SKEE 4653

Photovoltaic and Wind

Energy Systems
Ir. Ts. Dr. Tan Chee Wei
Associate Professor

P03-217
cheewei@utm.my
Electrical Power Engineering
School of Electrical Engineering
 COURSE INFORMATION
• This course covers the fundamental knowledge on two popular renewable
energy systems, namely photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy systems.
• In photovoltaic energy system, the characteristic of PV generation will be
described.
• It follows with the integration of PV array with power electronic converters for
energy harvesting. In addition to that, maximum power point tracking which acts
as a controller to the PV system will be reviewed.
• Then, several examples of PV energy system design will be discussed. The PV
systems include stand-alone and grid-connected system.
• At the second stage of the course, wind energy system will be introduced. The
general classification of wind turbines, function of generators and speed control of
wind turbine will be discussed.
• Then, the typically used topologies of wind energy system will be described.
• Students will be given design and simulation assignment that require them to do
analysis on the renewable energy system.
• At the end of the course, the student should be able to understand the
fundamental operation and control of PV and wind energy systems.
LEARNING
OUTCOMES

By the end of
the course,
students
should be
able to:
 GRADING:
Assessment

Test 1 : 15%
Test 2 : 15%

Group Assignment : 10%

(MATLAB Simulink + HOMER Design with Technical Report)

Group presentation : 10%

(1 x Presentation + 1 Bulletin Report: Literature Review of PV
+ Wind)

Final exam : 50%

(Answer ALL 4 Questions.)
 Chapter 1

Introduction

SKEE 4653 - Photovoltaic and Wind Energy Systems

 Renewables
Renewable energy consumption (including biofuels but excluding hydro) grew by
2.9 Exajoule (EJ) . The annual growth rate of 9.7% was below the historical 10-year
average but the absolute increase in energy terms was roughly in-line with 2017, 2018
and 2019 and the largest for any fuel in 2020.

By country, China was by far the largest contributor to renewables growth (1.0 EJ),
followed by the US (0.4 EJ), then Japan, the United Kingdom, India and Germany (all 0.1
EJ). Europe, as a region, contributed 0.7 EJ.

* The exajoule (EJ) is equal to one quintillion (1018) joules.

 World Energy Consumption by Sector (2012 EIA data)

 Whilst there is a range of energy sources, the way we use energy -

the end product - is usually for one of three needs:
 Production of electricity.
 Generation of heat.
 Energy for transport.
Commercial

Residential

Industrial

Transportation
 Energy Resources
Renewable energy

There are five ultimate primary

sources of useful energy:

1 The Sun.
2 The motion and gravitational
potential of the Sun, Moon and
Earth.
3 Geothermal energy from
cooling, chemical reactions and
radioactive
decay in the Earth.
4 Human-induced nuclear
reactions.
5 Chemical reactions from
mineral sources
Non Renewable energy
Energy Resources
Energy Resources
 Energy Resources
Renewable energy
‘Energy obtained from natural and persistent flows of energy occurring
in the immediate environment’.
 An obvious example is solar (sunshine) energy, where ‘repetitive’
refers to the 24-hour major period. Note that the energy is already
passing through the environment as a current or flow, irrespective of
there being a device to intercept and harness this power. Such energy
may also be called Green Energy or Sustainable Energy.
 The renewable energy systems covered include power from solar
radiation (sunshine), wind, biomass (plant crops), rivers (hydropower),
ocean waves, tides, geothermal heat, and other such continuing
resources.
Yet renewable energy offers safe, reliable, clean, local, and
increasingly cost-effective alternatives for all our energy needs.
Research has made renewable energy more affordable today than it
was 35 years ago. Renewable energy resource development will result
in new jobs and less dependence on oil from foreign countries.
 Energy Resources ...
Non-renewable energy
‘ Energy obtained from static stores of energy that remain
underground unless released by human interaction’.
 Examples are nuclear fuels and fossil fuels of coal, oil and natural
gas. Note that the energy is initially an isolated energy potential, and
external action is required to initiate the supply of energy for practical
purposes. To avoid using the ungainly word ‘non-renewable’, such
energy supplies are called finite supplies or Brown Energy.
Movie Clip 1: Movie Clip:
Chap 1 - 10 Future Energy Sources Alternative Energy Sources
 Energy Resources ...

