.
 AB = 5.093  34.672 = 176.58 psi
AC = 7.957  44.38 = 353.137 psi Ans
 Problem # 4
The bar is subjected to a uniform distributed axial
loading of 10 kN/m and a concentrated force of 1.5
kN at its mid point as shown below.
Determine the σmax and its location.
 B 10 kN/m
Ax A
C Fx = 0  –Ax + 10  0.8 – 1.5 = 0
0.8m
1.5 kN  Ax = 6.5 kN
10 kN/m
1
6.5 kN A P Fx = 0  –6.5 + 10x + P = 0
x
 P = 6.5 – 10x x = 0 to 0.4m
1
P in AB

0.4m 10 kN/m
1.5 kN
6.5 kN Fx = 0  –6.5 + 10x – 105 + P = 0
P
 P = 8 – 10x x = 0.4m to 0.8m
x
P in BC
A B C

From the axial force diagram, Pmax = 6.5 kN, at x = 0

6.5 kN
 P (kN)
4.0 kN
6.5 1000
 max   21.66 N/mm2 (MPa) Ans.
2.5 kN x (m) 10  30
Axial force diagram
 Problem # 5
The uniform beam is supported by two rods AB and
CD that have cross-sectional areas of 10 mm2 and
15 mm2, respectively. If d = 1 m, determine the σAB
and σCD.
 FR = 3  3 = 9 kN
FAB FCD
1.5m 1.5m
A C
d=1m 3m

 Mabout C = 0  4FAB – 9  1.5 = 0  FAB = 3.375 kN

 Fy = 0  FAB – 9 + FCD = 0  FCD = 9 – 3.375 = 5.625 kN

FAB 3.375 1000

 AB    337.5 N/mm 2 (MPa) Ans.
AAB 10
FCD 5.625 1000
 CD    375 N/mm 2 (MPa) Ans.
ACD 15
 LECTURE NO. 3
AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS AND BEARING STRESS

Objectives:
• To explain the concept of average shear stress
and types of shear, e.g.:
– direct shear
– single shear and double shear
– punching shear
– induced shear
– indirect shear, and
– pure shear
• To explain the concept of bearing stress and the
various examples of the bearing stress
 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS (τavg)
 Let us consider a case of simple or direct shear caused by
the direct action of the applied load, F, as shown in the
following figure:

As shown, F will
cause failure along
planes AB and CD

 Let us consider the FBD of the unsupported center segment

of the bar, as shown in the following figure:
 DIRECT SHEAR

Direct shear is caused by the direct action of the

applied load and occurs over an area parallel to the
applied load, as shown in the following figure:

An Example of Direct Shear

 SINGLE AND DOUBLE SHEAR
The fasteners such as rivets, bolts, and pins used for
joining the members, are subjected to single and
double shear
Single Shear:
A fastener is said to be subjected to single shear if it resists
shear across its single cross-sectional area

An Example of a Bolted An Example of a Glued Wood

Steel Joint in Single Shear Joint in Single Shear
 SINGLE AND DOUBLE SHEAR---contd.
Double Shear:
A fastener is said to be subjected to double shear if it resists
shear across its two cross-sectional areas

An Example of a Bolted An Example of a Glued Wood

Steel Joint in Double Shear Joint in Double Shear
 PUNCHING SHEAR
The stress along the internal surface of a hole in plate made
by punching out a slug, as shown in the following figure, is
known as punching shear.

An Example of Punching Shear

 INDUCED SHEAR
Unlike the direct shear, which occurs over an area
parallel to the applied load, induced shear occurs
over sections inclined with the resultant load, as
shown in the following figure:

30o
800N V = Induced
800N
60o Shear
N
60o

An Example of Induced Shear

 INDIRECT SHEAR
Unlike the direct shear, which is caused by
the direct action of the applied load, the
indirect shear is caused by the action of:
• either a bending moment or a
• torsional moment.
 PURE SHEAR
A material is said to be under the action of pure
shear when a volume element of the material has
shear stresses acting on its four faces, equal in
magnitude and directed either toward or away from
each other at opposite edges of the element, as
shown in the following figure:
 BEARING STRESS (σb)

A normal stress that is produced by the compression of the

surface of one body against the surface of another body in
contact with each other is called "bearing stress, σb"

The bearing stress, b, is given by:

P
b 
A
where,
P = Compressive load exerted by one surface against another
A = Bearing area, i.e., area of surface in contact with each other
 EXAMPLES OF BEARING STRESS
(i) Bearing stress between the base plate of a column and the
concrete foundation block

P
b 
lw

l w
The result of excess b is to crush or locally deform the plate or concrete, or both
 EXAMPLES OF BEARING STRESS
(ii) Bearing stress between the concrete foundation
block and soil

P
b 
lw

The result of excess b is to crush

or locally deform the concrete block
or soil, or both.
 EXAMPLES OF BEARING STRESS
(iii) Bearing stress between bolts/pins/rivets and the
holes in plates through which bolts/pins/rivets
pass for connection

P
b 
td
The result of excess b is to crush or locally deform the plate or bolt/pin/rivet, or both.
 PROBLEM SOLVING
Problem # 1
Determine the τavg in the pins at A, B. and C. Pin A is
under double shear and pins B and C are under single
shear. Each pin has a diameter of 10 mm.
 50mm Mabout A = 0
P
 5  60 – P sin60  50 – P cos60  50 = 0
C 60o
 P = 4.392 kN
50mm
45o A
Ax
Fx = 0  P cos60 – Ax = 0
45o  Ax = 4.392  0.5 = 3.196 kN
60mm Ay

B
Fy = 0  –5 + Ay + P sin60 = 0
60mm Ay = 5 – 4.392  0.866 = 1.196 kN

5 kN
F.B.D.
Average Shear Stresses in Pins

 1000
Resultant reaction at A  A avg  1.25

 15.91 N/mm 2
A  A 2x  A 2y  2.196 2  1.196 2  2.50 kN 102
4
Shear forces in Pins 5 1000
 B avg  
 63.66 N/mm 2
VA  
A 2.50
 1.25 kN 102
2 2 4
VB  5 kN VC  4.392kN 4.392 1000
 C avg  
 55.92 N/mm 2
102
4
 PROBLEM # 2
If w = 2 kN/m, determine the τavg developed in the
pins at A, B, and C.
All the pins are subjected to double shear and has a
diameter of 18 mm
 Determination of forces and reactions

FBC = FCB FR = 2  5 = 10 kN

30o B A
Ax
2.5m 2.5m

F.B.D. Ay

Mabout A = 0
 –FBC Sin30  5 – 10  2.5 = 0  FBC = FCB = 10 kN
Fx = 0  – FBC cos30 + Ax = 0  Ax = 10 cos30 = 8.66 kN
Fy = 0  FBC sin30 – 10 + Ay = 0  Ay = 10 – 10  0.5 = 5 kN

Resultant reaction at A Average Shear Stress in Pins

A  A 2x  A 2y  8.66 2  52  10 kN 5 1000
 A avg 
   19.64 N/mm 2 Ans.
Shear forces in Pins (18) 2
A 10 4
VA    5 kN
5 1000
2 2
 B avg   C avg    19.64 N/mm 2 Ans.
10
18
2
VB  VC   5 kN
2 4
 PROBLEM # 3
The normal and shear stresses acting along the
failure planes are shown in the figure below.
Determine the force P that must have been applied
to the bolt to cause the failure.
 30mm Surface area of the cylinder
=  (50)  30 = 4712.39 mm2
50mm

75mm 75mm

75 25
  3s  50  s  2s  50  s  25mm
50mm
50  s s
25mm 25mm
Surface area of the frustum of cone
s = 25mm =  [75(50 +s) – 25(s)]
=  [75(50 +25) – 25(25)] = 15707.96 mm2

P = shear stress (4.5 MPa)surface area of the cylinder +

normal stress (3 MPa)  surface area of the frustum of cone

P = 4.5  4712.39 + 3  15707.96 = 68329.64 N = 68.33 kN Ans

 PROBLEM # 4
For the frame as shown in the figure below,
determine the  for which the average shear stress
in the bolt at A is minimum.
 700
VA  FAB 
2 sinθ  0.5 cosθ
τ A avg  π 1  700
0.252 2 sinθ  0.5 cosθ 
4
Determination of the force in AB  14260 
 psi
FBA = FAB  2 sinθ  0.5 cosθ 
 B
 14.26 
0.5ft  kpsi

Cx C
 2 sinθ 0.5 cosθ 
2ft 1.5ft
Cy d  τ A avg
For  τ A avg to be minimum,
200 lb
FBD 0
dθ
M about 0
C
14.26  2 cosθ  0.5 sinθ 
 FBA sinθ  2  FBA cosθ  0.5  0
 2 cosθ  0.5 sinθ 
2

 200  305  0
 2 cosθ  0.5 sinθ  0
 FBA  2 sinθ  0.5 cosθ   700
sinθ 2
700    4  tanθ
 FBA   FAB cosθ 0.5
2 sinθ  0.5 cosθ
 θ  tan 1 4  75.96o Ans.
 PROBLEM # 6
For the given supporting system for a column, as shown in the
following figure, determine the bearing stress between: (a)
column and plate, (b) plate and concrete foundation, and (c)
concrete foundation and soil.

