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SEMESTER IV
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86
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BP401T. PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY -III (Theory)
45 Hours
Scope: This subject imparts knowledge on stereo-chemical aspects of organic compounds
and organic reactions, important named reactions, chemistry of important hetero cyclic
compounds. It also emphasizes on medicinal and other uses of organic compounds.
Objectives: At the end of the course, the student shall be able to
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1. understand the methods of preparation and properties of organic compounds
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2. explain the stereo chemical aspects of organic compounds and stereo chemical
reactions
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3. know the medicinal uses and other applications of organic compounds

Course Content:
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Note: To emphasize on definition, types, mechanisms, examples, uses/applications
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UNIT-I 10 Hours
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Stereo isomerism
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Optical isomerism -
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Optical activity, enantiomerism, diastereoisomerism, meso compounds
Elements of symmetry, chiral and achiral molecules
DL system of nomenclature of optical isomers, sequence rules, RS system of
nomenclature of optical isomers
Reactions of chiral molecules
Racemic modification and resolution of racemic mixture.
Asymmetric synthesis: partial and absolute
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UNIT-II 10 Hourss
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Geometrical isomerism
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Nomenclature of geometrical isomers (Cis Trans, EZ, Syn Anti systems)
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Methods of determination of configuration of geometrical isomers.

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Conformational isomerism in Ethane, n-Butane and Cyclohexane.

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Stereo isomerism in biphenyl compounds (Atropisomerism) and conditions for optical

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activity.
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Stereospecific and stereoselective reactions

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UNIT-III 10 Hours

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Heterocyclic compounds:
Nomenclature and classification
Synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of following compounds/derivatives
Pyrrole, Furan, and Thiophene

Relative aromaticity and reactivity of Pyrrole, Furan and Thiophene

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UNIT-IV 8 Hours
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Synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of following compounds/derivatives
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Pyrazole, Imidazole, Oxazole and Thiazole.
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Pyridine, Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Acridine and Indole. Basicity of pyridine
Synthesis and medicinal uses of Pyrimidine, Purine, azepines and their derivatives
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UNIT-V 07 Hours

Reactions of synthetie importance

Metal hydride reduction (NaBH4 and LiAlHA), Clemmensen reduction, Birch
reduction, Wolff Kishner reduction.
Oppenauer-oxidation and Dakin reaction.
Beckmanns rearrangement and Schmidt rearrangement.
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Claisen-Schmidt condensation
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Recommended Books (Latest Editions)

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1. Organic chemistry by LL. Finar, Volume-I &I.

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2. A text book of organic chemistry -

Arun Bahl, B.S. Bahl.
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3. Heterocyclic Chemistry by Raj K. Bansal

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4. Organic Chemistry by Morrison and Boyd

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5. Heterocyclic Chemistry by T.L. Gilchrist

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88
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BP402T. MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY -
I (Theory)
45 Hours
Scope: This subject is designed to impart fundamental knowledge on the structure,
chemistry and therapeutic value of drugs. The subject emphasizes on structure activity
relationships of drugs, importance of physicochemical properties and metabolism of
drugs. The syllabus also emphasizes on chemical synthesis of important drugs under each
class.
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Objectives: Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to
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1. understand the chemistry of drugs with respect to their pharmacological activity
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2. understand the drug metabolic pathways, adverse effect and therapeutic value of
drugs
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3. know the Structural Activity Relationship (SAR) of different class of drugs
4. write the chemical s ynthesis of some drugs
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Course Content:
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Study of the development of the following classes of drugs, Classification, mechanism of
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action, uses of drugs mentioned in the course, Structure activity relationship of selective
class of drugs as specified in the course and synthesis of drugs superscripted (*)
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UNIT- I 10 Hours

Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry

History and development of medicinal chemistry
Physicochemical properties in relation to biological action
lonization, Solubility, Partition Coefficient, Hydrogen bonding, Protein
binding, Chelation, Bioisosterism, Optical and Geometrical isomerism.
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Drug metabolism
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Drug metabolism principles- Phase I and Phase II.
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Factors affecting drug metabolism including stereo chemical aspects.

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UNIT- II 10 Hours
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Drugs acting on Autonomic Nervous System

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Adrenergic Neurotransmitters:
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Biosynthesis and catabolism of catecholamine.