For renewable energy the scale of practical application ranges from

tens to many millions of watts, and the totality is a global resource.
However, for each application, five questions should be asked:

1 How much energy is available in the immediate environment; what

are the resources?
2 What technologies can harness these resources?
3 How can the energy be used efficiently; what is the end-use?
4 What is the environmental impact of the technology, including its
implications for climate change?
5 What is the cost-effectiveness of the energy supply as compared with
other supplies?
 Solar To discuss…
 Photovoltaic
 Irradiance (Unit)
 Wind
 Latitude vs. longitude
 Climate vs. geographical location
 Component
 System
 Speed
 Stand-alone
 Grid connected
 Power (Unit)
 Energy (Unit)
 Current vs. voltage
 Short-circuit vs. open circuit
 Homework
1. What is the faction of energy mix generation in Malaysia?
2. What are the RE incentives provided by Malaysia
government?
3. Are there any standards/act related to RE in Malaysia?
4. What is the different between FiT and NEM?
5. How many versions of NEM available?
6. Examples of large scale solar (LSS) in Malaysia.
7. PV industry in Malaysia. Company/factory?
8. Floating PV farm: Pros and Cons.
9. Floating PV - Worldwide, Malaysia. Size, Technology?
10. Agriculture PV – concept?
Homework
 Homework
1. Energy policy in Malaysia. Act or standard?
2. Renewable energy prospect. Target/goal of RE penetration
into the energy mix?
3. Energy efficiency. Conventional vs. alternative (RE) energy.
4. Incentives and support to RE in Malaysia. FiT, NEM etc.?
5. Conventional (traditional) vs. alternative energy. Concept
and Malaysia’s scenario.
6. Distributed generation. How PV and wind energy fit in this
context?
floating PV in the largest 146 hydropower reservoirs in the
African continent
 Energy Resources ...
Energy has always existed in one form or another. It can be transformed
into other forms of energy, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
For example, the energy in a flashlight’s battery becomes light energy when
the flashlight is turned on.
Food, the most natural stored chemical energy, resides in fat tissues and
cells as potential energy. When the body uses that stored energy to do work, it
becomes kinetic energy.
Telephones transform a voice into electrical energy variations, which flow
over wires or are transmitted through air.
Cars use stored chemical energy in fuel to move, and they change chemical
energy into heat and kinetic energy.
Toasters change electrical energy into heat and light energy.
Computers, television sets, and DVD players change electrical energy into
coordinated types of mechanical movement and image and sound energy to
reproduce the ambient of life.
In all such transformations of energy, intermediary transformations are
involved.
 Energy Resources ...
For example, consider the case for a home computer.
•Electricity allows self-organization of the main processor,
according to a pre-established program, to convert ventilator
movement to the cooling process for the main processing unit and
the motherboard.
•The alternating current (ac) source power is converted into
integrated direct current (dc) power to feed peripheral plates.
•After many electromagnetic processes, the monitor produces a
luminous energy on-screen.
•Many processes and intermediary sources are integrated into a
simple computer.
They produce heat, light, movement, and circulation of electrical
current to make it an impressively organized machine. This diversity
of energy forms is an example of the changes happening in power
systems.
 Energy Resources ...

There are some drawbacks to renewable energy development.

An example is solar thermal energy, in which solar rays are captured
through collectors (often, huge mirrors). Solar thermal generation
requires large tracts of land, and this affects natural habitat.
The environment is also affected when buildings, roads, transmission
lines, and transformers are built. In addition, a fluid often used for solar
thermal generation is toxic, and spills can occur.
Solar or photovoltaic cells are produced using the same technologies
as those used to create silicon chips for computers, and this
manufacturing process also uses toxic chemicals. In addition, toxic
chemicals are used in batteries that store solar electricity through nights
and on cloudy days. Manufacturing this equipment also has
environmental effects.
So even though the renewable power plant does not release air
pollution or use fossil fuels, it still has an effect on the environment.
 Energy Resources ...

 A renewable energy source cannot run out and causes so little

damage to the environment that its use does not need to be restricted.
 No energy system based on mineral resources is renewable because,
one day, the mineral deposits will be used up. This is true for fossil fuels
and uranium. The debate about when a particular mineral resource will
run out is irrelevant in this context.
 A renewable energy source is replenished continuously.
 Renewable energy sources — solar, wind, biomass (under specific
conditions), and tides — are based directly or indirectly on solar energy.
 Hydroelectric power is not necessarily a renewable energy source
because large-scale projects can cause ecological damage and
irreversible consequences. Geothermal heat is renewable but must be
used cautiously to guard against irreversible ecological effects.
 There is no shortage of renewable energy because it can be taken
from the sun, wind, water, plants, and garbage to produce electricity
and fuels.
 Energy Resources ...