Axial load = 1200 KN

Column having cross–sectional area = 8000 mm2
and supported on base plate

Base plate (300mm  300mm) supported on

concrete foundation block

Concrete foundation block (500mm  500mm)

supported on soil
 PROBLEM # 6
Axial load = 1200 KN
Column having cross–sectional area = 8000 mm2
and supported on base plate

Base plate (300mm  300mm) supported on

concrete foundation block

Concrete foundation block (500mm  500mm)

supported on soil

(a) ‘b’ between column and plate:-

A = 8000 mm2, P = 1200 kN = 1200103 N.

P 1200 103
b    150 N/mm2 Ans.
A 8000
 PROBLEM # 6
Axial load = 1200 KN
Column having cross–sectional area = 8000 mm2
and supported on base plate

Base plate (300mm  300mm) supported on

concrete foundation block

Concrete foundation block (500mm  500mm)

supported on soil

(b) ‘b’ between plate and concrete foundation block:-

A = 300300 = 9104 mm2, P = 1200103 N.

P 1200 103
b    13.33 N/mm 2
Ans.
A 9 104
 PROBLEM # 6
Axial load = 1200 KN
Column having cross–sectional area = 8000 mm2
and supported on base plate

Base plate (300mm  300mm) supported on

concrete foundation block

Concrete foundation block (500mm  500mm)

supported on soil

(c) ‘b’ between concrete foundation block and soil:-

A = 500500 = 25104 mm2, P = 1200103 N.

P 1200 103
b    4.8 N/mm 2
Ans.
A 25 104
 PROBLEM # 7
Determine the bearing stress in the link at C, as shown in the
following figure. The thickness of the plate and diameter of the
pin both are 1/4-in. for the link at C .
 PROBLEM # 7
Determination of the FCB :-

FCB D

5 in. 10 in.

500 lb

Mabout D = 0
 500 (15) – FCB (10) = 0
 FCB = 750 lb

Force in each plate at the link C = 750 / 2 = 375 lb

 PROBLEM # 7----contd.

Thickness of plate, t = ¼ in.

Diameter of pin, d = ¼ in.

 We have bearing force at the link C, P = 375 lb

and bearing area at the link C, A = d  t = ¼  ¼ = 0.0625 in2.

 b in the link at C = P/A = 375 / 0.0625 = 6000 lb / in2 Ans.

 LECTURE NO. 4
ALLOWABLE STRESS AND
INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN

Objectives:
• To explain the concept of allowable stress,
factor of safety, and design of simple
connections or mechanical elements
 ALLOWABLE STRESSES (σallow and τallow)
AND FACTOR OF SAFETY (F.S.)
•"Allowable stress" is the stress that can be resisted by a
material with a reasonable factor of safety

 fail  fail
 allow   allow 
FS FS
•"Factor of safety" (F.S.) is a ratio of the failure load, Ffail,
divided by the allowable load, Fallow.

Ffail  fail
FS  
Fallow  allow
 NEED FOR FACTOR OF SAFETY
F.S. for design or analysis of a member is selected
on the basis of experience so as to account for the
following uncertainties:
– Design loading may be different from actual loadings
– Intended measurements may be erroneous
– There may be unknown vibrations, impact, or
accidental loadings not accounted for in design
– Deterioration of material by corrosion, decay, etc.
– Variability in mechanical properties of some materials,
e.g. wood, concrete
 DESIGN OF A SIMPLE CONNECTION OR A
MECHANICAL ELEMENT
Designing a member is a process of specifying its dimensions
so that it could safely resist all types of stresses developed due
to externally applied loadings.
If a member is subjected to a normal force at a section, A  P
its required area at the section is determined from σ allow

If a member is subjected to a shear force at a section, V

its required area at the section is determined from A
τ allow

If a contact surface is subjected to a bearing force, its P

A
required bearing area is determined from σ b allow
 COMMON TYPES OF DESIGN PROBLEMS

(i) Required cross-sectional area of a

tension/compression member:
 COMMON TYPES OF DESIGN PROBLEMS

(ii) Required cross-sectional area of a connector

(bolt/pin/rivet) subjected to shear :
 COMMON TYPES OF DESIGN PROBLEMS

(iii) Required cross-sectional area to resist bearing:

P
A  t d 
σ b allow
 COMMON TYPES OF DESIGN PROBLEMS

(iv) Required cross-sectional area to resist shear caused

by axial load :

V
A
τ allow
V  P and A  π d l
P
 πdl 
τ allow
P
l
π d τ allow
 PROBLEM # 1

Determine the required diameter of the bolts if the

τfail = 350 MPa and FS = 2.5.
 PROBLEM # 1
We have, fail = 350 MPa (N/mm2) and F.S. = 2.5

 fail 350
  allow    140 N/mm 2
F.S. 2.5

Force in each bolt, P = 30/2 kN = 15  1000 N (bolt is in double shear)

Required cross-sectional area of the each bolt,

P 15 1000
A   107.14 mm 2
τ allow 140
Let the diameter of each bolt = d

π 2
A  d
4
π 2
 107.14 d
4
4 107.14
d  11.67 mm Ans.
π
 PROBLEM # 2

Determine the smallest required diameter of the

rods AB and CD, if the σfail = 510 MPa and FS = 1.75.
The beam AC is assumed to be pin-connected at A
and C
 PROBLEM # 2
Determination of forces in rods AB and CD
PAB 4kN 6kN 5kN PCD
A C
2m 2m 3m 3m

Mabout C = 0  – 10PAB + 48 + 66 + 53 =0  PAB = 8.3 kN = 8300N

Fy = 0  8  3 – 4 – 6 – 5 + PCD = 0  PCD = 6.7 kN = 6700 N

510
We have, fail =510 MPa (N/mm2) and F.S. = 1.75  σ allow   291.43 N/mm 2
1.75
Area required for AB and CD (i.e. AAB and ACD) may be found as:
PAB 8300
A AB    28.48 mm 2
σ allow 291.43
PCD 6700
A CD    22.99 mm 2
σ allow 291.43
The diameters of rods AB and CD (i.e. dAB and dCD) may be determined as:

4A AB 4ACD
d AB   6.02 mm Ans. ; d AB   5.41 mm Ans.
π π
 PROBLEM # 3

The hanger is supported using the rectangular pin.

Determine the required thickness t of the hanger,
and dimensions a and b of the pin, if P = 60 kN
(σt)allow = 150 MPa, (σb)allow = 290 MPa, and (τ)allow
= 125 MPa.
PROBLEM # 3
Thickness of the hanger:
P = 60 kN = 60,000 N, (t)allow = 150 MPa (N/mm2)
Cross-sectional area of the hanger, A = 75  t (mm2)
We have,
P 60,000 60,000
A  75t  t  5.33 mm
 σ t allow 150 150  75

Dimensions of the rectangular pin (i.e. a and b):

Shear force on the pin, V = P = 60,000 N
allow = 125 MPa (N/mm2)
Area of the pin subjected to the shear force
A = 2 [b  10] = 20b mm2
We have,

V 60,000 60,000
A  20b  b  24 mm
 allow 125 125  20
 PROBLEM # 3-----contd.

Bearing force on the pin, P = 60,000 N

(b)allow = 290 MPa (N/mm2)
Bearing area of the pin, A = 2[a  b] = 2[24a] = 48a mm2
We have,

P 60,000 60,000
A  48a  a   4.31 mm
 σb allow 290 290  48
 PROBLEM # 4

Determine the required diameter of the pins at A

and B, if (τb)allow = 100 MPa. Both pins are subjected
to “double shear”.
 PROBLEM # 4
By=3kN

3m Bx
B

Forces in the pins at A and B :- 3m

FR = 2  3 = 6 kN
1.5m 1.5m
Ax A B
By

Ay By
C
FBD : AB FBD : BC
Mabout A = 0
 +3 By – 1.5  6 = 0  By = 3 kN Mabout C = 0
Fy = 0  Ay – 6 + 3 = 0  Ay = 3 kN 3Bx – 3  3 = 0
Fx = 0  – Ax + Bx = 0  Bx = 3 kN
 Ax = Bx
 Ax = 3 kN
 PROBLEM # 4-----contd.

