Distillation Column Tray Selection & Sizing
Distillation Column Tray Selection & Sizing
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Distillation Column Tray Selection & Sizing – 1
Introduction:
Once the process design stage ends, the equipment
design begins. This stage of design converts process
requirements into actual hardware.
One of the most prominent hardwares used for mass
transfer is tray. Tray columns are widely used in
various types of mass transfer operations. All the
simulation results, which predict a certain number of
theoretical stages, can be converted to actual trays
depending upon tray efficiency for a particular service.
In any conventional tray vapour rises through the liquid
pool on the tray deck and then disengages from the
liquid in the space above the deck. Liquid enters the
tray from a downcomer above and leaves via a
downcomer below.
Conventional Tray has three functional zones:
1. Active area for mixing vapour and liquid: This is the zone where mass transfer occurs.
2. Vapour space above the active area: This is the zone in which liquid is separated from vapour.
3. Downcomer between trays. This zone has two functions, first moving liquid from one contacting tray to
another and second disengaging vapour from liquid.
Each of these zones takes up vertical and horizontal space in the tower.
Selection Guide for Tray Column:
The factors discussed below influence the choice between trays & packings. As these are guidelines for
selection of trays or packings for a particular service, it is recommended to analyze each design case on its
own merit for selection.
Sr. No.System Favouring Tray
Column System Favouring Packed Column
1
Solid handling Vaccum system
2High liquid Low pressure drop application
rate
temperature reduction
composition
Feed and Revamps The pressure drop
3 translated into an
variable can be capacity gain,
energy gain or separation
improvement.
4Large diameter
columns Small diameter columns< 900 mm
5
Performance prediction is easy Corrosive system
6 of
Less weight saving in cost Foaming system
foundations and
supports
7Interboilers, intercondensers, reducing
cooling Low liquid holdup for
polymerisation and
colils, & side draw degradation.
8High turn down Batch
requirements Distillation
9
Chemical reactions
The industry, based on its experience, has standardised the type to be used in certain services. If this reference
is not available the guideline as per Appendix 1 are to be used
Types of Tray
The particular tray selection and its design can materially affect the performance of a given distillation,
absorption, or stripping system. Each tray should be designed so as to give as efficient a contact between the
vapour and liquid as possible, within reasonable economic limits.
Valve tray:
Valve trays are perforated sheet metal decks on which round, liftable valves are mounted. The vapour flows
through valves which are installed parallel to the outlet weir. Valve trays combine high capacity and excellent
efficiency with a wide operating range.
Advantages:
Excellent liquid/ vapour contacting.
Higher capacity.
Higher flexibility than sieve trays.
Can handle higher loadings.
Lowpressure drop than bubble cap.
Sieve tray:
Sieve trays are flat perforated plate in which vapour rises through small holes in tray floor, & bubbles through
liquid in fairly uniform manner. They have comparable capacity as valve trays.
Advantages:
Simple construction Low entrainment,
low cost Low maintenance cost
Low fouling tendency
Disadvantages:
Lessflexible to varying loads than
other two types
Bubble cap tray:
Vapour rises through risers or uptakes into bubble cap, out through slots as bubbles into surrounding liquid on
tray. It is mainly used in special applications.
Advantages:
Moderate capacity
Most flexible (high & low vap. & liquid rates)
Can provide excellent turndown.
Disadvantages:
High entrainment, High fouling tendency
High cost,
High pressure drop
Dual flow trays:
A dual flow tray is a sieve tray with no downcomers. This tray operates with liquid continuously weeping
through the holes. Due to the absence of downcomers, dual flow tray gives more tray area hence a greater
capacity than any of the common tray types. They are ideal for revamp where if some efficiency can be
sacrificed for more capacity. They are least expensive to make and easiest to install and maintain.
Dual Flow Tray Baffle Tray
Baffle trays:
For a baffle tray column the gas flows upwards through the baffle openings and in doing so contacts the
liquid showering down from one baffle to the next. Baffle tray columns have almost same flooding capacity
as cross flow trays. Types of baffles used are disc & donut and segmental baffles for various column
diameters.
Dual flow and baffle trays are used for fouling applications, solid / slurry handling services, corrosive
services.