 Clean energy sources can be harnessed to produce electricity and

process heat, fuel, and valuable chemicals with less effect on the
environment than fossil fuel would cause.
 Emissions from gasoline-fueled cars and factories and other
facilities that burn oil affect the atmosphere through the greenhouse
effect.
 At the International Climate Convention in Kyoto (1997), it was
agreed that the developed nations of the world must reduce their
greenhouse gas emissions.
 The European Union (EU) committed to reducing emissions of
carbon dioxide (CO2) by 8% from 1990 levels by the year 2010. The
United States was to reduce emissions by 6% and Japan by 7%.
These agreements are laid down in the Kyoto Protocol and aim for a
society that uses renewable energies, not fossil fuels.
 Energy Resources ...

• From socioeconomic and environmental points of view, renewable

energy increases supply security, has the lowest environmental
effect of all energy sources, allows for local solutions, and offers
sustainable energy development worldwide.
• Renewable energy also offers wider opportunities for investment,
avoided fuel costs, CO2 emissions savings, and new jobs.
• Generally speaking, renewable energy technologies are important
because of the income that results from manufacturing, project
development, servicing, and in the case of biomass, rural jobs and
income diversification for farmers
Comparison of renewable and conventional energy systems
Comparison of renewable and conventional energy systems …
 Energy Resources ...
The technical efficiency of an energy device usually means the useful
energy supplied as a fraction of the input energy.
By this definition, the best efficiencies of various common devices are as
follows:
• Power stations (electricity to grid/heat input; with no use of rejected
heat): coal and oil ~35%, gas turbine ~45%, nuclear ~30%.
• Cars (motive energy/heat from combusted fuel) ~10%.
• Cyclist while racing (rate of motive energy/rate of food metabolism)
~7%.
• Regular cyclist over a year (annual motive energy/annual food
metabolism) <1%.
• Electricity generator (electricity out/shaft power in) ~95%.
• Bicycle (motive power out/pedal power in) ~85%.
• Incandescent electric light3 (visible light out/electricity in) ~2.5%.
• Light emitting diode (LED) (visible light out/electricity in) ~12%.
 Energy Resources ...
For renewable energy devices, we start by using the same simple
definition:
efficiency = useful energy supplied as a fraction of the input energy
• Hydroelectric power station (electricity to grid/initial potential energy of piped water onto the
turbine rotor) ~90% (downstream water passes with very little energy as it drops away from the
turbine into large open areas).
• Wind turbine in moderate wind (electricity generated/kinetic energy of unrestricted wind onto the
rotor area) ~45% (cannot remove all kinetic energy, since the air must continue to move away
downstream).
• Solar water heater at midday, clear sky, tank temperature initially cold (heat to hot water
tank/incoming insolation) ~60%.
• Solar photovoltaic panel, midday, clear sky ~17% (electricity generated/ solar radiation input of all
wavelengths).
• Wood-burning stove and in-room flue-pipe ~85% (heat passing to room/heat of combustion of dry
wood).
• Biogas burner ~90% (heat from flame/heat of combustion of biodegradable input).
• Biomass thermal power station ~30% (electricity output/heat of combustion of biomass input).
 Energy Resources ...
We need parameters that allow the annual production of a device to be
assessed at particular sites, for which the term capacity factor (Z) or full
load hours (TF) is used.
Energy Resources ...
 Energy Resources ...
Factors influencing capacity factors
 Energy Resources ...
Factors influencing capacity factors ...
Natural energy currents on the Earth, showing renewable energy systems. Note
the great range of energy flux (1:105) and the dominance of solar radiation and
heat. Units terawatts (1012 W).
 Indicators of Renewable Energy Technologies

*as reported in
year 2006
 Energy Resources ...

 The rapid deployment of renewable energy technologies, and their

wider deployment in the near future, raise challenges and
opportunities regarding their integration into energy supply systems.
 The planning and development of integrated energy must consider
the environment itself, the existence of energy sources, system needs,
and local needs where it is desirable to install a renewable energy
source.
 The capability of the grid supply, the electrical and mechanical
behavior of the load, the distributed generation sources, and the
effects on the regional economy define how successful the investment
may be.
 Energy Resources ...