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Adrenergie receptors (Alpha & Beta) and their distribution.

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Sympathomimetic agents: SAR of Sympathomimetic agents

Direct acting: Nor-epinephrine, Epinephrine, Phenylephrine*, Dopamine,

89
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Methyldopa, Clonidine, Dobutamine, Terbutaline,

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Isoproterenol,

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Salbutamol*, Bitolterol, Naphazoline, Oxymetazoline and Xylometazoline.
Indirect acting agents: Hydrox yamphetamine, Pseudoephedrine,
Propylhexedrine.
Agents with mixed mechanism: Ephedrine, Metaraminol.

Adrenergic Antagonists:
Alpha adrenergic blockers: Tolazoline*, Phentolamine,
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Phenox ybenzamine, Prazosin, Dihydroergotamine, Methysergide.
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Beta adrenergic blockers: SAR of beta blockers, Propranolol*,
Metibranolol, Atenolol, Betazolol, Bisoprolol, Esmolol, Metoprolol,
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Labetolol, Carvedilol.
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UNIT-III 10 Hours

Cholinergic neurotransmitters:
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Biosynthesis and catabolism of acetylcholine.
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Cholinergic receptors (Muscarinic & Nicotinic) and their distribution.
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Parasympathomimetic agents: SAR of Parasympathomimetic agents
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Direct acting agents: Acetylcholine, Carbachol*, Bethanechol,
Methacholine, Pilocarpine.
Indirect acting/ Cholinesterase inhibitors (Reversible & Irreversible):
Physostigmine, Neostigmine*, Pyridostigmine, Edrophonium chloride,
Tacrine hydrochloride, Ambenonium chloride, Isofluorphate, Echothiophate
iodide, Parathione, Malathion.
Cholinesterase reactivator: Pralidoxime chloride.
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Cholinergice Blocking agents: SAR of cholinolytic agents

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Solanaceous alkaloids and analogues: Atropine sulphate, Hyoscyamine
sulphate, Scopolamine hydrobromide, Homatropine hydrobromide,
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pratropium bromide*.
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Synthetic cholinergic blocking agents: Tropicamide, Cyclopentolate

hydrochloride, Clidinium bromide, Dicyclomine hydrochloride*,
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Glycopyrrolate, Methantheline bromide, Propantheline bromide,

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Benztropine mesylate, Orphenadrine citrate, Biperidine hydrochloride,

Procyclidine hydrochloride*, Tridihexethyl chloride, Isopropamide iodide,
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Ethopropazine hydrochloride.
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UNIT- IV 08 Hours
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Drugs acting on Central Nervous System

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A. Sedatives and Hypnotics:
Benzodiazepines: SAR of Benzodiazepines, Chlordiazepoxide, Diazepam*,
Oxazepam, Chlorazepate, Lorazepam, Alprazolam, Zolpidem
Barbiturtes: SAR of barbiturates, Barbital*, Phenobarbital, Mephobarbital,
Amobarbital, Butabarbital, Pentobarbital, Secobarbital
Miscelleneous:
Amides & imides: Glutethmide.
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Alcohol & their carbamate derivatives: Meprobomate, Ethchlorvynol.
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Aldehyde & their derivatives: Triclofos sodium, Paraldeh yde.
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B. Antipsychotics
Phenothiazeines: SAR of Phenothiazeines Promazine hydrochloride,
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Chlorpromazine hydrochloride*, Triflupromazine, Thioridazine
hydrochloride, Piperacetazine hydrochloride, Prochlorperazine maleate,
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Trifluoperazine hydrochloride.
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Ring Analogues of Phenothiazeines: Chlorprothixene, Thiothixene,
Loxapine succinate, Clozapine.
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Fluro buterophenones: Haloperidol, Droperidol, Risperidone.
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Beta amino ketones: Molindone hydrochloride.
Benzamides: Sulpieride.