Proprietary types of trays:
MD Trays – Linde / UOP,
Ripple Trays – Stone & Webster Engg. Corp.
Rectangular Valve (BDH),
ValveGrid (MVG/SVG),
SHELL HIFI, ConSep Trays – SulzerBallast Tray,
Flexitray, BiFRAC, SUPERFRAC and ULTRAFRAC Trays – KochGlitsch Engg.Co., Tunnel Trays
Montz,
Nye trays Nye Engg Co,
Comparison between Common Conventional Trays.
Moderately High Very High
1 Capacity High High
Moderately High Least
2 Efficiency High High
10% Least
3 Turndown ~50% ~2530%
High
4 Entrainment Moderate Moderate Low to moderate
High
5 Pressure Drop Moderate Moderate Low to Moderate
~ 23 times of sieve Least
6 Cost Low ~1.2 times
trays
sieve trays
Relatively High Low
7 Maintenance Low Low to
Moderate
High: Tends to
8 Fouling Low Low to collect Extremely Low
Tendency Moderate Solids
9 Effects of Low Low to High Very Low
Corrosion moderate
Proprietary, Some information
10 Design Well Known but readily Well Known Available.Instability
information available can occur in large
dia. (>8 feet)
Extremely low
Often used Where high Liquid Capacity revamps,
11 Main when turndownturndown is flow & Where Highly fouling and
Application is not critical required leakage must be corrosive services
minimized
Tray Parameters
a) No. of passes (Np):
The numbers of flowpaths of liquid on tray are 1, 2, 3 or 4 as per liquid capacity requirement of column.
From a capacity viewpoint, a liquid rate greater than 6 gpm / inch of weir (weir loading), is the rate at which a
higher number of flow paths should be considered. The maximum allowable weir loading is 13 gpm/in of
weir length. If the weir loading exceeds this the tray needs redesign with higher number of passes.
b) Tray Spacing (S):
Tray spacing is the distance between two trays. Generally tray spacing ranges from 8 to 36 inches (200 mm
to 900 mm). Prime factor in setting tray spacing is the economic tradeoff between column height and column
diameter. Most columns have 600 mm tray spacing. Cryogenic columns have tray spacing of 200300 mm.
c) Outlet Weirs (hw):
An outlet weir maintains a desired liquid level on the tray. As the liquid leaves the contacting area of the tray,
it flows over the tray weir to enter into the downcomer.
d) Downcomer Clearance (hcl):
This is the vertical distance between the tray floor and the bottom edge of the downcomer apron. The
Normalpractice is to use a downcomer clearance of 1/2 inch less than the overflow weir height to provide a
static liquid seal
e) Inlet Weirs & Recessed Seal Pans:
Inlet weirs and recessed seal pans are primarily used for achieving a downcomer seal in cases where a
potential positive sealing problem exists and clearance under downcomer is limited
f) Downcomers:
Passage of liquid from the top tray to the bottom of tray occurs via downcomers. Downcomers are conduits
having circular, segmental, or rectangular cross sections that convey liquid from upper tray to a lower tray in
a distillation column.
g) Downcomer width (Chord height, WDC):
It is maximum horizontal distance between tower wall and weir.
h) Flow path length (FPL):
Flow path length is the distance between the inlet downcomer & outlet downcomer. The minimum limit for
flow path length is 400 mm in order to provide good contacting between vapour and liquid. This is also
necessary for the mechanical reason of providing tray manway.
i) Tray deck thickness (t):
Trays normally used in commercial service need a minimum material thickness to provide structural strength
(personnel walk on them during installation) and corrosion allowance. A thickness of 10 to 12 gauge (2.5 to
3.5 mm) is customary for carbon steel, while 12 to 14 gauge (1.9 to 2.5 mm) is used for stainless steel trays
(in general no C.A. for SS)
j) Hole pitch (P):
Centre to centre distance between holes is called pitch. Normal practice is to use a hole pitch to hole diameter
ratio between 2.2 to 3.8.