 An alternative to the nuclear and fossil fuel power is renewable

energy technologies (hydro, wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, and
ocean).
 Large scale hydroelectric projects have become increasingly difficult
to carry through in recent years because of competing use of land and
water.
 Relicensing requirements of existing hydro plants may even lead to
removal of some dams to protect or restore wildlife habitats.
 Among the other renewable power sources, wind and solar have
recently experienced a rapid growth around the world.
 Having wide geographical spread, they can be generated near the
load centers, thus simultaneously eliminating the need of high voltage
transmission lines running through rural and urban landscapes.
 Policies for Renewables

National Renewable Energy Policy and Action Plan (2009)

The Policy Vision

Enhancing the utilization of indigenous renewable energy (RE) resources

to contribute towards national electricity supply security and sustainable
socioeconomic development.

The Objectives
 To increase RE contribution in the national power generation mix;
 To facilitate the growth of the RE industry;
 To ensure reasonable RE generation costs;
 To conserve the environment for future generations; and
 To enhance awareness on the role and importance of RE.
 Policies for Renewables ...

Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act 2011

An Act to provide for the establishment of the Sustainable Energy

Development Authority Malaysia and to provide for its functions and
powers and for related matters.

Part I : Preliminary
Part II : The Authority
Part III : Functions and Powers of the Authority
Part IV : Employee of the Authority
Part V : Finance
Part VI : General

“Sustainable energy” means energy which, in its generation, provision

and use, is such that it meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs, and
includes renewable energy.
 Policies for Renewables ...

Renewable Energy Act 2011

An Act to provide for the establishment and implementation of a

special tariff system to catalyze the generation of renewable energy
and to provide for related matters.

Part I : Preliminary
Part II : FiT System
Part III : Connection, Purchase and Distribution of RE
Part IV : Feed-in Tariff
Part V : Renewable Energy Fund
Part VI : Information Gathering Powers
Part VII : Enforcement
Part VIII : General
Part IX : Savings and Transitional
 Incentives for Renewables
 The promotion of renewable energy (RE) in Malaysia was previously
based on the Small Renewable Energy Power (SREP) programme.
 Once the feed-in tariff (FiT) programme is in place, the SREP
programme will be replaced by the FiT programme. Existing SREP
players will be given the option of either remaining in the SREP
programme or transitioning to the FiT programme.
Projects developed under the FiT programme are still eligible for
Pioneer Status (PS) or Investment Tax Allowance (ITA).
 These incentives have been provided from 2001 but have been
enhanced over the years. The government has expanded the scope of
RE to include photovoltaic (PV) generated power and has extended the
range of fiscal incentives (in the National Budgets for 2008 and 2009) to
promote the adoption of grid-connected building integrated PV systems
as well as other forms of RE and energy efficiency initiatives.
 The incentives offered can be divided into two categories:
 Incentives for End-Users
 Incentives for Importers or Third Party Distributors (TPDs)
 Incentives for Renewables ...
Overview of the FiT System in Malaysia
Malaysia's Feed-in Tariff (FiT) system obliges Distribution Licensees
(DLs) to buy from Feed-in Approval Holders (FIAHs) the electricity
produced from renewable resources (renewable energy) and sets the
FiT rate. The DLs will pay for renewable energy supplied to the
electricity grid for a specific duration.
By guaranteeing access to the grid and setting a favorable price per
unit of renewable energy, the FiT mechanism would ensure that
renewable energy becomes a viable and sound long-term investment for
companies industries and also for individuals.
Overview of the FiT System in Malaysia
 Overview of the FiT System in Malaysia
> LAUNCHED in December 2011, the Feed-in Tariff (FiT) scheme enables companies and house-owners to
produce renewable energy from four sources – solar photovoltaic, biogas (organic waste, landfill, sewage
sludge), biomass (agricultural waste, garbage) and small hydropower – and sell it to the grid.
> The power producers sign power purchase agreements with Tenaga Nasional Bhd and Sabah Electricity
Sdn Bhd (distribution licensees) for tenures of 21 years for solar and hydropower, and 16 years for biogas
and biomass. TNB and SESB (the FiT scheme has yet to cover Sarawak) are obligated under the
Renewable Energy Act 2011 to accept the power into the grid.
> To be a power producer, companies and individuals apply online. Quotas are set for the various sectors
every year.
> The payment is currently higher than electricity tariffs and varies: solar PV (from RM1.04 per kWh this
year), biogas (from 31 sen), biomass (from 30 sen) and hydropower (from 23 sen). The rates are reduced
annually (called degression) as the cost of renewable energy technology is expected to decline over time.
For instance, the tariff for solar PV was RM1.23 in January 2012.
> For the renewable energy “sold” to the grid, TNB and SESB do not pay the full FiT rates but what it costs
to produce the electricity using conventional means (currently 26.41 sen per kWh). The rest of the FiT
payment comes from the Renewable Energy Fund. TNB and SESB also receive a 2% administrative fee
from the fund, and Seda 3%.
> Households (except those using less than 300kWh per month) contribute to the fund – 1% of their monthly
electricity bill since December 2011; this was raised to 1.6% in January. Only 29% of consumers in
Peninsular Malaysia and 38% in Sabah are contributing.
> As of December, Seda has approved projects with renewable energy capacity of 482MW, comprising solar
PV (40.2%), biomass (27.2%), hydropower (27.2%) and biogas (4.9%).
> To date, projects with 164.12MW have been completed: solar PV (88.38MW), biomass (52.3MW), biogas
(11.74MW) and hydropower (11.7MW), These have avoided 740,222 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions.
Overview of the FiT System in Malaysia
Net Energy Metering (NEM)
Net Energy Metering (NEM)
 Grid Parity