Therefore resultant force in pin A and B  Ax2  Ay2  32  32  4.2426 kN

Since both pins are subjected to “double shear”
4.2426
V  2.121 kN  2121.32 N
2
Required cross-sectional area of pin to resist shear

V 2121.32 π 2
A   21.213 mm  d
2

τ allow 100 4
4  21.213
Diameter of pin, d   5.195 mm
π
 PROBLEM # 5

Determine the smallest dimensions of the circular

shat and circular end cap, if (σt)allow = 175 MPa,
(σb)allow = 275 MPa, and (τ)allow = 115 MPa.
 PROBLEM # 5

Diameter of the shaft (d3):

„d3‟ will be determined on the basis of “bearing stress” between the shaft and cap
π 2
Bearing area, A  d 3 ; Bearing force, P  150 kN  150,000 N
4
σ b allow 
 275 M Pa N/mm 2 
P π 2 150,000
we have, A   d3 
σ b allow 4 275
4 150,000
 d3   26.35 mm
275π
 PROBLEM # 5—contd.

Determination of the thickness of the end cap (t):

„t‟ will be determined on the basis of “punching shear” „between the shaft and cap
Punching shear area, A = (  d3)t =   26.35 t = 82.79t mm2
Punching force, P = 150,000 N, alliw = 115 MPa (N/mm2)
We have,
P 150,000 150,000
A  82.79t  t  15.75 mm
τallow 115 115  82.79
 PROBLEM # 5—contd.

Determination of d1:
„d1‟ will be determined on the basis of “tensile normal stress” in the cap

π 2
A
4
 d1  302  ; P  150,000 N ;  σ t allow  175 N/mm 2

π 2 150,000
  d1  30  
P
A 2
 d1  44.62 mm
 t allow
σ 4 175
 PROBLEM # 6

Strips A and B are to be glued together using the

two strips C and D. Determine the required
thickness t of C and D so that all strips will fail
simultaneously. The width of strips A and B are 1.5
times that of strips C and D.
 PROBLEM # 6

Let the width of each of strips C and D = b

 The width of each of strips A and B = 1.5b

Cross-sectional area of each of strips C and D = b t (mm2)

Cross-sectional area of each of strips A and B = (1.5b) (30) = 45b (mm2)

Tensile force in each of strips A and B, PA or B = 40 N

Tensile force in each of strips C and D, PC or D = 40/2 = 20 N

(t)A or B = 40/45b (N/mm2) and (t)C or D = 20/bt (N/mm2)

For allowing all strips to fail simultaneously,

 σ t A or B   σ t C or D
40 20 900
   40t  900  t   22.5 mm
45b bt 40
 LECTURE NO. 5
STRAIN, STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS

Objectives:
• To explain the concept of normal and shear
strains
• To explain the tension and compression test on
specimen of a material
• To explain various features of the stress-strain
diagrams
 DEFORMATION
• Deformation is the change in shape and size of a
body subjected either to a force or a temperature
change.
• In general sense, the deformation of a body will
not be uniform throughout its body
For example, when a steel rod having length l and
diameter d, is subjected to a tensile force, l
increases and d decreases
 STRAIN
Strain is a dimensionless quantity used to account
for the deformations in a body subjected to either a
force or a temperature.
Normal Strain (ε)
The elongation or contraction of a line segment per
unit of length is refereed to as normal strain (ε).

ε at point A in the direction n

If ε is measured experimentally, ∆S’ can be determined as:

 STRAIN
Shear Strain ( )
The change in the angle that occurs between two
line segments that were originally perpendicular to
one another is refereed to as shear strain ().

Undeformed Body Deformed Body


γ nt   lim '
2 B  A along n
C  A along t
 STRAIN
Cartesian shear strain components

Undeformed element Deformed element

Deformed sides of the element:

Deformed angles between the sides of the element:

 STRAIN
Effects of normal and shear strains
• Normal strains cause a change in the volume of a body
• Shear strains cause a change in the shape of a body

Units of normal and shear strains

• Normal strains are expressed as m/m, mm/mm, in/in, etc.
Sometimes in percentage, e.g., 1% (.01 m/m), 0.1%
(.001m/m)
• Shear strains are expressed in degree or radians

Utility of strain measurements

• Strain measured experimentally may be used to determine
stress in the body, using the material property relations
 THE TENSION AND COMPRESSION TESTS
• Most important test performed on a material
• Primarily used to determine relationship between
ζ and ε
• Test specimen (having "standard" shape and size),
for example, a metal test specimen, as shown in
the following figure:
d o  0.5 in.

Lo  2 in.
 THE TENSION AND COMPRESSION TESTS
• Tension testing machine to apply an axial load
(with no bending) at a very slow, constant rate
until it reaches the breaking point
Moveable
upper Test consists of recording
crosshead the elongation (δ) due to
applied load P0.
Load dial
P
tension 
specimen A0
Motor
And load 
controls 
L0

ζ and ε are termed as “nominal or engineering” stress and strain,

respectively, because these are calculated using original c/s area and length
of specimen, although the dimensions of specimen change under loading.
 THE TENSION AND COMPRESSION TESTS
• Direct measurement of strain using electrical-
resistance strain gauge:
Consists of very thin wire and works on the
principle of change in electrical resistance on
straining

Electrical-resistance
Strain gauge

Strain gauge attached with

specimen by cementing indicate a
change in ER which is used to
determine the strain through
calibration
Typical steel specimen with attached
strain gauge.
THE STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM

Failure of a
ductile material

Necking
 THE STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
Conventional Stress-Strain Diagram for a "Mild Steel
Specimen"
 PROBLEM # 1

If ∆A = 0.002 in and  = 0.2°, determine the average

normal strain in the rods AD, BE, and CF.
 PROBLEM # 1
Elongations in the rods:-
 AD  AA '  0.002 in.
 BE  BB '  0.002 in  6 tan 0.2  0.02294 in
 CF  CC '  0.002 in  12 tan 0.2  0.043888 in

Average normal strain in rods:-

 AD 0.002
( AD ) avg    0.25 x 103 (in/in)
L AD 8
 BE 0.02294
( BE ) avg    2.867 x 103 (in/in)
L BE 8
 CF 0.043888
( CF ) avg    5.486 x 103 (in/in)
LCF 8
 PROBLEM # 2

Determine the normal strain in bars AB and AC if the

ring at A moves to its new coordinates (0.25, -0.73)
in when the load P is applied.
 PROBLEM # 2
y
B C
60°  (6.727, 4.33)in
(-2.5, 4.33)in

5in
8in

A
x
(0,0)in

A' (0.25, -0.73)in.

Determination of :-
8 5

sin 60 sin 
5sin60
 Sin   0.541    sin 1 0.541  32.77
8
Determination of the co-ordinates of B and C:-
xB  5 cos 60  -2.5 in, yB   5 sin60  4.33 in
xC   8 cos  6.727 in, yC   8 sin  4.33 in
 PROBLEM # 2---contd.
y
B C
60°  (6.727, 4.33)in
(-2.5, 4.33)in

5in Determination of the Co-ordinates of B and C:-

8in
xB = -5 Cos60 = -2.5 in, yB = + 5 Sin60 = 4.33 in
A xc = + 8 Cos = + 6.727 in, yc = + 8 Sin = 4.33 in
x
(0,0)in

A' (0.25, -0.73)in.

Elongated lengths of AB and AC (i.e. A'B and A'C):-

0.25   2.5  0.73  4.33  5.759in
2
AB 
2

AC  0.25  6.727  0.73  4.33  8.219in

2 2

 AB  AB  AB  5.759  5  0.759in

 AC  AC  AC  8.219  8  0.219in
 AB 0.759
AB    0.1518 in/in Ans....
LAB 5
 AC 0.219
AC    0.0273 in/in Ans....
LAC 8
 PROBLEM # 3

Determine the shear strain xy and x’y’.

 PROBLEM # 3

(i)  xy

y
B
 xy    xy'
B'
2
 1 3 
    tan
/2
2 2 150 
‘xy
x
  1.1457
A
3mm
yxy
x   0.02 rad Ans....
 PROBLEM # 3---contd.