C. Anticonvulsants: SAR of Anticonvulsants, mechanism of anticonvulsant

action
Barbiturates: Phenobarbitone, Methabarbital. Hydantoins:
Phenytoin*, Mephenytoin, Ethotoin Oxazolidine diones:
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Trimethadione, Paramethadione Suecinimides:

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Phensuximide, Methsuximide, Ethosuximide* Urea and
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monoacylureas: Phenacemide, Carbamazepine*

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Benzodiazepines: Clonazepam
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Miscellaneous: Primidone, Valproic acid, Gabapentin, Felbamate

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UNIT V
- 07 Hours
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Drugs acting on Central Nervous System

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General anesthetics:
Inhalation anesthetics: Halothane*, Methoxyflurane, Enflurane,
Sevoflurane, Isoflurane, Desflurane.
Ultra short acting barbitutrates: Methohexital sodium*, Thiamylal
sodium, Thiopental sodium.
Dissociative anesthetics: Ketamine hydrochloride.*

Narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics

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Morphine and related drugs: SAR of Morphine analogues, Morphine
sulphate, Codeine, Meperidine hydrochloride, Anilerdine hydrochloride,
Diphenoxylate hydrochloride, Loperamide hydrochloride, Fentanyl citrate*,
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Methadone hydrochloride*, Propox yphene hydrochloride, Pentazocine,
Levorphanol tartarate.
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Narcotie antagonists: Nalorphine hydrochloride, Levallorphan tartarate,
Naloxone hydrochloride.
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Anti-inflammatory agents: Sodium salicylate, Aspirin, Mefenamic acid*
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Meclofenamate, Indomethacin, Sulindac, Tolmetin, Zomepriac, Diclofenac,
Ketorolac, Ibuprofen*, Naproxen, Piroxicam, Phenacetin, Acetaminophen,
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Antipyrine, Phenylbutazone.
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BP406P. MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY -I (Practical)

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4 Hours/Week

I Preparation of drugs/ intermediates

1,3-pyrazole

2 1,3-Oxazole
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3 Benzimidazole
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4 Benztriazole
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5 2,3- diphenyl quinoxaline

6 Benzocaine
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Phenytoin
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8 Phenothiazine
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9 Barbiturate
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II Assay of drugs
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Chlorpromazine

2 Phenobarbitone

3 Atropine

4 Tbuprofen
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5 Aspirin
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6 Furosemide
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III Determination of Partition coefficient for any two drugs

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Recommended Books (Latest Editions)

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1. Wilson and Giswold's Organic medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry.

2. Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry.
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3. Burger's Medicinal Chemistry, Vol I to IV.

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4. Introduction to principles of drug design- Smith and Williams.

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5. Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.

6. Martindale's extra pharmacopoeia.

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7. Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar, Vol. IL.

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8. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis by Lednicer, Vol. 1-5.
9. Indian Pharmacopoeia.

10. Text book of practical organic chemistry- A..Vogel.

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BP 403 T. PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-II (Theory)
45Hours
Scope: The course deals with the various physica and physicochemical properties, and
principles involved in dosage forms/formulations. Theory and practical
components of the subject help the student to get a better insight into various
areas of formulation research and development, and stability studies of
pharmaceutical dosage forms.
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Objectives: Upon the completion of the course student shall be able to
1. Understand various physicochemical properties of drug molecules in the
designing the dosage forms
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2. Know the principles of chemical kinetics & to use them for stability testing nad
determination of expiry date of formulations
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3. Demonstrate use of physicochemical properties in the formulation
development and evaluation of dosage forms.
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Course Content:
UNIT-I 07 Hours
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Colloidal dispersions: Classification of dispersed systems & their general
characteristics, size & shapes of colloidal particles, classification of colloids &
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comparative account of their general properties. Optical, kinetic & electrical properties.
Effect of electrolytes, coacervation, peptization& protective action.

UNIT-II 10 Hours

Rheology: Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematic viscosity, effect of temperature,

non-Newtonian systems, pseudoplastic, dilatant, plastic, thixotropy, thixotropy in
formulation, determination of viscosity, capillary, falling Sphere, rotational viscometers
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Deformation of solids: Plastic and elastic deformation, Heckel equation, Stress, Strain,
Elastic Modulus
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UNIT-III 10 Hours
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Coarse dispersion: Suspension, interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in

suspensions, formulation of flocculated and deflocculated suspensions. Emulsions and
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theories of emulsification, microemulsion and multiple emulsions; Stability of emulsions,

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preservation of emulsions, rheological properties of emulsions and emulsion

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formulation by HLB method.