 Grid parity occurs :

1) when the cost of generating RE is equivalent (or
lower) than the cost of generating electricity from
conventional fossil fuels.

Once grid parity is achieved, feed-in approval holders

will be paid based on the prevailing displaced cost for
the remaining effective period i.e. the remaining duration
of their renewable energy power purchase agreements.
 Displaced Cost

• “Displaced cost” refers to the average cost of generating and

supplying one kilowatt hour of electricity from resources
other than renewable resources (i.e. fossil fuels) through the
supply line up to the point of interconnection with the RE
installation.
 Brief Summary : FiT & NEM
Differences FiT NEM
Main Purpose Investment purpose Saving purpose
Selling Method Sell ALL energy Sell EXCESS energy
Eligible RE resources Biogas Solar Photovoltaic ONLY
Biomass
Small hydro
Solar Photovoltaic
Geothermal (2015)

Consumer Categories Domestic/Residential Domestic/Residential

Commercial Commercial
Industrial Industrial
Agriculture

Payback Period Shorter payback period Longer payback period

(5~7 years) (11~15 years)
 Calculation of Electricity Generation Costs
When calculating generation costs, a distinction must be made between
existing and potential plants.
For existing plants, the running costs (short-term marginal costs) are relevant
only for the economic decision as to whether to use the plant for electricity
generation.
Conversely, for new capacities, long-term marginal costs are important

Existing Plants
 Calculation of Electricity Generation Costs …

New Plants
 Standards and Regulations
Renewable energy developments and equipment are major aspects of
business and economies, which, as with so much else, benefit from
having agreed national and international standards and regulations.
Financiers (e.g. banks) and insurers require that all equipment meets
national and international standards.
For instance, safety is always a prime concern, so there are many
requirements associated with the design and construction of renewable
energy equipment (e.g. wind turbine braking and the electrical insulation
of photovoltaic modules).
The IEC (International Electrochemical Commission) is the
international body that oversees many standards in all disciplines; it has
a special section for renewable energy (see
<http://www.iec.ch/renewables/>), but of course many standards are
common to a wider range of technology.
 Distributed Generation
Distributed generation (DG) is the application of small generators,
typically 1 to 10 MW, scattered throughout a system to provide electrical
energy closer to consumers.
Current DG power sources include hydropower, wind, photovoltaics,
diesel, fuel cells, and gas turbines.
Renewable and other generators located downstream in a distribution
network and involving small, modular electricity generation units close
to the point of consumption are defined as DG.
Among the services DG can provide to the distribution system are:
 capacity support,
 contingency capacity support,
 loss reduction,
 v oltage support,
 voltage regulation,
 power factor control,
 phase balancing, and
 equipment life extension.
 Distributed Generation ...
DG can be defined as generation located at or near a load.
Combined heat and power (CHP) is associated with prime movers
that provide shaft power to generators and encompasses two broad
categories:
 reciprocating engines and
 turbines.
CHP systems (also known as cogeneration) are generally developed
by a user to avoid the purchase of power from the grid or by the energy
service provider that retails the power to the site.
CHP is considered a subset of DG and can be used when there is a
potential for profitable use of thermal energy.
CHP is an energy cascade that captures energy normally rejected as
part of a process.
In the traditional case, steam is raised with a boiler on-site, and
power is purchased from the local utility.
The thermal energy in the steam is then employed for another use.
 RENEWABLE ENERGY ECONOMICS
 Distributed electricity generation, close to the end customer,
differs fundamentally from the traditional model of a large power
station that generates centrally controlled power.
 The DG approach is new and replaces the concept of economy of
scale (using large units) with economy of numbers (using many
small units), although it has yet to prove itself.
 Far from being a threat, DG-based renewable energy can reduce
transmission and distribution losses as well as transmission and
distribution costs, provide consumers with continuity and reliability
of supply, stimulate competition in supply, adjust prices via market
forces, and be implemented in a short time.
 The International Energy Agency alternative scenario (WEO,
2002; WEIO 2003) predicts savings of about 40% for the
transmission grid and 36% for the distribution grid because of the
increased use of DG.
 Integration of Renewable Energy Sources
The ability to integrate electricity generated from renewables into
grid supplies is governed by several factors, including:
• The variation with time of power generated
• The extent of the variation (availability)
• The predictability of the variation
• The capacity of each generator
• The dispersal of individual generators
• The reliability of plants
•The experience of operators
• The technology for integration
• The regulations and customs for embedded generation