(ii)  xy 
y
x'
x'
 x' y    'x ' y '
B 2

   1 200 1 197  
B'
     tan  tan 
2 2  150 150  
200mm
197mm

y'
 xy   0.4165
'x'y'
x   7.269 103rad.
/2
 PROBLEM # 4

Determine the average normal strain that occurs

along the diagonals AC and DB.
 PROBLEM # 4 (Contd.)
2mm

B'
DA '  4032  22
C'
C
   403.0049
B
 C'B'
302mm

A'
DC'  A'B'

2mm
D
A
 3022  22
403mm
 302.0066 mm
2 2 360  2 x 89.3362
  90  tan 1  tan 1  89.3362;   90.6637
403 30 2
LDB  LAC  4002  3002  500 mm
LDB '  DC '2  DA '2  2 DC '.DA ' cos   506.4 mm
LC ' A '  DC '2  C ' B '2  2 DC '.C ' B ' cos   500.8 mm

 AC 
LC'A'  LAC 500.8  500
LAC

500
 1.6 x 103 mm
mm  
 DB 
LDB '  LDB 506.4  500
LDB

500
 0.0128 mm
mm  
 LECTURE NO. 6
MATERIAL BEHAVIOR, HOOKE’S LAW,
POISSON’S RATIO AND τ- DIAGRAM

Objectives:
• To explain the stress-strain behavior of ductile
and brittle materials

• To explain the Hooke's law and modulus of

elasticity of a material

• To explain the Poisson's ratio of a material

• To explain the shear stress-strain diagram

 STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF DUCTILE AND
BRITTLE MATERIALS

A material is said to be ductile or brittle

depending on its stress-strain behavior
Ductile Materials
• A ductile material undergoes to large strains
before its rupture
• Ductile materials are often chosen by engineers
because they are capable of absorbing shock or
energy and they give warning before failure
• Mild steel is a typical example of ductile
materials. Other ductile materials are: brass,
molybdenum, zinc, and aluminum, etc.
 STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF DUCTILE AND
BRITTLE MATERIALS
Ductile Materials-----contd.
• The ductility of a ductile material is specified in
terms of "percent elongation" or "percent
reduction in area" at the time of fracture
• Expressions for the percent elongation and
percent reduction in area:

For mild steel, typical values of percent elongation and

percent reduction in area are 38% and 60% respectively
 STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF DUCTILE AND
BRITTLE MATERIALS
Ductile Materials-----contd.
Following is the stress-strain diagram for mild steel:

Other metals such as

brass, molybdenum, and
zinc exhibit stress-strain
behavior similar to mild
steel.
 STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF DUCTILE AND
BRITTLE MATERIALS
Ductile Materials-----contd.
• Metals, for example aluminum, constant yielding does not
occur beyond the elastic range and therefore such metals do
not have a well-defined yield point
• For the ductile materials not having a well-defined yield
point, it is usual practice to find yield strength, ζYS, using a
graphical procedure called the "offset method"
 STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF DUCTILE AND
BRITTLE MATERIALS
Ductile Materials-----contd.
• Natural rubber exhibits "nonlinear elastic behavior" and does
not even have a proportional limit, as shown in the following
figure:
 STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF DUCTILE AND
BRITTLE MATERIALS
Brittle Materials
• A brittle material undergoes to a little or no strain before its
failure
• Tension failure of a brittle material is shown in the following
figure:

• Brittle materials are found to be weak in tension and strong

in compression because when they are subjected to
compression, any crack or imperfections in the material tend
to close up
 STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF DUCTILE AND
BRITTLE MATERIALS
Brittle Materials-----contd.
• Gray cast iron and concrete (a mixture of water, cement,
sand and gravel) are the common examples of brittle
materials
• These materials have very less tensile strengths as compared
to their compressive strengths, as shown in the following
figures:
 STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF DUCTILE AND
BRITTLE MATERIALS
Changes in the ζ-ε Behavior with Material
Composition and Temperature
• Steel is a material which exhibits both ductile and brittle
behavior depending on its carbon content
It is a ductile material at low cc and brittle at high cc
• The same material behaves as ductile material at high temp.
and as brittle at low temperature
 HOOKE’S LAW
Hooke's law states that "within the proportional
limit, the stress (ζ) is linearly proportional to the
strain (ε)".
Mathematically,
     E

E

Where, E = constant of proportionality, which is called as
"modulus of elasticity" or "Young's modulus“
E is a mechanical property that indicates stiffness of a
material. More is the E of a material more will be its
stiffness.
 POISSON’S RATIO

Referring to the above figures, the longitudinal strain

(εlong) and lateral strain (εlat) are given as:

The Poisson's ratio (nu, ν) is expressed as:

ν is a dimensionless quantity and is treated
as a material constant for homogeneous
and isotropic materials
νmin = 0 and νmax = 0.5 (i.e., 0 ≤ ν ≤ 0.5)
For most nonporous solids, ν = 0.25 to 0.33
 THE SHEAR STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
The shear stress-strain diagram for a ductile
material is shown in the following figure:
Like ζ-ε diagram, the τ-γ
diagram also has ηpl, ηu,
and ηf , as shown in the
figure
The Hooke's law is applied
for shear in the same way
as applied for normal stress,
as follows:
     G  G  

G = constant of proportionality, which is called as
"shear modulus of elasticity" or "modulus of rigidity"
 THE SHEAR STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM

Three material constants, E, ν, G are related by the

following equation:
 PROBLEM # 1

Plot the above stress-strain data and determine the

modulus of elasticity.
 PROBLEM # 1
The  -  diagram, using the given date, has
been plotted as shown in the following figure:

 (ksi) →  (10-4 in/in) →

- diagram

From the  -  diagram, we have pl = 33.2 ksi and pl = 6  10-4 in/in

 pl 33.2
 E  4
 5.533  10 4
ksi Ans....
pl 6 10
 PROBLEM # 2

The above load-elongation data were obtained for a

specimen with L0 = 50 mm and d0 = 12.5 mm. Plot
the stress-strain data and determine the E, ζu and ζf
 PROBLEM # 2
do = 12.5mm and Lo = 50mm

 Ao  12.5  122.718 mm2
2

4
Using the value of P, Ao, , and Lo the
stress () and strain () value can be
calculated using following equations:
P 
 and 
Ao Lo


0 90.45 259.94 308.02 333.28 355.28 435.14 507.66 525.49 507.66 479.14
(N/mm2)
 0 0.035 0.120 0.204 0.330 0.498 2.032 6.096 12.700 17.780 23.876
(10-2 mm/mm)

Using the - data, the - diagram has been plotted,
as shown in the following figure:
 PROBLEM # 2-----contd.
Ultimate stress
Fracture

 (N/mm2 or MPa)→
stress

(10-2mm/mm)→
Stress-Strain Diagram
i) Referring to the  -  diagram, we have pl = 260 N/mm2 and pl = 1210-3 (mm/mm)

 pl 260
E   3
 216  103
MPa  216 GPa Ans....
pl 1.2 10
ii) Referring to the  -  diagram, we have ultimate stress, u = 525 MPa Ans….

iii) Referring to the  -  diagram, we have fracture stress, f = 478.3 MPa Ans….
 PROBLEM # 3

The above stress-strain data were obtained for a

specimen with L0 = 2 in and d0 = 0.5 in. Determine
the E, Py and Pu
 PROBLEM # 3
Portion of the curve Referring to the - curve,
beyond elastic region
as shown, we have the
following:
Enhanced elastic region  pl   y  40 ksi
of the curve
pl  0.001 in/in
(in./in.)
 u  77 ksi
40  pl
(i) The modulus of elasticity,     40, 000 ksi Ans....
pl 0.001
(ii) The load on the specimen that would cause yielding
 
y   do   y   0.5  40  7.854 kilo-pounds (kips) Ans.
2 2

4 4
(iii) The ultimate load on the specimen
 
u   d0   u   0.5  77  15.11 kips
2 2
Ans....
4 4
 PROBLEM # 4

For the 10 mm diameter made of Kevlar 49 and

subjected to axial tension as shown above,
determine the δL in and δd .
 PROBLEM # 4
For the given rod, we have:
P = 80kN, L = 100 mm, d = 10 mm,

A d 2  78.54 mm 2
4
For “kevler 49 Plastic”, we have: E =131103MPa,  = 0.34 (from table)
Longitudinal deformation (long) may be calculated
PL 80 1000 100  long 0.777
 long    0.777mm;      7.77  10 3
mm/mm
AE 78.54 131103
long
L 100
We have,
lat
  lat   long lat  0.34  7.77  103  2.6436  103 mm/mm
long
 lat
lat    lat  d lat  2.6436  103  10  0.0264 mm
d
 L   long  0.778 mm Ans....
 d   lat  0.0264 mm Ans....
 PROBLEM # 5

Using the elastic portion of the stress-strain

diagram for a sample with L0 = 50 mm and d0 = 13
mm determine the Poisson’s ratio if the d0 is
reduced to 12.99265 mm under P = 50 kN.
 PROBLEM # 5
From the  –  diagram, as shown, we have
pl = 400 MPa and pl = 0.002 mm/mm
 pl 400
E    200 1000 MPa
pl 0.002

Data given are: P = 50 kN = 50  1000 N, Lo = 50 mm, do = 13mm and d = 12.99265 mm.