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95
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UNIT-IV 10Hours

Micromeretics: Particle size and distribution, mean particle size, number and weight
distribution, particle number, methods for determining particle size by different
methods, counting and separation method, particle shape, specific surface, methods for
determining surface area, permeability, adsorption, derived properties of powders,
porosity, packing arrangement, densities, bulkiness & flow properties.
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UNIT-V 10 Hours
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Drug stability: Reaction kinetics: zero, pseudo-zero, first & second order, units of basic
rate constants, determination of reaction order. Physical and chemical factors influencing
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the chemical degradation of pharmaceutical product: temperature, solvent, ionic strength,
dielectric constant, specific & general acid base catalysis, Simple numerical problems.
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Stabilization of medicinal agents against common reactions like hydrolysis & oxidation.
Accelerated stability testing in expiration dating of pharmaceutical dosage fornms.
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Photolytic degradation and its prevention
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BP 407P. PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS- II (Practical)
3 Hrs/week

1. Determination of particle size, particle size distribution using sieving method

2. Determination of particle size, particle size distribution using Microscopic method
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3. Determination of bulk density, true density and porosity
4. Determine the angle of repose and influence of lubricant on angle of repose
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5. Deternmination of viscosity of liquid using Ostwald's viscometer
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6. Determination sedimentation volume with effect of different suspending agent
7. Determination sedimentation volume with effect of different concentration of
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single suspending agent
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8. Determination of viscosity of semisolid by using Brookfield viscometer
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9. Determination of reaction rate constant first order.
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10. Determination of reaction rate constant second order
11. Accelerated stability studies

Recommended Books: (Latest Editions)

1. Physical Pharmacy by Alfred Martin, Sixth edition
2. Experimental pharmaceutics by Eugene, Parott.
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3. Tutorial pharmacy by Cooper and Gunn.

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4. Stocklosam J. Pharmaceutical calculations, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
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5. Liberman H.A, Lachman C., Pharmaceutical Dosage forms, Tablets, Volume-1 to 3,

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Marcel Dekkar Inc.
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6. Liberman H.A, Lachman C, Pharmaceutical dosage forms. Disperse systems, volume 1,

2, 3. Marcel Dekkar Inc.
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7. Physical Pharmaceutics by Ramasamy C, and Manavalan R.

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BP 404 T. PHARMACOLOGY-I (Theory)
45 Hrs
Scope: The main purpose of the subject is to understand what drugs do to the living
organisms and how their effects can be applied to therapeutics. The subject covers the
information about the drugs like, mechanism of action, physiological and biochemical
effects (pharmacodynamics) as well as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
(pharmacokinetics) along with the adverse effects, clinical uses, interactions, doses,
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contraindications and routes of administration of different classes of drugs.
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Objectives: Upon completion of this course the student should be able to
1. Understand the pharmacological actions of different categories of drugs
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2. Explain the mechanism of drug action at organ system/sub cellular/
macromolecular levels.
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Apply the basic pharmacological knowledge in the prevention and treatment of
various diseases.
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4. Observe the effect of drugs on animals by simulated experiments
5. Appreciate correlation of pharmacology with other bio medical sciences
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Course Content:
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UNIT-I 08 hours
1. General Pharmacology
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a. Introduction to Pharmacology- Definition, historical landmarks and scope of
pharmacology, nature and source of drugs, essential drugs concept and routes of
drug administration, Agonists, antagonists( competitive and non competitive), spare
receptors, addiction, tolerance, dependence, tachyphylaxis, idiosyncras y, allergy
b. Pharmacokinetics- Membrane transport, absorption, distribution, metabolism and
excretion of drugs .Enz yme induction, enzyme inhibition, kinetics of elimination
UNIT-II 12 Hours
a

General Pharmacology
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a. Pharmacodynamics- Principles and mechanisms of drug action. Receptor theories
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and classification of receptors, regulation of receptors. drug receptors interactions
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signal transduction mechanisms, G-protein-coupled receptors, ion channel receptor,

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transmembrane enzyme linked receptors, transmembrane JAK-STAT binding
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receptor and receptors that regulate transcription factors, dose response

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relationship, therapeutic index, combined effects of drugs and factors modifying

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drug action.
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b. Adverse drug reactions.

