Sociology

for Competitive Exams

SARFRAZ HUSSAIN ANSARI (PA&AS)
CSP
BCS,MPA, FPFA, SAP-FI Consultant
fras4u@ gmail.com
0321-4912664
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 Sociology
Social &
Basic Concepts & Setting Foundations Social
Cultural
Foundations of Society
• Institutions
Family • Agents
Change
• Major
• • of change
Definition Sociological
Culture Religion
Perspectives
• • •
• •
Society Education Population
Individual and Structural-
• •
Society Functionalism
Socialization • The Urbanization
•
• Social Economy & •
• Conflict • work •• ICTs
• Control Modernization
Social • Politics & Govt Industrialization
Research Symbolic-
• Sociologists Deviance
Interactionism • Social
Social Ibne Khaldun,Emile
Social Problems in Inequality
Interaction Durkheim,Max Weber
Pakistan • Class
• Karl Marx
& Caste System
Social Groups

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 Foundations of Society
SOCIAL
SOCIAL
SOCIETY CULTURE SOCIALIZATION CONTROL &
INTERACTION
DEVIANCE
Components Dramaturgical Analysis
Elements/Components Definition & Stages of
of Society Socialization

Types of Definition & Types

Structure of Culture
Societies Theories of Socialization

Cultural Change Theories of Deviance

Agencies of Socialization
Theories Deviance & Crime in
Cultural Ethnocentrism
Pakistan
3
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Whatsapp no 03105454503
 Sociology
It’s the systematic study of society,
Society is human association,
Human association is based on
human interaction,
Human interaction is effective and meaningful
among those who share a
culture
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 Definitions of Sociology
• The systematic study of human society- J J
Macionis
• The scientific study of human social life-
Horton & Hunt
• Sociology is about social relationships, the
network of relationships we call society-
MacIver
• Sociology is the scientific study of social
behavior and human groups. R. Shaefer

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 Origin & Development

• Systematic study of society started as early as

5th century BC
• Greeks– man is a social animal, both by nature
and by necessity, and needs society for
survival and continuity
• Romans
• Theorists and Philosophers of the
Enlightenment era of Europe
• Sociology in Modern Times
• Talcott
Ibn-e-Khaldun
Auguste
Herbet
Karl
Durkheim
Freud
Max Marx
Weber
Parsons
Spencer
Comte’ 6
 Culture
• 7 billion people living on earth are members
of a single biological species: Homo sapiens
(thinking person)

• The same creatures biologically, human beings

have developed very different ideas of life.

• These are cultural differences- some are

minor but a few are very profound
– Cultural shock- due to cultural differences 7
 What is Culture?
• The values, beliefs, behavior; and material
objects that constitute a people’s way of life
• To understand all cultures it is important to
distinguish between thoughts and things
• Material and Non-material culture
• Only humans rely on culture rather than
instinct to ensure their survival.
• Is culture human creation- culture & human
intelligence?
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 Characteristics of Culture
1. Culture includes all that is created and
improved upon by man
2. It is learned and acquired
3. It is a collective and social concept, it
concerns group behavior
4. Culture is shared, preserved, and
accumulated
5. It is transferred from generation to
generation
6. Culture is not static, rather dynamic
7. It
8.
9.
10. Culture
has
gives
Culture
the
identity
has
power
isits
normative
links
totoits
guide
with
members
the
andpast
control 11
 The components of culture
1. Symbols
2. Language
3. Values & Beliefs
4. Norms- Taboos, mores & folkways
– norms & social control
– Sanctions
5. Material Culture & Technology
6. Ideal & Real culture
7. High culture & Popular Culture
• our culture is normative. 12
 New Symbols in the World of Instant Messaging
omg oh my gosh
pcm please call me
• Molly: gr8 to c u!
plz please
• Greg: u 2 prbly probably
• Molly: jw about next qpsa ¿ Que pasa?
time rt right
• Greg: idk, lotta work! thanx thanks
• Molly: no prb, xoxoxo u you
ur you are
• Greg: thanx, bcnu
wtf what the freak
jk just kidding jw just
wondering
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 The Structure (Elements) of
Culture

• Cultural Traits- the smallest unit of culture

e.g engagement ring,

• Cultural complexes- a cluster of related traits

e.g engagement function
• Cultural patterns- dresses, food, geet/ganay, dholak,
mehndi,

• Social Institution(s)- it is a series of complexes

centering upon an important social activity. E.g
family 16
• Subculture
Ethos- national
& counterculture
life, philosophy of life, ideas
 Cultural Change
Causes of cultural change
• Inventions- wheel, printing machine, compass, gun powder … …
Cosmetic surgery and transplants, life saving drugs …
Smartphone Apps, GM foods

• Discoveries- solar system, gravitational force, radio

waves/microwaves, gene code, penicillin … ..