From the above data, we have
 lat  d  d o  12.99265  13  0.00735 mm
 lat 0.00735
lat    5.6538  104 mm/mm
do 13
PLo 50 1000  50
 long    0.094174 mm

Ao E
13  200 1000
2

4
 long 0.094174
long    18.8349  104 mm/mm
Lo 50
  5.6538 104 
  4
 0.30 Ans....
18.8349 10
 LECTURE NO. 7
DEFORMATION OF AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS AND
PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION

Objectives:
• To explain how to determine deformation of
axially loaded members
• To explain the "principle of superposition"
 DEFORMATION OF AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS

(i) Varying Load and Cross-sectional Area

 DEFORMATION OF AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS

(ii) Constant Load and Cross-sectional Area

 DEFORMATION OF AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS

(iii) Several Different P or A or E

 PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
Principle of superposition states that the resultant stress or
displacement at a point of a member, subjected to different
load component, can be determined by:
• First finding the stress or displacement caused by each load
component acting separately on the member
• The resultant (i.e., total) stress or displacement is then
determined by algebraically adding the contributions caused
by each of the components
 PROBLEM # 1

Determine the vertical displacement of the top A of

the A-36 steel column, if P1 = 40 kip, P2 = 62 kip,
c/s area of the column is 23.4 in2.
 PROBLEM # 1
Internal axial force for segments AB and BC :-
2P1
2P1 A
A

12ft
y
Section at distance y
y from A 2P2
B Section at distance
PAB y from A
Fy = 0  PAB – 2P1 = 0 PBC
A
 PAB = 2P1 = 2  40
= 80 kip (comp.) Fy = 0  PBC – 2P1 – 2P2 = 0
PAB = - 80kip
 PBC = 2P1 + 2P2 = 2  40 + 2  62
= 204 kip (comp.)

B PAB LAB PBC LBC

 A/C  
AE AE
80  12  12 204  12  12
PBC = - 204 kip  
23.4  29  103 23.4  29  103
  0.06026 in.
C
Force Diagram
 PROBLEM # 2

Rod CB is made of A-36 steel

Rod BA is made of 6061-T6 aluminum

Determine the applied loads P1 and P2 if A is

displaced 0.08 in to the right and B is displaced 0.02
in to the left.
 PROBLEM # 2

For A – 36 Steel, E = 29  103 ksi

For 6061 – T6 aluminum, E = 10  103 ksi
ECB = 29  103 ksi, and ERA = 10  103 ksi

Internal axial force for segments BA and BC :-

PBA A P1 Fx = 0
x  P1 – PBA = 0
 PBA = P1 (tensile)

PBC B P2 A P1
Fx = 0  P1 – P2 – PBC = 0
4ft  PBC = (P1- P2) (tensile)
x
 PROBLEM # 2----contd.

 A B  0.08  0.02  0.10 in,  BC  0.02 in

PBA LBA P1  4 12
we have, A B   0.10 
A  EBA  2
1 10 103
4
 P1  16.36 kip Ans....

we have, B C 
PBC LBC
 0.02 
 P1  P2   2 12
A  EBC 
1  29 103
2

4
  P1  P2   18.98
P2  35.34 kip Ans....
 PROBLEM # 3

Determine the load P required to displace the roller

downward 0.2 mm. Each member has a c/s area of
400 mm2 and made of A-36 steel.
 PROBLEM # 3
Forces in the members
Joint C PCA
(-0.7142P)
Joint B
Cy 
PBA 1.2
  tan 1  36.86o C
1.6
45o B Sin  0.6
Fy  0
 Cos  0.8  PCA   0.7142 P Sin  0
PBC  PCA  0.7142  0.6 P
P
Fx  0  0.4286P
For A – 36 steel
  PBACos 45  PBC Cos  0 We have,
E = 200  1000 MPa
0.8
PCA LCA
(from table)
 PBA  PBC  C A  0.2 mm 
Cos 45o AE
 1.1313PBC 0.4286 P 1.6  1.2  1000
  0.2
Fy  0 400  200 1000
 PBA Sin 45  PBC Sin  P  0  P  13332.498 N
  1.1313PBC  Sin 45  0.6 PBC  P  P  13.332 kN Ans....
 PBC  0.7142 P
PBA  0.8081P
 PROBLEM # 4

Determine the angle of tilt in radians of bar AC

under a load of 6 kip. Each member c/s area is
shown in above figure. All members are made of
titanium (Ti-6A1-4V).
 PROBLEM # 4

For Ti – 6AI – 4V titanium

E = 17.4  103 ksi (from table)

Forces in the rod:-

PFE F 6 kip
Fx = 0  – PFE + 6 = 0  PFE = 6 kip
PCD C
Mabout C = 0
2ft
PEF = PFE = 6 kip
 6  2 – PAB  3 = 0  PAB = 4 kip
PAB 1ft Fx = 0  – PCD – PAB + 6 = 0
A  PCD = 6 – PAB = 6 – 4 = 2 kip

Displacement in rods CD & AB

PCD  LCD 2  4 12
C D    0.00551 in.
ACD E 117.4 10 3

PAB LAB 4  6 12

A B    0.01103 in
AAB E 1.5 17.4 10 3
 PROBLEM # 4----contd.

C 0.00531 C'
0.01103  0.00551
tan  
36
36in
    0.00878o Ans....
E
 1.533 10  4 rod .
A'
A 0.01103
 LECTURE NO. 8
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE
AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS

Objectives:
• To explain what is a statically indeterminate
axially loaded member
• To explain the "procedure of analysis" of a
statically indeterminate axially loaded
member using compatibility method
• To explain the "procedure of analysis" of a
statically indeterminate axially loaded
member using force method
 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE
AXIALLY LOADED MEMBER
(i) Statically Determinate Member
A member is "statically determinate" if the equations of
equilibrium are sufficient to determine the reactions on
the member.
(ii) Statically Indeterminate Member
A member is "statically indeterminate" if the equations of
equilibrium are not sufficient to determine the reactions
on the member.
 ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE
AXIALLY LOADED MEMBER USING
“COMPTABILITY CONDITION”

Equilibrium
condition Compatibility
condition

ΣFy = 0
ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE AXIALLY
LOADED MEMBER USING “FORCE METHOD”

Equilibrium condition ΣFy = 0

Compatability condition
 PROBLEM # 1

Column is made of high strength concrete and six A-

36 steel reinforcing bars. Determine the required
diameter of each bar so that ¼ of the load is carried
by the concrete and ¾ by the steel.
 PROBLEM # 1

For high strength concrete, Ec = 4.20  103 ksi

For A-36 Steel, Es = 29  103 ksi
Let the diameter of each steel rod = d
 Area of steel, As = 6  (/4) (d)2 = 4.7124 d2
 Area of concrete, Ac
= r2 – As = (4)2 – 4.7124 d2 = 50.2655 – 4.7124 d2

Equilibrium equation:-
Let Pc and Ps are the loads carried by the concrete and steel, respectively.

 Pc + Ps = P  Pc + Ps = 30 kip ----------- (1)

As per the given condition, we have:
Pc = ¼  30 = 7.5 kip and
Ps = ¾  30 = 22.5 kip
 PROBLEM # 1---contd.
Compatibility Equation:-

Let c and s are the deformations in concrete and steel, respectively.

From the compatibility criteria, we have, c = s ----------- (2)

Pc L PL
  s
Ac Ec As Es
7.5 22.5
 
 50.2655  4.7124d   4.20 10  4.7124d 2   29 103
2 3

 29  4.7124d 2  7.5  22.5  4.20  50.2655  4.7124d 2 

 1470.2654d 2  4750.08
4750.08
d   1.797 in. Ans....
1470.2654
 PROBLEM # 2

The rigid link is supported is shown above. Steel

wire BC has A = 22. 5 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.
Aluminum block DE has A = 40 mm2 and E = 70
GPa. Under the applied load determine the rotation
of the link about A.
 PROBLEM # 2
EBC = 200  1000 MPa
LBC = 200mm, ABC = 22.5 mm2
EDE = 70  1000 MPa
LDE = 50 mm, ADE = 40 mm2

Let forces in BC and DE are PBC and PDE, respectively.

PBC Ay
150mm Equilibrium equation:-
A
Mabout A = 0
250mm x

450N
 450  250 – 150 PBC + 150 PDE = 0
150mm
450  250
PBC  PDE   750
PDE 150

 PBC – PDE = 750 -----------------------(1)

 PROBLEM # 2---contd.
Compatibility Equation:-
150mm
A
BC B 

 = rotation of link


D D'
E
DE
 BC  DE
tan   
150 150
  BC   DE (Note: –ve sign indicates that PDE is compressive)
PBC LBC  PDE LDE 200 PBC 50 PDE
   
ABC EBC ADE  EDE 22.5  200 1000 40  70 1000
 PBC = -0.4018PDE      (2)
 PROBLEM # 2---contd.
PBC – PDE = 750 -----------------(1) PBC =–0.4018 PDE ----------------- (2)

Substituting PBC =–0.4018 PDE in equation (1), we have

 –0.4018 PDE – PDE = 750
 PDE = –535.026 N (Note: -ve sign indicates that PDE is compressive)
 PBC = 214.9736 N

200  214.9736
 BC   9.554 103 mm
22.5  200 1000
9.554 103
 tan  
150
    3.6495 103  deg
 63.695 106 rad Ans....
 PROBLEM # 3

The bolt made of A-36 steel has d = 7 mm. The tube

made of C83400 red brass has A = 100 mm2. If L =
75 mm, determine the maximum additional amount
of advance of the nut on the bolt so that none of the
material will yield.
 PROBLEM # 3

For A-36 steel, E = 200  103 MPa,  = 250 MPa

For C 83400 red brass, E = 101  103 MPa,  = 70 MPa
Ebolt = 200  103 MPa, ()bolt = 250 MPa, Abolt =  (7)2 = 38.4845 mm2
4
Etube  10110 MPa, Atube  100mm , Lbolt  Ltube  75mm,   tube  70 MPa
3 2

Let the forces in bolt and tube are Pbolt and Ptube respectively without yielding.