k) System (Derating) factors:
Derating factors are often closely related to the foaming tendency of the system. Higher the foaming
tendency, the lower is the Derating factor. System factors are used in three of the rating correlations (jet flood,
down comer backup flood, down comer choke) to account for system effects on hydraulic capacity limits. It
includes both foaming effects and high vapour density.
l) Bubbling (Active) Area (AB):
Bubbling area is the column area, which is actually available for vapour bubbling through liquid. It can be
defined as column area minus downcomer areas, downcomer seal & large calming zones.
m) % Hole Area:
This is the ratio of hole area to bubbling area. The default practice is to target a hole area of 8 to 10 % of
bubbling area for pressure services. The acceptable range for percentage hole area is 5 % to 15 %. However
for some critical services, we can go % hole area up to 1717.5% provided that weeping is under control.
Hole areas below 5 % are not used.
n) Anti jump baffles:
Anti jump baffles plates suspended vertically above centre or off centre downcomers, which stops liquid
jumping from one deck onto the opposite deck, flow path
Tray Hydraulic Parameters
Following are the some important output parameters of tray hydraulics.
a) Flood:
Jet Flood:
In spray regime operation flooding is brought about by excessive vapour flow, causing excessive liquid to be
entrained in the vapour up the column. In froth and emulsion flows regimes operation excessive froth
entrainment in the vapour up the column causes jet flooding.
Downcomer Backup Flood:
Occurs when the pressure available for a given height of liquid and froth in the downcomer cannot overcome
the total pressure drop across the tray This pressure imbalance causes the froth in the downcomer to start
backingup until it reaches the tray above, causing an increased accumulation of liquid on it. It requires high
liquid and vapour loads.
Downcomer Choke Flood:
The mechanism by which this type of flooding occurs is one related to frictional pressure losses in the
downcomer becoming excessive. In addition, the vapour carried into the downcomer must separate from the
liquid and then flow countercurrent to the liquid entering the downcomer. When the combination of vapour
exiting and the liquid entering becomes excessive, the downcomer entrance is choked causing the liquid to
backup on the tray. It requires relatively high liquid rates, surpassing a velocity limitation on the downcomer.
b) Weeping/Dumping
The pressure exerted by the vapour is insufficient to hold up the liquid on the tray. Therefore, liquid starts to
leak through perforations.
c) Pressure Drop:
Pressure drop is an important consideration while designing a tray. It becomes more critical for the vacuum
systems than the highpressure systems. The tray pressure drop is viewed as the sum of the pressure drop
through the valves or sieves and pressure drop through the aerated liquid on the tray deck.
d) Turndown ratio:
Turndown ratio defines the range of vapour load between which the column can operate without substantially
affecting its’ primary separation objective (i.e. fractionation efficiency) or over which acceptable tray
performance is achieved. The tray efficiency stays at or above the design value throughout the turndown
range.
Tray Sizing
The sizing procedure is an iterative calculation. A preliminary design is set, and then refined by checking
against the performance correlations until an adequate design is achieved. The sizing calculations are
performed at the point where column loading is expected to be highest and lowest for each section, i.e.,
i) The top tray
ii) Above every feed, product drawoff, or point of heat addition or removal.
iii) Below every feed, product drawoff, or point of heat addition or removal.
iv) The bottom tray.
v) At any point in the column where the calculated vapour or liquid loading peaks
The sizing is done at all above load points and also detailed sizing is checked at all above load points. All
design parameters given in the design procedure below are calculated at all above load points at turndown and
turnup loads so that the feasibility of design for varied loads is tested.
a) Preliminary determination of tower area:
The methods used for determining tower diameter are:
“C” Factor Method
Nomograph Method
FRI Tray design handbook
However in this technical guideline we are describing method using CFactor Method.
CFactor Method:
The following calculations are done at all the loading points mentioned above and diameters are found
separately. If the difference in calculated diameter at different sections exceeds 20 percent, different
diameters for the sections are likely to be economical. The section having different diameter should be at least
20ft in length else same diameter can be maintained.
i. Tray Area
Assume appropriate values for following parameters (based on system requirements) for preliminary diameter
calculation.
dH = Hole diameter, inches (¼ to ½ inch) S = Tray spacing, inches (18 – 24″)
hct = Clear Liquid height at the transition from the froth to spray regime, in of liquid.
