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REVIEWER FOR THE LONG TEST AND FINAL EXAM IN GEC 2-READINGS IN PHILIPPINE
HISTORY
Lesson 8 (Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020):
 Republic Act No. 9731, also known as the Human Security Act of 2007, came into
force in July 2007 to help the government and law enforcement agencies address the
threat of terrorism.
 On July 3, 2020, President Rodrigo Duterte signed into law Republic Act No. 11479 or
The Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020, a law that seeks to prevent, prohibit and penalize
terrorism.
 The Act repealed the Human Security Act of 2007, the old anti-terrorism law of the
Philippines.
Differences between the Human Security Act of 2007 and Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020 in
terms of:
 Definition of Terrorism
 Wiretapping
 Warrantless Arrest
 Detainment
 Imprisonment Charges
 Safeguards
A. Definition of Terrorism:
Human Security Act of 2007:
Any person who commits an act punishable under any of the following provisions of the Revised
Penal Code:
a. Article 122 (Piracy in General and Mutiny in the High Seas or in the Philippine Waters);
b. Article 134 (Rebellion or Insurrection);
c. Article 134-a (Coup d' Etat), including acts committed by private persons;
d. Article 248 (Murder);
e. Article 267 (Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention);
f. Article 324 (Crimes Involving Destruction), or under
1. Presidential Decree No. 1613 (The Law on Arson); etc.
thereby sowing and creating a condition of widespread and extraordinary fear and panic among
the populace, in order to coerce the government to give in to an unlawful demand shall be guilty
of the crime of terrorism.
Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020:
 engages in acts intended to cause death or serious bodily injury to any person or
endangers a person’s life;
 engages in acts intended to cause extensive damage or destruction to a government or
public facility, public place, or private property;
 engages in acts intended to cause extensive interference with, damage, or destruction to
critical infrastructure
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 develops, manufactures, possesses, acquires, transports, supplies, or uses weapons

explosives or of biological, nuclear, radiological or chemical weapons; and
 release of dangerous substances, or causing fire, floods or explosions
when the purpose of such act, by its nature and context, is to intimidate the general public or a
segment thereof, create an atmosphere or spread a message of fear, to provoke or influence by
intimidation the government or any international organization, or seriously destabilize or
destroy the fundamental, political, economic, or social structures of the country, or create a
public emergency or seriously undermine public safety.
B. Wiretapping:
 Human Security Act of 2007: can be seen in section 7
 Anti-terrorism Act of 2020: can be seen in section 16
 Authorities can access personal communication platforms to investigate calls, messages,
posts, tweets, e-mails, etc. The scope of Section 16 is wider than Section 7, because of the
additional specific communication platforms that the present technology can offer.
 Human Security Act of 2007 provides a 30-day (extendible by the CA for another
non-extendible 30 days) from the order of the Court of Appeals to conduct the
surveillance, while in Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020 it would allow a maximum period of
60 days (which may be renewed or extended for another non-extendible 30 days).
C. Warrantless Arrests:
Both laws cover the power of warrantless arrest; authorization from the Anti-Terror Council is
only needed. Authorization from the judge is not needed.
What is the role of the Anti-Terror Council?
 They have the power to authorize warrantless arrests.
 They shall assume the responsibility for the proper and effective implementation of the
policies of the State against terrorism.
Under the 1987 Constitution (the fundamental law of our land), the only branch of
government that can authorize police to arrest someone is the Judiciary Branch. It is required
to secure a warrant of arrest with the Judiciary Branch or with a judge before they can arrest
someone.
Under the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020, the executive branch will be given a power to issue or
command warrantless arrest.
Who are the members of the Anti-Terror Council?
The Cabinet secretaries appointed by the President. (political allies of the president)
D. Detainment:
Human Security Act of 2007: Suspected terrorists will be detained for 3 days
Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020: Suspected terrorists can be detained up to 14 days which can be
extended to another 10 days with the total of 24 days
What will happen if someone was proven that he/she was not a terrorist?
“In Human Security Act of 2007, any innocent person who is accused of terrorism shall be
entitled to the payment of damages in the amount of PHP 500,000 for every day that he or she
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has been detained or arrested. This would be charged to the law enforcer. This provision was
omitted from the Anti- Terrorism Act of 2020 and hence no longer applies.”
E. Imprisonment Charges:
Human Security Act of 2007: Mandatory sentence of 40 years in prison
Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020: Mandatory sentence of Lifetime Imprisonment
Both without parole, suspected terrorists will not have the chance of conditional release from
correctional institution after serving the minimum period of prison sentence.
Other Punishable Acts under Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020 and Their Corresponding
Penalty:

Conspiracy to commit terrorism Life imprisonment without the

benefit of parole

Recruitment to a terrorist organisation Life imprisonment without the

benefit of parole

Membership in a terrorist organisation 12 years imprisonment

Planning, training, preparing, and facilitating the commission of terrorism Life imprisonment without the
(including possessing objects or collecting or making documents connected benefit of parole
with the preparation of terrorism)

Threat to commit terrorism 12 years imprisonment

Proposal or inciting to commit terrorism 12 years imprisonment

F. Safeguards:
“Both laws give the highest priority to the Commission of Human rights from the start of the
investigation, punishment on suspected terrorists and being accountable in prosecuting public
officials, law enforcers and other people caught in violating the human rights of a suspect.”
“In the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020, they added the immediacy on notifying the CHR after taking
custody of a person suspected of committing terrorism which can be seen on Section 29.”
Legal Loopholes of Republic Act No. 11479 or The Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020/ some of
the reasons why critics opposed this law? :
1. The definition of terrorism is broad and vague, providing for an overbroad definition of what
qualifies as terrorism, making it susceptible to various interpretations, and to government’s
abuse of authority. Unlike the old anti-terrorism law (i.e., the Human Security Act) that
enumerates specific predicate crimes for terrorism (e.g., piracy, rebellion, coup d’etat, murder,
hijacking, etc.)
2. A lot of critics of the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020 are concerned with the establishment of the
ATC. It should be important to note that the job of each branch is exclusive to themselves and
should not be done by the other branch. ATC is said to violate the principle of separation of
powers of the three branches of the government (i.e., the Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary).
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3. Anti-terrorism Act of 2020 allows prolonged detention (up to 24 days) beyond what the
Section 18 Article VII of the 1987 Constitution says is the maximum period (3 days) and
only for very specific crimes like rebellion or invasion. “During the suspension of the privilege
of the writ, any person thus arrested or detained shall be judicially charged within three days,
otherwise he shall be release.”

Lesson 9 (Phil. Agrarian Issues):

Agrarian Problem began on the Spanish Period:
 The King of Spain awarded tracts of land to (1) religious orders; (2) Spanish
encomenderos, those mandated to manage the encomienda or the lands given to them.
Filipinos worked and paid their tributes to the encomendero.
 Filipinos were made to sell their products at a very low price or surrender their
products to the encomenderos (bandala system).
 In some instances, Filipinos were also required to render services to their
encomenderos that were unrelated to farming.
 In the 1860s, Spain enacted a law ordering landholders to register their landholdings,
and only those who knew benefitted from this. Lands were claimed and registered in
other people’s names, and many peasant families who were assigned to the land in the
earlier days of colonization were driven out.
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program:
 On June 10, 1988, late President Corazon Aquino signed RA 6657/ Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform LAW (CARL)
 It enabled the redistribution of agricultural lands to tenant-farmers from landowners.
 Scope: all agricultural private and public lands
 Schedule of implementation: distribution of the land must be implemented
immediately and completed within ten years from the effectivity of the law
Who were the Qualified Beneficiaries?
 A basic qualification of a beneficiary shall be his willingness, aptitude, and ability
to cultivate and make the land as productive as possible.
 agricultural lessees and share tenants; (b) regular farm workers; (c) seasonal
farmworkers; (d) other farmworkers; (e) actual tillers or occupants of public lands; (f)
collectives or cooperatives of the above beneficiaries; and (g) others directly working on
the land.
Distribution Limit:
 No qualified beneficiary may own more than three (3) hectares of agricultural land.
 Confirmed Beneficiaries were given CLOA (Certificate of Land Ownership Award)
Payment by Beneficiaries: Beneficiaries should pay the Land Bank of the Phils. in thirty years
at six percent interest per annum.
A NOA (Notice of Coverage) was given to the land owner, informing the landowner that
his/her land was under the coverage of the agrarian reform program.
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Retention Limit for the Land Owner:

Retention by the landowner should not exceed five (5) hectares. Three (3) hectares may be
awarded to each child of the landowner, subject to the following qualifications: (1) that he is
at least fifteen (15) years of age; and (2) that he is actually tilling the land or directly managing
the farm.
 To address it, Ramos signed Republic Act no. 8532 in 1998 to amend CARL and extend the
program to another ten years.
 The new deadline of CARP expired in 2008, leaving 1.2 million farmer beneficiaries and 1.6
million hectares of agricultural land to be distributed to farmers.
 In 2009, President Arroyo signed Republic Act No. 9700 or the Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Program Extension with Reforms (CARPER), the amendatory law that extended
the deadline to five more years.
Pending Bills that seek to resolve problems under land distribution:
 House Bill No. 4296, aims to renew the authority of DAR to issue notices of coverage
and provide budgetary support for land acquisition.
 House Bill No. 4375 seeks to create an independent Agrarian Reform Commission to
review actual CARP accomplishments and investigate the violations under CARP
implementation.
 GARB (Genuine Agrarian Reform Bill) GARB seeks to distribute land for free, the
beneficiary must continue to till the land that he owns under the condition that he/she
cannot sell it.
Agrarian Injustices involving Farmers
1. Escalante Massacre
 Date: September 20,1985
 Place: Escalante City, Negros Occidental
 No. of victims: Died: 20 Wounded: hundreds of people
 Causes of protest: wide gap between the farmers and the hacienderos, militarization
and the sugar industry collapsed (1970s) that led to extreme poverty. They demand
agrarian reform and land distribution, fair wages and improved government services
 People in Negros (sacadas) at that time were poor, often severely exploited, powerless,
and on top of everything else, landless.
 Social tension was always high in the province because of this situation that’s why
Negros was described as a social volcano waiting to explode.
 In the late 1970s, world sugar prices collapsed. Across Negros, production had slowed
down or worse, stood still. Half a million farm workers lost their livelihoods and
hundreds of thousands of children faced hunger and death.
 Perpetrators of the Massacre: Paramilitary forces of Citizens' Home Defense Forces or
CHDF
 The alleged mastermind of the massacre, the late North Negros Gov. Armando Gustillo
was never punished. A military officer who had been implicated in the killings rose to
higher posts but three low-ranking policemen were found guilty and suffered
imprisonment for 18 years and pardoned in 2003.
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2. Mendiola Massacre
 Date: January 22, 1987
 Place: Manila
 No. of victims: Died: 13 Wounded: 20, suffer from minor injuries
 Causes of protest: Aiming for free land distribution, end amortization policy to
farmlands, decent wages and remove lands from the elite landlords
 Protests were led by Jaime Tadeo (leader of Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas)
 Perpetrators: Anti-riot teams from the Western Police District (WPD), Integrated
National Police (INP) and Philippine Marines allegedly open fire on a protest-rally of
some 10,000 farmers who were demanding genuine land reform.
 No one was punished for the death of the farmers. Survivors and relatives of the victims
did not receive any compensation.
 A year after the incident, the Manila Regional Trial Court dismissed the class suit filed by
the families of the victims and survivors against the government, and police and military
officials. The Supreme Court upheld the ruling in March 1993, citing the government's
immunity from suit.
3. Luisita Massacre
 Date: Nov. 16,2004
 Place: Tarlac Province
 No. of victims: Died: 7 Wounded/Injured: 121 (32 had gunshot wounds)
 Causes of protest: More than 300 employees lost their job, demand for wage hike and
demand for the land distribution in Hacienda Luisita.
 Jose Cojuangco, Sr. acquired the Hacienda Luisita (6,453-hectare sugar plantation),
from the Compania General de Tabacos de Filipinas, otherwise known as TABACALERA
in 1958 with the help of BSP and GSIS.
 Condition Upon Acquisition: Distribution of Hacienda Luisita to Farmers. The farm
workers have the lawful and legitimate right to the agricultural lands in Hacienda
Luisita.
 Perpetrators: some of the combined PNP-AFP forces involved in the violent dispersal
 In 2010, under the administration of President Noynoy Aquino, the Ombudsman
dismissed all charges against the police and military personnel involved in the violent
dispersal.
 The Cojuangcos used the Stock Distribution Option to escape land distribution to its
tenants under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). Contrary to the
claim of the Cojuangco family that 33% of the plantation’s income goes to the farm
workers being part-owners, only 3% are being distributed to the farmers in stocks.
4. Kidapawan Massacre
 Date: April 1, 2016
 Place: North Cotabato province
 No. of victims: Died: 2 Wounded: 13
 Causes of protest: demanding the immediate release of calamity aid from the local
government, after experiencing severe hunger because of the drought affecting the
crops.
 Perpetrators: According to the Kabataan Partylist, members of the Philippine National
Police (PNP) opened fire at the protesters.
 Administrative complaints have been filed against North Cotabato local government
officials led by Governor Emmylou Mendoza, and North Cotabato Philippine National
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Police Chief Alexander Tagum, but not a single official was charged. While strong and
compelling evidences were provided in the administrative and criminal charges filed on
April 25, 2016 against the perpetrators, not one government official has been punished.