Pbolt = ()bolt Abolt = 250  38.4845 = 9621.127 N (Tensile)

Ptube = ()tube Atube = 70  100 = 7000N (Compressive)
Pbolt Lbolt 9621.127  75
 bolt    0.09375 mm
Abolt Ebolt 38.4845  200 103
 Ptube Ltube 7000  75
 tube    0.05198 mm
Atube Etube 100 101103
Advance of the nut = bolt - tube = 0.09375 – (–0.05198) = 0.1457 mm Ans….
 PROBLEM # 4

Determine the force P that should be applied to the

rigid cap so that solid cylindrical piece of
aluminum(2014-T6) and the outer tube of
magnesium (Am 1004-T61) carry an equal portion
of P.
 PROBLEM # 4
 
Aa   20  100 mm2 and Am  602  502   275 mm2
2

4 4
Ea = 73.1  103 MPa and Em = 44.7  103 MPa

Let Pa and Pm are the loads carried by aluminum rod and

magnesium tube, respectively.
Equilibrium equation:-
Pa  Pm  P
Pa  Pm  given   Pa  Pa  0.5P ------------- 1
Compatibility Equation:-
a = 0.1 + m, where a and m are the displacements of aluminum and magnesium.

0.5P 100.1 0.5P 100 

   0.10 -------------  2
100  73.110 3
275  44.7 10 3

 P  113036 N  113.03 kN Ans....

 PROBLEM # 5

Determine the vertical displacement of A and B after

the load is applied on the rigid bar supported on two
wooden posts and a spring. For posts, L = 1 m and A
= 600 mm2. For spring, L = 1.02 m and k = 2 MN/m.
 PROBLEM # 5
Force in spring,
  
Fs  K s  2 103  0.02   kN   40  2  kN
 1000 
FR= 50  2
A = 100kN
B

1m 1m
PA PB
For spruce wood, FS
E = 9.65  103 MPa M aboutA  0
Let the both posts undergo equal  2 PB  Fs  100 1  0
deformation
 A = B =  (mm) 100  40  2 60  2
 PB  
Change in the length of spring, 2 2
  30    kN   30   1000N  PA
  
s  1.02  1   m PL  30    1000 1000
 1000   A  B    
AE 600  9.65 1000
    5790  30, 000  1000
 s   0.02  m
 1000   6790  30, 000
  4.418mm Ans....
 LECTURE NO. 10
STRESS CONCENTRATIONS

Objectives:
• To explain the concept of "stress
concentration"
• To explain how to make use of the "stress-
concentration factor" for design and analysis
of members with stress concentrations
 STRESS CONCENTRATIONS

• Stress concentration is the increase in the

stress at sections where the member's
cross-sectional area suddenly changes

• The more severe the change in the cross-

sectional area, the larger the stress
concentration
EXAMPLES OF STRESS CONCENTRATIONS
 STRESS-CONCENTRATION FACTOR (K)
“Stress-concentration factor (K)" is defined as a
ratio of the maximum stress (σmax) to the average
stress (σavg) acting at the smallest cross-section
 max
K
 avg
If 'K' is known and σavg has been calculated from
σavg = P/A, where 'A' is the smallest cross-sectional
area, then from the above equation the σmax at the
cross-section is as follows:

Note: A member having stress-concentration should

be designed to resist σmax and not the σavg
DETERMINATION OF “K”
DETERMINATION OF “K”
 PROBLEM # 1

Determine the maximum normal stress developed in

the bar when it is subjected to a tension of P = 8 kN
 PROBLEM # 1

For the given member, stress-concentrations will be occurring at two sections

(1 – 1 and 2 – 2)
Section 1 - 1 2r = 12mm  r = 6 mm, w = 60 mm
r 6
   0.10
w 60
r
for  0.10, K1  2.65 (from the graph)
w
P 8 1000
 avg1    33.33 N mm 2
 w  2r  t  60  12  5
 max1 = K1 avg = 2.65  33.33 = 88.33 N/mm2
 PROBLEM # 1---contd.

Section 2 - 2 r = 15 mm, h = 30 mm, w = 60 mm, t = 5 mm

r 15 w 60
  0.50,  2
h 30 h 30
r w
for  0.5 and  2, K 2  1.4 (from the graph)
h h
P 8 1000
 avg 2    53.33 N mm 2
ht 30  5
 max 2  K avg  1.4  53.33  74.66 N mm 2
 max   max1  88.33 N mm 2
 PROBLEM # 2

If the allowable normal stress for the bar is 120

MPa, determine the maximum axial force that can
be applied to the bar.
 PROBLEM # 2

For the given member, stress-concentrations will occur at two sections

(i.e., 1 – 1 and 2 – 2)

Section 1 – 1 2r = 12 mm  r = 6 mm, w = 60 mm

r 6
   0.10
w 60
r
for  0.10, K1  2.65 (from graph)
w
P P P
 avg1   
 w  2r  t (60  12)5 240
2.65  P P
 max1  K1 avg1    0.01104 P
240 90.566
 PROBLEM # 2---contd.

Section 2 – 2 r = 15 mm, h = 30 mm, w = 60 mm, t = 5 mm

r 15 w 60
  0.50,  2
h 30 h 30
r w
for  0.5 and  2, K 2  1.40 (from graph)
h h
P P P
 avg 2   
ht 30  5 150
P P
 max 2  K 2 avg 2  140   9.333  103 P
150 107.142
 max   max1  0.01104 P

We have max = allow  0.01104P = 120

 P = 10868 N = 10.87 kN Ans.
 PROBLEM # 3

From the stress distribution along the section AB of

the bar determine the approximate resultant axial
force P applied to the bar. Also determine K value
for this geometry?
 PROBLEM # 3

P = volume of the stress distribution diagram

≈ 2[14 squares  area of one square  0.75 in]
≈ 2[ 14  6 ksi  0.4 in  0.75 in ]
≈ 50.4 Kip Ans.

 50.4
We have  avg    28 ksi
( w  2r )t (4  1.6)  0.75
 max  36 ksi
 max 36
K    1.28 Ans.
 avg 28
 LECTURE NO. 12
TORSION OF CIRCULAR SHAFTS

Objectives:
• To explain the "torque" and "torsional
deformation" of a circular shaft
• To explain the "torsional formula" for
shear stress developing in a circular shaft
under torsional effect
 TORQUE (T)

• "Torque" is a moment (T) that tends to

twist a member about its longitudinal axis.

• The torque action is called the "torsion".

 TORSIONAL DEFORMATION OF A CIRCULAR SHAFT

Let us consider a circular shaft before and after

deformation, as shown in the following figure:

As shown in the above figure,

when the T is applied to the
shaft:
• The radial lines remain
straight
• Circular cross-section remain
circular, but
• The longitudinal lines become
twisted
 TORSIONAL DEFORMATION OF A CIRCULAR SHAFT

A typical example of torsional failure:

 ANGLE OF TWIST ()
Fixed end,
 =0

Free end,
 = max
 TORSIONAL SHEAR STRAIN ()
Let us consider an element from a circular shaft at a radial
distance () from center as shown below:
 THE TORSION FORMULA
• "Torsion formula" is the formula for the shear stress (τ)
developed in a shaft subjected to a torque (T).
• Expression for τ may be derived by considering an element
of area dA, located at ρ, as shown in the following figure:

dT = dF

Torsion Formula
 POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA (j) FOR
SOLID AND HOLLOW CIRCULAR SHAFTS

• For solid circular shaft

• For hollow circular shaft

 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM TORSIONAL STRESS
• If a shaft is subjected to a series of external torques, or the
radius changes, or both then the τmax within the shaft will
be different at different locations along the length

• For such cases, different segments, along the length of

shaft, should be considered

• For each segment, the internal torque (T) should be

determined by applying ΣM = 0 to the F.B.D.