Assumption: The starting values for these can be dH=1/4″, S=24″, h ct=2″
Calculate CFactor (CSB) using following Kister and Haas Correlation:
ii. Flood Velocity Calculation
This is the velocity of upward vapour at which liquid droplets are suspended. Calculate Flood Velocity (uN)
using following equation:
iii. Net Area Calculation
The net area represents smallest area available for vapour flow in the intertray spacing. Calculate Net Area
(AN) from the flood velocity using following equation: Assume the column is to be designed for 80% of
flood.
iv. Downcomer Area Calculation Calculate downcomer area (AD) from clear liquid velocity in downcomer
using following formula:
Where,
QL = Liquid Flow Rate, ft3/s
VCL = Clear Liquid Velocity in Downcomer
Value of VCL obtained from table below. No derating factor is required for this calculation, as VCL values
have taken care of foaming
Table: Recommended VCL values for different foaming tendencies
VCL in downcomer, ft/s
Foaming
Low pressure (<100psia) light 0.50.6
Low hydrocarbon, 0.40.5 0.50.6
stabilizers, airwater simulators
Oil systems, crude oil distillation, 0.40.5
Medium absorbers, 0.30.4 0.40.5
med. pressure (100300 psia)
hydrocarbon
Amine, glycerine, glycols, high 0.20.3
High pressure 0.20.25 0.2
(>300psi) light hydrocarbons 0.25
v. Tower Diameter Calculation
TotalTowerArea (AT) = AD + AN
b) Preliminary tray layout:
A Preliminary layout is needed as layout influences the column size.
Downcomer Layout:
Check the % of Downcomer area with respect to tower area:
The Fractional area should around 10% but avoid less than 8% in normal circumstances. Note that AD should
in no circumstance be less that 5% of AT
Net Area (AN):
The total tower crosssection area AT less the area at the top of the downcomer (sometime refer to as free
area, the term free area.)
The net area represents the smallest area available for vapour flow in the intertray spacing.
AN = AT AD
Bubbling (Active) area (AB):
The total crosssection area AT less the area at the inlet & outlet downcomer is called as bubbling area.
AB = AT ADT ADB
Below figure shows the Typical Tray Layout.
Weir Length and Downcomer Width: SinglePass Tray:
The calculation of Weir Length and Downcomer Width involves geometrical relationship between
downcomer area, downcomer width, and downcomer length.
Following Figure shows downcomer geometry:
Calculate downcomer width and weir length using following method
? = sin1(h/R)
w = 2*R COS (?) or w = 2*(R2 – h2)0.5
?/2 = ?/2 ?
Sector area = ASECT = ? R2 * ? / (2 * ?)
Area of triangle (ABC) = ATRI. = w*h/2
Where,
Lw = Weir Length = w* (1fractional weir blockage)
wdc = Downcomer Width = R h
AD = Adc = Downcomer Area
Fractional weir blockage is the fraction of total weir length that is available for liquid flow by using picket
and fence type of weir. Blocked (Picket fence) weirs are used for handling low liquid loading.
Downcomer area
AD = ASECT ATRI
Two Pass Tray:
Two pass trays have alternating arrangements of one centerdowncomer and two sidedowncomers.
The side downcomer area can be calculated as that for single pass tray. It should be noted that side down
comers are on both sides.
Center downcomer calculations can be done as follows in similar manner as side downcomer:
? = sin1 (h/R)
w = 2*R COS (?1) or w = 2*(R2 – h2)0.5
? = 2*(?/2 ?)
Sector area = ASECT = ? R2 * ? / (2 * ?)
Area of center downcomer = Area of circle 2*area of sector + 2*Area of Triangle Area of downcomer = ?
*R2 – 2* ASECT + h1*w1
In case of more than two pass trays we have to define one more parameter, i.e. offcenter downcomer location
from centerline. This needs to be done on a casebycase basis.