Considerations
 system needs, geographical location, capability of grid supply
electrical and mechanical behavior of load, distributed
generation sources, economics etc.
 Integration of Renewable Energy Sources …
Grid Supplied Electricity
Practical limit of transmission lines
Long distance – 50 to 750 kV
Local area distribution – 6 to 50 kV
Supply to consumers 220 - 415 V
Internally in equipment 3 - 48 V
Transformation easiest done AC to DC
DC to AC, AC to DC – Power Electronics

• AC power transmission has more loss per unit distance than DC

–stray capacitance, inductance
• But ease of transformation makes it viable for above 350 km.
–Above 500 km  HVDC.
• Regulation of Power (or voltage etc.)
–depends on matching load to generation
 Modern Electronic Controls of Power Systems

Renewable and alternative energy sources must eventually be

integrated with existing electric systems.
Power electronics are a crucial enabling technology toward this end.
Power electronics is a part of electronic application systems that
encompasses the entire field of power engineering, from generation to
transmission and distribution to transportation, storage systems, and
domestic services.
The power produced by renewable energy devices such as
photovoltaic cells and wind turbines varies on hourly, daily, and
seasonal bases because of variation in the availability of the sun,
wind, and other renewable resources.
This variation means that power is sometimes not available when it
is required and that on other occasions there is excess power.
 Modern Electronic Controls of Power Systems …

The variable output from renewable energy devices also means that
power conditioning and control equipment is required to transform this
output into a form (i.e., voltage, current, and frequency) that can be used
by electrical appliances.
Therefore, energy must be stored and power electronics used to convert
this energy.
Power-processing technology can be classified according to the energy,
time, and transient response required for its operation.
The environmentally clean sources of power—such as wind, PV, and fuel
cells—will be highly emphasized in the future because efficient-energy
conversion from renewable sources depends heavily on power electronics.
If only PV and fuel cell systems are used, a dc-link bus could be used to
aggregate them, and ac-power could be integrated through dc–ac
conversion systems (inverters).
If only hydro or wind power is used, variable-frequency ac voltage control
can be aggregated into an ac link through ac–ac conversion systems.
 Modern Electronic Controls of Power Systems …

Schematic representation of a modern energy system, which incorporates renewable energy sources,
distributed generation, and smart grid functions.
Integration is made possible through the extensive use of power electronics.
 Modern Electronic Controls of Power Systems …
• By General Electric (GE)

•Smart grids with mini-

turbines and solar panels
to produce electricity

• Consuming zero net

energy in the process

• Goal - to make people

more conscious of how
much power they're using
and how often they're
doing it

• Enabling a home's
appliances to scale down
their performance or
power state during peak
hours:
cities conserve energy
consumers save money.
 Wind and Solar Charger

Positives: Durable, Wind AND Solar,

USB port and multiple tip options, LED
lights show battery life, Looks
cool(there is also a black color option),
Unique

Negatives: A little bulky, takes more

time to charge than expected, relatively
short phone charging time.

Ideal Uses: Camping, car travel, take it

to work for that “mid-day boost,”
backpacking, etc…
Renewable energy technologies – present status, research challenges and
opportunities, and future trends to 2025.
Renewable energy technologies – present status, research challenges and
opportunities, and future trends to 2025. …
 End of Chapter 1

Thank you