• For each segment, τmax has to be calculated using the

torsional formula: τmax = Tc/j

• Absolute τmax = highest of τmax values of different segments

 PROBLEM # 1

The solid 30-mm diameter shaft is used to transmit the

torque applied to the gears, as shown above. Determine
the absolute maximum shear stress in the shaft
 PROBLEM # 1
Calculation of internal torques (T) for different segments:-

A TAC

300 N-m
Mabout A = 0
 300 + TAC = 0  TAC = –300 N-m

A C
TCD

300 N-m 500 N-m

Mabout A = 0
+ 300 – 500 +TCD = 0  TCD = 200 N-m
cAC=cCD= cDB= c=d/2=15 mm
A C D
TDB

J AC  J CO  J DB 
2
15   79.5215 10
4 3
300 N-m 500 N-m 200 N-m

Mabout A = 0
 + 300 – 500 – 200 + TDB = 0
 TDB = 400 N-m
 PROBLEM # 1---contd.

Maximum Shear Stress for each segment

c.TAC 15  300  103

( max ) AC    56.588 N / mm 2

J 79.5215  103
c.TCD 15  200  103
( max )CD    37.72 N / mm 2

J 79.5215  103
c.TBD 15  400  103
( max ) DB    75.45 N / mm 2

J 79.5215  103
( max ) absolute  Maximum of ( max ) AC , ( max )CD and ( max ) DB
 75.45 N/mm 2 Ans.
 PROBLEM # 2

The rod, as shown above, has a diameter of 0.5 in. and a

weight of 3 lb/ft/. Determine the maximum shear stress
due to torsion at a section through A.
 PROBLEM # 2
Torque about A,
TA  Wy
W = (2 + 4 + 3 + 1)  3 = 30 lb

Segment # L
~y L~y
2 6 0 0 ~ L~
y 3  4.5
y   0.75ft
2 3 1.5 4.5 L 6  3  1
3 1 3 3

 Torque, TA  30  0.75  22.5 lb-ft  22.5  12  270 lb-in

TA  C
we have, ( C,max ) A 
J
0.50
c  0.25in
2
 
J c4  (0.25)4  6.1359  103in 4
2 2
270  0.25
 ( C,max ) A  3
 11000.78 psi
6.1359  10
 11.00 ksi Ans.
 PROBLEM # 3

The pipe, as shown above, has an outer diameter of 2.5 in and

inner diameter of 2.3 in. and subjected to the uniformly
distributed torque along its entire length. Determine the
absolute maximum shear stress in the pipe.
 PROBLEM # 3
Torque about C ,
lb  ft  12  9  4 
TC  125   ft 
ft  12 
 260.4166 lb - ft
 260.4166 x 12
 3125 lb-in.
(TC )cO
 max 
J

2.5 
co   1.25 in, 
2   4 
 J   c  c 4
  1.25 4
 1.15 4
  1.0876 in 4

2  2 
o i
2.30 
ci   1.15 in.
2 
3125  1.25
  max   3591.559 psi  3.591 ksi Ans.
1.0876
 PROBLEM # 4

As shown above, the tube is subjected to torque of

750 N-m. Determine the amount of this torque that
is resisted by the grey shaded section:
•by using the torsion formula
•by finding the resultant of the shear-stress distribution
 PROBLEM # 4
T  750 N-m  750 103 N-mn

'j' for the complete section  1004  254   156.466  106 mm4
2
TC 750  103  100
we have,  max    0.4793 N / mm 2

J 156.466  106
max
(a) By using the "torsional formula":-
By similarity of triangles, we have 

c = 100mm
 max  75
   . max
100 75 100 ρ=75mm
75
  0.4793  0.3595 N / mm 2
100
Let T   torque resisted by the grey section
T 
  ,
J

where, J   polar moment of inertia of grey section  1004  754   107.3786 106 mm 4
2
 J  0.3595 107.3786 106
 T    514701 N-mm  514.7N-m Ans....
 75
 PROBLEM # 4----contd.
(b) By finding “resultant of the shear-stress distribution” :-
max

d
 dA  2 d
c=100mm
 
   max
c

  2 max 3
dT    dA     max  2 d     dT    d
 c  c
2 max
T    d
3

C
For T  T ,   75 to 100mm  grey section 
100
2 max 100 2  max    4
 T 
C 
75
 3d    
C  4  75
2  0.4793 1004  754 
  
100  4 
 514.66  103 N-mm  514.66 N-m Ans....
 LECTURE NO. 19
SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Objectives:
• To explain how to draw the shear and bending
moment diagrams using the method of sections
 SHEAR (V) AND MOMENT (M) DIAGRAMS
Purpose:
• To know the variation of the V and M along the axis
of a member (e.g., beam)
• To determine the locations and magnitudes of Vmax
and Mmax
 SHEAR (V) AND MOMENT (M) DIAGRAMS
Beams:
• Beams are long straight members that carry loads
perpendicular to their longitudinal axis
• Beams are classified according to the way they are supported,
e.g., simply supported, cantilevered, or overhanging, as given
below:

•Beams are important

structural members used
in building constructions
•The design of a beam is
mainly based upon its
ability to resist bending
stress caused by bending
moment, M
 METHOD OF SECTIONS
FOR DRAWING V & M DIAGRAMS
Steps:
i. Determine the support reactions with the help of FBD and
equilibrium conditions

ii. Divide the beam into various segments (refer the following
figure)

iii. Do sectioning of each segment ((refer the above figure)

iv. For each segment, derive the expressions for shear and
moment functions in terms of x [i.e. V(x) and M(x)]
 METHOD OF SECTIONS
FOR DRAWING V & M DIAGRAMS
Steps---contd.:
Notes:
• Use the following sign conventions
 METHOD OF SECTIONS
FOR DRAWING V & M DIAGRAMS
Steps---contd.:
Notes---contd.:
• V(x) represents summation of forces perpendicular to
the beam's axis, for the concerned segment
• M(x) represents summation of moments about the
sectioned end of the concerned segment
• For each segment determine the location and
magnitudes of Vmax and Mmax
• In case of varying load, besides locating and finding
Mmax, locate and find Vmax
• For each point of discontinuity (p.o.d.), calculate V and
M before and after the p.o.d.
 METHOD OF SECTIONS
FOR DRAWING V & M DIAGRAMS
Steps---contd.:

v. Draw the V diagram (i.e., V versus x curve) and

M diagram (i.e., M versus x curve) considering:
– suitable scale for V, M, and x
– all values of Vbefore, Vafter, Mbefore, and Mafter, at all the
p.od.
– V & M positive values above x axis and V & M
negative values below x axis
– degrees of V and curves depending on the type of
load
 PROBLEM # 1

The shaft is subjected to the loadings caused by

belts passing over the two pulleys as shown above.
Draw V and M diagrams. The bearings at A and B
exert only vertical reactions on the shaft
 PROBLEM # 1
Determination of support reactions
400 lb 300 lb
A B D
C
18in 24in 12in
Ay By

Mabout A= 0
 + 400  18 + 24 By – 300 (12 + 24) = 0
 By = 150 lb
Fy = 0
 – 400 + Ay + 150 – 300 = 0
V and M functions  Ay = 550 lb
Segment CA:

400 lb
x1 Fy = 0
MCA  – 400 – VCA = 0
C  VCA = – 400 lb
x1
VCA
M about x1x1  0
x  400 x1  M CA  0
 M CA  400 x1
 PROBLEM # 1---contd.
Segment AB
400 lb x2
x2-18 MAB
C
A Fy = 0
18in  – 400 + 550 – VAB = 0
Ay=550 lb VAB
 VAB = 150 lb
x2 x2
M aboutx2  x2  0
 400 x2  550x2  18   M AB  0  MAB = 150 x2 – 9900
Segment BD
400 lb (x3 – 42) x3
A B MBD
C
18in 24in V and M at points of discontinuities
Ay=550 lb By=150 VBD Vbefore A = – 400 lb
x3
x3
Vafter A = + 150 lb
Fy = 0 Mbefore A = – 400  18 = – 7200 lb-in
 – 400 + 550 + 150 – VBD = 0 Mafter A = 150  18 – 9900 = – 7200 lb-in
Vbefore B = + 150 lb
 VBD = 300 lb
Vafter B = + 300 lb
M aboutx3  x3  0 Mbefore B = 150  42 – 9900 = – 3600 lb-in
 400 x3  550x3  18   150x3  42   M BD  0 Mafter B = 300  42 – 16200 = – 3600 lb-in

 MBD = 300 x3 – 16200

 PROBLEM # 1---contd.

400 lb 300 lb
V and M at points of discontinuities A B
C
Vbefore A = – 400 lb
Vafter A = + 150 lb 550 lb 150 lb
Mbefore A = – 400  18 = – 7200 lb-in
Mafter A = 150  18 – 9000 = – 7200 lb-in 300 300
(+)
Vbefore B = + 150 lb 150 (+) Shear
V(lb) Diagram
Vafter B = + 300 lb 400 (-) x
Mbefore B = 150  42 – 9900 = – 3600 lb-in (–)
Mafter B = 300  42 – 16200 = – 3600 lb-in
(+)
Moment
V and M at end points M(lb-in)
(-) (-) x Diagram
(-)
(–) 3600
VC = – 400 lb, MC = 0
7200
VD = + 300 lb
MD = 300  54 – 16200 = 0
 PROBLEM # 2

Draw the V and M diagrams for the beam. The

bearings at A and B only exert vertical reactions on
the beam.
 PROBLEM # 2

Determination of the support reactions

FR=1200lb
800lb 800lb
B
A
2ft C D
2ft
3ft
Ay 2ft By

Mabout A = 0  – 800  2 – 1200  3 – 800  4 + 6 By = 0  By = 1400 lb.