C. Drug interactions (pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic)
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d. Drug discovery and clinical evaluation of new drugs -Drug discovery phase,
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preclinical evaluation phase, clinical trial phase, phases of clinical trials and
pharmacovigilance.

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UNIT-II 10 Hours
2. Pharmacology of drugs acting on peripheral nervous system
a. Organization and function of ANS.
b.Neurohumoral transmission,co-transmission and classification of neurotransmitters.
c. Parasympathomimetics, Paras ympatholytics, Sympathomimetics, sympatholytics.

d. Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants (peripheral).

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e. Local anesthetic agents.
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f. Drugs used in myasthenia gravis and glaucoma
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UNIT-IV 08 Hours
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3. Pharmacology of drugs acting on central nervous system
a. Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S.special emphasis on importance of various
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neurotransmitters like with GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, serotonin, dopamine.
b. General anesthetics and pre-anesthetics.
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c. Sedatives, hypnotics and centrally acting muscle relaxants.
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d. Anti-epileptics
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e. Alcohols and disulfiram

UNIT-V 07 Hours
3. Pharmacology of drugs acting on central nervous system
a. Psychopharmacological agents: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, anti-anx iety agents,
anti-manics and hallucinogens.
b. Drugs used in Parkinsons disease and Alzheimer's disease.
a

c. CNS stimulants and nootropics.

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d. Opioid analgesics and antagonists
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e. Drug addiction, drug abuse, tolerance and dependence.

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BP 408 P.PHARMACOLOGY-I (Practical)
4Hrs/Week
1. Introduction to experimental pharmacology.
2. Commonly used instruments in experimental pharmacology.
3. Study of common laboratory animals
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4. Maintenance of laboratory animals as per CPCSEA guidelines.
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5. Common laboratory techniques. Blood withdrawal, serum and plasma separation,
anesthetics and euthanasia used for animal studies.
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6. Study of different routes of drugs administration in mice/rats.
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7. Study of effect of hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers on the phenobarbitone sleeping
time in mice.
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8. Effect of drugs on ciliary motility of frog oesophagus
9. Effect of drugs on rabbit eye.
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10. Effects of skeletal muscle relaxants using rota-rod apparatus.
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11. Effect of drugs on locomotor activity using actophotometer.
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12. Anticonvulsant effect of drugs by MES and PTZ method.
13. Study of stereotype and anti-catatonic activity of drugs on rats/mice.

14. Study of anxiolytic activity of drugs using rats/mice.

15. Study of local anesthetics by different methods
Note: All laboratory techniques and animal experiments are demonstrated by simulated
experiments by sofiwares and videos
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Recommended Books (Latest Editions)
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1. Rang H. P., Dale M. M., Ritter J. M., Flower R. J., Rang and Dale's
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Pharmacology,.Churchil Livingstone Elsevier
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2 Katzung B. G., Masters S. B., Trevor A. J., Basic and clinical pharmacology, Tata Mc
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Graw-Hill
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3. Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

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Marry Anne K. K., Lloyd Yee Y., Brian K. A., Robbin LC., Joseph G. B.. Wayne A.
K., Bradley R.W., Applied Therapeutics, The Clinical use of Drugs, The Point Lippincott
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Williams & Wilkins

.
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Mycek M.J, Gelnet S.B and Perper M.M. Lippincott 's lustrated Reviews-
Pharmacology

100
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Page 16 of 20
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K.D.Tripathi. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, JAYPEE Brothers Medical

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6.
Publishers (P) Lid, New Delhi.
1 Sharma H. L., Sharma K. K., Principles of Pharmacology, Paras medical publisher
8. Modern Pharmacology with clinical Applications, by Charles R.Craig& Robert,
9. Ghosh MN. Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Hilton & Company,
Kolkata.
10. Kulkarni SK. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. VallabhPrakashan,
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101
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Page 17 of 20
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BP 405 T.PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY I (Theory)
45 Hours
Scope: The subject involves the fundamentals of Pharmacognosy like scope, classification of
crude drugs, their identification and evaluation, phytochemicals present in them and their
medicinal properties.