Lesson 10 (Phil. Constitution):

Constitution
 It is the collection of the fundamental laws of the state.
 The constitution specifies the structure of the government and the powers that each
component agency may exercise.
 It defines the relationship of the government and its citizens.
Four Major Constitutions of the Philippines
1. 1899 Malolos Constitution
 The framers consisted of 92 appointed delegates. They were led by Pedro A. Paterno.
 Ratification date: January 21,1899.
 The document was patterned after the Spanish Constitution of 1812.
2. 1935 Constitution
 The framers consisted of 202 elected delegates. The President of the Constituent Body
was Claro M. Recto.
 Ratification date: May 14,1935
 It gave the Filipino women the right to vote.
 April 30,1937- the first time that Filipino women in the country exercised suffrage as
447,725 Filipino women cast their votes in favor of their right to vote in the country.
3. 1973 Constitution
 This constitution was framed and enforced during Martial Law.
 The framers consisted of 320 elected delegates.
 The President of the Constituent Body was Diosdado Macapagal.
 Ratification date: January 17,1973
 It authorized the President to exercise legislative powers.
 From 1976 to 1984, this Constitution was amended 38 times.
4. 1987 Constitution
 Considered as the longest of all the Philippine Constitutions. It contains 18 Articles.
 The framers consisted of 48 appointed members of a Constitutional Commission.
 The President of the Constituent Body was Cecilia Muñoz Palma.
 Ratification date: February 2, 1987
What is charter change?
 Cha-Cha is the colloquial term used to refer to proposing amendments or revisions to
the Constitution.
 Also called constitutional reform
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What are the two changes that can be implemented?

1. Amendments refer to changes that do not affect the overall structure and basic principles of
the Constitution. Only a part or parts of the constitution is/ are changed. Its intention is to
improve or add a new provision or delete an existing one.
Example: changing the provision on the economic restrictions
2. Revision refers to changing or rewriting the entire constitution. Its intention is a re-
examination of the entire document or place a structural change.
Example: Changing the powers of the branches of government, changing the form of
government- from a unitary centralized system of governance to a federal system of
governance.
How can the 1987 Philippine Constitution be changed?
The process of changing the Constitution, according to retired Supreme Court (SC) Justice
Vicente Mendoza, can be categorized into two stages – the proposal stage and the ratification
stage.
In the first stage, changes are proposed by a Con-Ass or a Constitutional Convention (Con-
Con).
What are the 2 modes to change the Constitution?
1. Constituent Assembly (Con-Ass)
 Congress, through a vote of three-fourths of all members, can convene into a Con-Ass.
The body can propose both amendments and revisions.  
 ¾ vote is needed to approve constitutional amendments/revisions.
 However, the process is vague because it is not clear, however, if the House of
Representatives and the Senate should vote separately or jointly.
 Unfortunately, Article XVII of the 1987 Philippine Constitution is silent on the
manner of voting. It does not indicate whether the two chambers should vote jointly or
separately during the process of changing the Constitution. 
 Currently, there are 301 members of the House of Representatives while there are
only 24 Senators.
 Advantage of a Constituent Assembly: The amendment/ revision is quick, because
there’s already an existing delegate, the Congress.
 Disadvantage of a Constituent assembly: If the majority of the members of the
Congress are supportive of the current administration, then we will end up having a
Constitution that will reflect the agenda of the current administration.
2. Constitutional Convention (Con-Con)
 It is made up of elected delegates and can propose both amendments and revisions.
Congress, by a vote of two-thirds of its members, can call for an election of its members. 
 It requires nationwide elections to select delegates who will draft the amendments.
 Advantage: Having various members of the delegation from the different sector that
can focus on drafting the Constitution.
 Disadvantage: This could also take more time and financial resources.
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3. People's Initiative (another mode in the past)