Fy = 0  Ay – 800 – 1200 – 800 + 1400 = 0  Ay = 1400 lb.

V and M functions
Segment AC

Fy = 0  1400 – 200x1 – VAC = 0

200x1 x1/2 x1
 VAC = 1400 – 200x1
MAC
x1 M aboutx1  x1  0
1400lb VAC
x1 x1
 1400 x1  200 x1  M AC  0
2
 MAC = 1400x1 – 100x12
 PROBLEM # 2----contd.

C D

Segment CD Fy = 0  1400 – 200x2 – 800 – VCD = 0

x2/2 x2  VCD = 600 – 200x2
200x2
800lb MCD M aboutx2  x2  0

 800x2  2   M CD  0
x2 -2 x2
2ft VCD  1400 x2  200 x2 
1400lb 2
x2
x2  M CD  600 x2  100 x22  1600

Segment DB
800 lb 800 lb
200x3 x3 -4 x3 Fy = 0  1400 – 800 – 200x3 – 800 – VDB = 0
A C D MDB  VDB = – 200 – 200x3
2ft x3/2 VDB M about x3  x3  0
1400lb x3 -2
x3
x3  1400 x3  800  x3  2   200 x3   800  x3  4   M DB  0
x3 2
 M DB  100 x32  200 x3  4800
 PROBLEM # 2----contd.

Mmax
Segment AC dM
AC
 1400  200 x1  0  x1  7 ft  2 ft
dx1
 M max in segment AC will be at x1  2 ft
 M max AC  1400  2  1002   2400lb  ft
2

Segment CD dM
CD
 600  200 x2  0  x2  3 ft  4 ft  2 ft  o.k.
dx2
  M max CD  600  3  100  3  1600  2500lb  ft
2

Segment DB
dM DB
 200 x3  200  0  x3  1 ft  4 ft
dx3
 M max in segment DB will be at x 3  4 ft
  M max  DB  100  4   200  4  4800  2400 lb-ft
2
 PROBLEM # 2----contd.
V and M at points of discontinuity
Vbefore C = 1400 – 200  2 = 1000 lb.
V after C = 600 – 200  2 = 200 lb.
Vbefore D = 600 – 200  4 = – 200 lb.
C D
V after D = – 200 – 200  4 = – 1000 lb.
A C D B
Mbefore C = 1400  2 – 100 (2)2 = 2400 lb-ft.
M after C = 600  2 – 100 (2)2 + 1600 = 2400 lb-ft. 1400
1000
Mbefore D = 600  4 – 100 (4)2 + 1600 = 2400 lb-ft.
(+)
M after D = – 100 (4)2 – 200  4 + 4800 = 2400 lb-ft. (+) Shear
200 diagram
(+)
V(lb) x
200 (-)
V and M at end points (–)
1000
1400
VA = 1400 – 200  0 = 1400 lb 2500
2400 2400
MA = 1400  0 – 100  0 = 0 (+) Moment
(+) (+) (+) (+) diagram
VB = – 200 – 200  6 = – 1400 lb M(lb-ft) x
(–)
MB = – 100 (6)2 – 200  6 + 4800 = 0
 LECTURE NO. 20
SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS:
Graphical Method
Objectives:
• To explain how to draw the shear and bending
moment diagrams using the "graphical method"
 GRAPHICAL METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING SHEAR
AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
• Graphical method for constructing V and M diagram
is simpler than the method of sections particularly
in cases where a beam is subjected to several
loadings
• Graphical method is based upon the differential
relationships between:
(i) Distributed load and shear force
(ii) Shear force and moment
 GRAPHICAL METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING SHEAR
AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Example

Load-Diagram
Beam loaded with w(x)

V=0

Relation between w(x) and

V(x) SFD

BMD
Relation between V(x) and
M(x)

Point where SF changing

the sign (i.e., V = 0).
BM is found to be
maximum at such points
GRAPHICAL METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING SHEAR
AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Example

Load-Diagram

V=0

SFD

BMD

Point where SF changing

the sign (i.e., V = 0).
BM is found to be
maximum at such points
 GRAPHICAL METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING SHEAR
AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
∆V and ∆M for the regions of concentrated force and moment

1. For force or reaction F acting downward, ∆V = -F

2. For force or reaction F acting upward, ∆V = +F
Proceeding from
3. For external couple or moment reaction in left towards right
counterclockwise direction, ∆M = -M0
4. For external couple or moment reaction in
clockwise direction, ∆M = +M0
 GRAPHICAL METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING SHEAR
AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS

V and M calculation:

V2 = V1 + ∆V1-2
M2 = M1 + ∆M1-2

•In the graphical method, first the V and M are

determined at supports and then the V and M are
calculated at other points using above equations
by substituting the values of ∆V and ∆M
•∆V1-2 values are calculated from the load diagram
•∆M1-2 values are calculated from the SF diagram
 PROBLEM # 1
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam, as
shown below:
10 kN
6 kN-m
A C D B

3m 4m 2m

Calculation of support reactions

10 kN
6 kN-m
A C D B
Ay = 7.33 kN By = 2.66 kN
3m 4m 2m
(MA=0) (MB=0)

 Mabout B  0   9 Ay  10  6  6  0  Ay  7.33 kN
 Fy  0  7.33  10  By  0  By  2.66 kN
 PROBLEM # 1 (cont.)
VA  7.33 kN 10 kN
6 kN-m
Vbefore,C  7.33  0  7.33 kN A C D B
By = 2.66 kN
Ay = 7.33 kN
Vafter ,C  7.33  10  2.66 kN
Vbefore, B  2.66  0  2.66 kN
7.33 7.33
Vafter , B  2.66  2.66  0 SFD
(+) (+)
x(m)
V (kN)
 (-)
(-) (-)
MA  0 2.66
2.66 2.66

M C  0  7.33  3  22 kN -m
M before , D  22  (2.66  4)  11.36 kN -m 22

M after , D  11.36  (6)  5.36 kN -m 11.36 BMD

(+)
(+) (+)
M B  5.36  (2.66  2)  0 M (kN-m)
5.36
(+) x(m)
 (-)

Mmax = 22 kN-m at C
 PROBLEM # 2

Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.

It is supported by a smooth plate at A which slides
within the groove and so it can not support a
vertical force, although it can support a moment
and axial load.
 PROBLEM # 2

Support Reaction
(resultant of
2
wL FR = w L Distributed load)
MA 
A 2 C B
Ay=0 L2 L2

By= w L

L wL2 wL 2
 Mabout A  0  LBy  M A  wL.  0  MA    wL2 
2 2 2

 Fy  0   wL  By  0  By  wL
 PROBLEM # 2----contd.

VA  0
wL2
wL wL MA 
VC  0  ( ) 2
2 2 A B
A
wL wL C
Vbefore, B    ( )   wL Ay=0 L2 L2
2 2
By= w L
Vafter , B   wL  wL  0 V(+)

wL2 SFD
MA  
2 (–) wL x
2 (–)
wL
  wL L  V(-)
 
wL  2
2
2 3wL2
MC    
2  2  8 2nd.degree
curve
 
 wL L wL2
(   wL )
3wL  
2 2 3wL2
2 2 BMD
MB    0 8
8  2  x
 
 PROBLEM # 3

Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.

 PROBLEM # 3
Support Reactions
FR=6400lb 1200lb
MA 4ft
A C
B

8ft (MB=0)
8ft
Ay

 F 0  Ay  6400  1200  0  Ay  7600 lb

 Mabout A  0  1200 16  6400  4  M A  0  M A  44800 lbft

V at end points:
VA   Ay  7600 lb ; VB  1200 lb
M at end points:
M A  4480 lb-ft (  ve because of counter clockwise)
MB  0
 PROBLEM # 3---contd.

MA=–44822 lb-ft
VA  7600 lb
VC  7600  (800  8)  1200 lb
Vbefore , B  1200  0  1200 lb Ay=7600 lb

Vafter , B  1200  1200  0 7600

SFD
(+) (+)
1200 1200 x(ft)
(+)
V (lb)
(–)
M A  44800 lb-ft
 (7600  1200)  8 
M C  44800     9600 lb-ft (+)
 2  M (lb-ft) (–)
M B  9600  1200  8  0 (–)
(–) x(ft)
9600
1-degree
2-degree (i.e., straight line)
44800