Objectives: Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able

1. to know the techniques in the cultivation and production of crude drugs
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2. to know the crude drugs, their uses and chemical nature
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3. know the evaluation techniques for the herbal drugs
4. to carry out the microscopic and morphological evaluation of crude drugs
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Course Content:
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UNIT-I 10 Hours
Introduction to Pharmacognosy:
(a) Definition, history, scope and development of Pharmacognosy
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(b) Sources of Drugs Plants, Animals, Marine & Tissue culture
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(c) Organized drugs, unorganized drugs (dried latex, dried juices, dried extracts, gums and
mucilages, oleoresins and oleo- gum -resins).
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Classification of drugs:
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Alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, chemical, pharmacological, chemo and sero
taxonomical classification of drugs

Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin:

Adulteration of drugs of natural origin. Evaluation by organoleptic, microscopic, physical,
chemical and biological methods and properties.

Quantitative microscopy of crude drugs including lycopodium spore method, leafconstants,

camera lucida and diagrams of microscopic objects to scale with camera lucida.
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10 Hours
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UNIT-II
Cultivation, Collection, Processing and storage of drugs of natural origin:
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Cultivation and Collection of drugs of natural origin
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Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants.

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Plant hormones and their applications.
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Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants

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Conservation of medicinal plants

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UNIT-II 07 Hours
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Plant tissue culture:

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Historical development of plant tissue culture, types of cultures, Nutritional requirements,

growth and their maintenance.
Applications of plant tissue culture in pharmacognosy.
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Edible vaccines

102
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UNIT IV 10 Hours
Pharmacognosy in various systems of medicine:
Role of Pharmacognosy in allopathy and traditional systems of medicine namely, Ayurveda,
Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy and Chinese systems of medicine.

Introduction to secondary metabolites:

Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Alkaloids, Glycosides,
Flavonoids, Tannins, Volatile oil and Resins
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UNIT V 08 Hours
Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of natural origin containing
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following drugs
Plant Products:
Fibers Cotton, Jute, Hemp
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Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
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Primary metab S:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources, preparation,
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evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and commercial utility as Pharmaceutical
Aids and/or Medicines for the following Primary metabolites:
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Carbohydrates: Acacia, Agar, Tragacanth, Honey
Proteins and Enzymes: Gelatin, casein, proteolytic enzymes (Papain, bromelain,
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serratiopeptidase, urokinase, streptokinase, pepsin).
Lipids(Waxes, fats, fixed oils) Castor oil, Chaulmoogra oil, Wool Fat, Bees Wax
:

Marine Drugs:
Novel medicnal agents from marine sources
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103
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104
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BP408 P. PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYToCHEMISTRY I (Practical)

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4 Hours/Week
Analysis of crude drugs by chemical tests: (i)Tragaccanth (i) Acacia (ii)Agar (iv)
Gelatin (v) starch (vi) Honey (vii) Castor oil
2. Determination of stomatal number and index
3. Determination of vein islet number, vein islet termination and paliside ratio.
4. Deternmination of size of starch grains, calciunm oxalate crystals by eye piece
micrometer
Determination of Fiber length and width
6. Determination of number of starch grains by Lycopodium spore method
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7. Determination of Ash value
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8. Determination of Extractive values of crude drugs
9. Determination of moisture content of crude drugs
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10. Deternmination of swelling index and foaming

Recommended Books: (Latest Editions)

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1. W.C.Evans, Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, 16th edition, W.B. Sounders & Co.,
London, 2009.
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2. Tyler, V.E., Brady, L.R. and Robbers, J.E., Pharmacognosy, 9th Edn., Lea and
Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988.
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3. Text Book of Pharnmacognosy by T.E. Wallis
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4. Mohammad Ali. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, CBS Publishers &
Distribution, New Delhi.
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5. Text book of Pharmacognosy by C.K. Kokate, Purohit, Gokhlae (2007), 37th Edition,
Nirali Prakashan, New Delhi.
6. Herbal drug industry by R.D. Choudhary (1996), It Edn, Eastern Publisher, New
Delhi.
7. Essentials of Pharmacognosy, Dr.SH.Ansari, IInd edition, Birla publications, New
Delhi, 2007
8. Practical Pharmacognosy: C.K. Kokate, Purohit, Gokhlae
9. Anatomy of Crude Drugs by M.A. Iyengar
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105
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