 It can only propose amendments through a petition of at least 12% of the total number
of registered voters.
 The process is provided in Republic Act No. 6735 or the Initiative and Referendum
Act, but this law was struck down by the Supreme Court in 2006.
 The justices ruled that People's Initiative cannot be used to make revisions on the
Constitution.
After the body approves the proposals, what happens now?
 Once the proposals are “approved” in the first stage – regardless of whether done
through a Con-Ass or Con-Con – these will be subject to a national plebiscite.
 All proposals to amend or revise the Constitution would be approved or rejected by the
people.
 The schedule of the national plebiscite, to be set by Congress, should be within 60 to 90
days after the body approves the proposal.
Federalism

 If Federalism will be applied in the Philippines, the country will be divided into
autonomous regions.
 Each region will have the primary responsibility of industry development, public safety
and instructions, education, health care, transportation and many more.
 Each region will also take charge of their own finances, plans for development and laws
exclusive to their area.
 Our current system is Unitary, where administrative powers and resources are
concentrated in the national government.
Lesson 11 (Philippine Taxation):
Taxation
 Practice of government collection of money from its citizens to support public services
and public infrastructures.
Taxes
 are funds used by the government to finance basic social services that are vital to the
lives of citizens.
Budget deficit occurs when government spending exceeds revenue collected.
Main Taxation Systems in the Philippines:
 The Spaniards imposed the payment of tributes from the Filipinos. The purpose is to
generate resources to finance the maintenance and construction of churches and
salaries of government officials and expenses of the clergy.
 In 1884, the payment of tribute was put to a stop and was replaced by a tax collected
through certificate of identification called cedula personal. Payment of the cedula is
according to income categories.
 In Arroyo’s term, the Republic Act 9337/Expanded Value-Added (E-VAT) Act of
2005 was signed, lifting vat exemptions of electricity and petroleum products like
gasoline and diesel.
 In February 2006, the VAT tax rate was increased from 10% to 12%.
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 President Benigno Aquino III signed Republic Act 10351/Sin Tax Reform Law,
government revenues from alcohol and tobacco excise taxes increased.
 On December 19, 2017, President Rodrigo R. Duterte signed the Tax Reform for
Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN) Law/Republic Act No. 10963. The Law took
effect on January 1, 2018.
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Advantages of TRAIN LAW:

 Income tax exemption for the salary and wage earners for those who have annual
income of 250,000 and below
 The increase on costs of sugar-sweetened beverages, cigarettes and added tax for car
owners can encourage people to lessen their consumption on such products.
 Additional funds for the government projects and social services
Disadvantages of TRAIN LAW:

 Tremendous increase in the taxes on consumer goods, prime commodities, etc.

 For the poor, they’re on a big disadvantage because their earnings are not taxed; hence,
any change in the tax rates won’t provide an impact. On the other hand, price
adjustments, hike in transportation fares and commodities will greatly affect them.
 The Train Law revenue might be meaningless because many government officials do not
manage and spend the public funds properly. Examples: underspending, excessive
travels, unfinished/ delayed projects

Lesson 12 (Filipino Cultural Heritage):