Liquid Flow Path Length (FPL):
ForSinglePassTray:
FPL= (tray diameter) minus (side DC width of the tray) minus (bottom width of DC of tray above)
Where,
=Downcomer width (Centre downcomer, Bottom of
w1dc Downcomer)
=Downcomer width (Side downcomer, Top of
w2dc Downcomer)
=Downcomer width (Centre downcomer, Top of
w3dc Downcomer)
=Downcomer width (Side downcomer, Bottom of
w4dc Downcomer)
C) Detailed Design
Flooding Check:
The flooding check is performed using following Correlations:
1. Kister and Haas correlation.
2. Downcomer chokeKoch correlation
3. Fair’s correlation
4. Smith et al. correlation
1. Jet Flood: Kister and Haas correlation
This correlation possess following advantage:
It gives a close approximation to the effects of physical properties, operating variable, and tray
geometry on the flood point.
It describes spray regime entrainment.
It was derived from a much wider database of commercial and pilotscale column data.
It can predict sieve and valve tray entrainment flooding within ± 15 and ± 20 percent respectively.
This correlation possess following restriction:
i. Calculate Weir Load (QL):
Liquid Load describes the flux of liquid across the tray.
ii. Clear Liquid height at the transition from the froth to spray ((hct)
2. Jet Flood: Fair’s correlation
The Fair correlation has been standard of the industry for entrainment flood prediction. Fair’s correlation
tends to be conservative, especially at high pressure and liquid rate.
This correlation possess following restriction:
Sr.No
Factors Applicability
1
Flooding Mechanism Entrainment (Jet) flood only
2
Tray Type Sieve Tray, Valve and Bubblecap Tray
3
Hole size Hole£ ½ in (sieve tray)
Weir height < 15% Tray Spacing
Steps to calculate % Flood using Fair’s correlation:
i. Calculate flow parameter
3. Downcomer chokeKoch correlation:
This is the more conservative correlation for checking Downcomer Design. Steps to calculate % Load
Utilization using Kister and Haas correlation:
4. Hydraulic checks
Hydraulic check involves checking following parameters:
Flow Regime
Entrainment
Downcomer residence time
Pressure Drop
Downcomer backup
ii.Determination of Flow Regime
Froth Regime
This is the most commonly encountered flow regime in operating columns. The froth formed under this
regime is described as one where the size and shape of bubbles is nonuniform and with rather large size
distribution, as well as travelling at varying velocities. The liquid surface is either wavy or it presents
oscillations. This is a liquid continuous flow regime.
Spray Regime
This regimes occurs at relatively high vapour velocities (i.e. large vapour flow rates) and low liquid loads,
characteristics which are typical of vacuum systems. The vapour velocity is so large, that the liquid phase is
completely disrupted and is no longer a continuous phase on top of the tray; liquid is a dispersed phase
present only in the form of drops, and therefore the continuous phase is the vapour.
Emulsion Regime
This flow regime is typically encountered in highpressure systems and relatively high liquid loads. The
shearing action of the high velocity liquid “tears off” the vapour bubbles leaving the orifices on the tray. Most
of the gas is emulsified in small bubbles within the liquid, with the mixture behaving as a uniform twophase
fluid, obeying the Francis weir formula. This is a liquid continuous flow regime.
The determination of regime on tray given below is only for information and has no use in sizing.
ii. FrothEmulsion Transition Check
This correlation is applicable for Sieve trays only.
The value of actual flow parameter is calculated as below:
If the value of actual flow parameter exceeds 0.0208 then the regime of operation is emulsion.
iii. FrothSpray Transition Check:
Porter and Jenkins correlation for the froth to spray transition.
Where,
Lw – weir length in inches, AB – Active area ft2
p – pitch in inches
hc – clear liquid height, inches
5. Entrainment:
If entrainment is excessive, column diameter or tray spacing are usually increased. As recommended value,
the entrainment from the tray should not exceed about 0.10 lb liquid entrained per pound of liquid flow.
Methods to determine Entrainment:
Fair’s entrainment correlation
This method holds good for froth and emulsion regime. However it is less accurate for spray regime. For a
trays operating at a high liquid to vapour ratio, 0.1 lb of liquid entrained per pound of liquid is an excessive
quantity of entrained liquid.
Kister and Haas Correlation
This method is used for Spray Regime; Es is entrainment lb of liquid / lb of vapour.
May 7th, 2012 in Design Distillation System
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