• Diffusion- is the spread of cultural traits from one society to another

• US dominant culture,

• Factors that contribute cultural diffusion?

Cultural diffusion leads to Cultural Lag- Material
culture/technology changes faster than normative culture.
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Our changing life styles

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 Cultural Growth
• Culture is dynamic…
• Cultural growth is result of..
1. Accumulation- social experience is accumulated and
transmitted

2. Diffusion- spread of cultural traits from

group to group
3. Acculturation- acquisition by a group or individuals the
traits of different culture

4. Assimilation- it is cultural fusion takes place after

acculturation

5. Amalgamation- a biological interbreeding of two

6. Accommodation- tolerance
peoples of distinct physical for ideas
appearance of other
until cultures
they become 19
• Ethnocentrism & Cultural Relativity

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Ethnocentrism & Cultural Relativity
• Ethnocentrism
– The practice of judging another culture by the
standards of one’s own culture.
•Child labor in developing countries
•Gay and lesbian rights in western societies
•Jihad, Taliban, pardha,
•Pornography, promiscuity, extramarital relations
• Cultural Relativity
– The practice of judging a culture by its own
standards

• Xenocentrism- a preference given to other 21

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 Causes of Ethnocentrism
• Habits- old habits die hard
• Indoctrination
• Weakness of personality
• Lack of education & understanding
• Traditional lifestyle
• Resistance to change
• Mass Media

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 Effects
• Merits
• Patriotism & Nationalism
• Ensures group unity and stability
• Protection against change (particularly negative change)
• Demerits
• Violence, conflict and hate crime
• Terrorism
• A road to prejudice and enmity
• National disintegration
• It encourages non-cooperation in society 25
•Acculturation

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 Acculturation
• Acculturation explains the process of cultural
and psychological change that results
following meeting between cultures.
• acculturation often results in changes to
culture, customs, and social institutions.
• The effects of acculturation can be seen in
both interacting cultures at;
– the group level
– the individual level
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Acculturation

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• As enculturation is used to describe the
process of first-culture learning
• acculturation can be thought of as second-
culture learning.

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 Historical Reflections
• The earliest thoughts towards acculturation
can be found in Sumerian inscriptions from
2370 B.C.
• These inscriptions laid out rules for interaction
with foreigners
• And were designed to protect traditional
cultural practices.
• Plato also said that acculturation should be
avoided as it would lead to social disorder.
• Nevertheless,
he proposed that
the travellers
history of should
Westernbe 30
• J.W. Powell coined the word "acculturation" in 1880 defining
it as "the psychological changes induced by cross-cultural
imitation."

• The first psychological theory of acculturation was proposed

by W.I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki in 1918
• they illustrated three forms of acculturation;
– Bohemian (adopting the host culture and abandoning their culture)
– Philistine (failing to adopt the host culture but preserving their
culture of origin)
– Creative-Type (able to adapt to the host culture while preserving
their culture of origin)

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• In 1936, Redfield, Linton, & Herskovits
provided the first widely used definition of
acculturation as
"those phenomena which result when groups of
individuals having different cultures come into
continuous first-hand contact, with subsequent
changes in the original cultural patterns of
either or both groups

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 Four Acculturation Strategies
• Integration – individuals are able to adopt the
cultural norms of the dominant or host culture
while maintaining their culture of origin.
– Integration leads to, and is often synonymous
with biculturalism.
• Assimilation – when individuals reject their
minority culture and adopt the cultural norms
of the dominant or host culture.
• Separation – Separation occurs when
individuals reject the dominant or host culture
• Marginalization – Marginalization occurs
in favor of preserving their culture of origin.34
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•Multiculturalism

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 Multiculturalism
• Multiculturalism describes the existence,
acceptance, or promotion of multiple cultural
traditions within a single jurisdiction.

• This can happen when a jurisdiction is created

or expanded by amalgamating areas with two
or more different cultures or through
immigration from different jurisdictions
around the world.
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• equal respect to the various cultures in a
society
• a policy of promoting the maintenance
of cultural diversity
• people of various ethnic and religious groups
are addressed by the authorities

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• Multiculturalism is often contrasted to other
strategies such as social integration, cultural
assimilation and racial segregation.

• Multiculturalism has been described as a

"salad bowl" or "cultural mosaic" and a
"melting pot".

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 Let’s put some efforts
List down values of Pakistani Enlist salient features of
Culture Pakistani culture

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THANKS

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