Cultural Heritage is an expression of the ways of living developed by a community and passed
on from generation to generation.
Cultural heritage includes:
1. Tangible cultural heritage such as:
a. movable cultural heritage such as paintings, sculptures, coins, books, works of art, artifacts,
and so on.
b. immovable cultural heritage such as buildings, monuments, historical churches, and so on.
2. Intangible cultural heritage such as traditions and languages, etc.
3. Natural cultural heritage such as natural sites with cultural aspects such as cultural
landscapes, physical, biological or geological formations.
Institutions that Protects and Preserves our Cultural Heritage:
1. National Museum of the Philippines- national government agency, assigned in the
management and development of museums and collections of national scope or significance in
the areas of arts, cultural, heritage, and natural history.
2. National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP)- Its main functions are: to
declare historically significant sites, structures, events and personages and manage, maintain
and administer national shrines, monuments, historical sites, edifices and landmarks of
significant historic-cultural value.
3. National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA)- is the overall policy making body,
coordinating, and grants giving agency for the preservation, development and promotion of
Philippine arts and culture; and task to administering the National Endowment Fund for
Culture and the Arts (NEFCA) — fund exclusively for the implementation of culture and arts
programs and projects.
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 Since 2003, the National Government’s Proclamation No. 439 has designated the month
of May as the National Heritage Month. This decree aims to raise awareness of the
legacies of Filipino cultural history, which include the preservation—or to halt the
deterioration—of heritage buildings and structures.
 In 2010, the Philippine Congress passed the National Cultural Heritage Act /Republic
Act No. 10066, a law that seeks to protect and preserve historic buildings that are over 50
years old. Main purpose of implementation is to address the destruction of heritage sites in
our country.
 Under the law, the following immovable cultural properties are entitled to a heritage
marker: National Cultural Treasures; Important Cultural Property; National Historical
Shrines; National Historical Monuments; National Historical Landmarks, and World
Heritage Sites.
 If a heritage marked building has been destroyed, or is threatened with destruction through
unauthorized renovation, real-estate development, road-widening projects, or demolition,
and even vandalism, either the NHCP or the NM must be informed immediately.
 Any person who destroys, demolishes marked heritage structures will be punished with a
fine of ₱200,000 or even maximum imprisonment of 10 years.
 Even unmarked historical structures are protected by the law. Structures that are at least
50 years old are presumed as Important Cultural Properties, and can be officially declared
and marked as such later on.
 Any interested person can file a petition to have an unmarked historical structure or site
officially declared as either a National Cultural Treasure or an Important Cultural
Property. To do this, they must file a petition with the National Commission for Culture
and the Arts.
Some of the Immovable Cultural Heritage Sites in the Philippines
1. National Cultural Treasures possess outstanding historical, cultural, artistic, and scientific
value, which is highly significant to the country, as determined by either the National Museum
(NM) or the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP).
2. Important Cultural Properties have exceptional cultural, artistic, and historical significance
to the Philippines, as determined by either the NM (National Museum of the Phils.) or the
NHCP.
3. National Historical Shrines are historical sites or structures revered for their history, as
determined by the NHCP.
4. National Historical Monuments are structures that honor illustrious persons or
commemorate events of historical value, as determined by the NHCP. 
5. National Historical Landmarks are sites or structures that are associated with events or
achievements significant in Philippine history, as determined by the NHCP.
6. World Heritage Sites are heritage sites that not only have national significance, but also
have unique characteristics that are significant to world heritage, as declared by the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

Important Note: This document is for LSPU-USE ONLY.

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devt
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peasants-fight-for-land-30-years-after-reform-idUSKCN1IW04K
 https://www.manilastandard.net/mobile/article/244647?
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 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kN50wRmVdo4
 https://www.bulatlat.com/news/5-14/5-14-sdo.htm
 https://www.bulatlat.com/news/4-21/4-21-hacienda.html
 https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1988/06/10/republic-act-no-6657/
 https://www.dar.gov.ph/about-us/agrarian-reform-history/?
fbclid=IwAR2FSL9JcY4_l_vxZiJH6g12IhH3ndv9yWqM_N3fFrieMqa7KM8WW0jHHhM#:
~:text=Executive%20Order%20No.,Rice%20and%20Corn%20Production
%20Administration
 http://www.bantayog.org/escalante-massacre/
 https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/01/21/769389/timeline-mendiola-
massacre-33-years-and-counting
 https://www.rappler.com/moveph/mendiola-massacre-anniversary
 https://www.labourstart.org/docs/en/000063.html
 15

 https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2016/04/01/PH-gov%E2%80%99t-under-fire-
over-violent-Kidapawan-dispersal.html
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ke3rOTWrkgg
 Discourses on the 1987 Constitution
 Candelaria, J., & Alporha, V. (2018). Readings in Philippine History. Manila: Rex Book
Store, Inc.
 https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/things-to-know-pre-2022-push-charter-
change-philippines
 https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/charter-change-explainer-philippine-
constitution
 https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/things-to-know-pre-2022-push-charter-
change-philippines
 https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/1/s6/charter-change-economic-provisions-
congress.html?fbclid=IwAR0IXh1mdjZ3-f20-oGq5w24vTaIqCegQv9WAVM5dSLdRF-
N1nJNnugdooo
 https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2021/01/09/2069298/process-charter-change-
explained
 https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1380939/the-process-of-cha-cha-and-why-you-should-
monitor-it
 https://www.rappler.com/nation/senators-oppose-charter-change
 https://www.rappler.com/nation/sotto-says-duterte-wants-charter-change-amend-
party-list-system
 https://kami.com.ph/amp/2492-federalism-philippines-explained.html?
fbclid=IwAR2uSTvkW8ARDlyHs7sS_XX1ZBMqEsNYXUJMyxo2vL0c1cVrNAvbZ-DD4k0
 https://www.full-suite.com/blog/tax-type-101-different-tax-types/
 https://www.philstar.com/business/2017/12/20/1770239/explainer-how-dutertes-
new-tax-law-or-train-can-affect-you