Volume 7, Issue 4, April – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

5G Mobile Networks Applications and Health

Implications
Obi IBETO
Computer Science and Information Science Department,
Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria

Wumi AJAYI Mariam GBADEGESIN and Israel FAKUNLE

Software Engineering Department, Computer Science and Information Science Department,
Babcock University, Ilisanremo, Ogun State Nigeria Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State

Abstract:- pervasive and are around the world accessible. At present

Background and Aim: Countries around the world like we are beginning to present the up-and-coming age of radio
China, South Korea, the United States, Switzerland, and recurrence, 5G, on versatile organizations. 5G isn't
the United Kingdom have already started utilizing 5G, innovation, however a development of previously existing
Other countries are either in the process of 1st generation to 4th generation advances.
implementing 5G Mobile Networks or concluding on 5G
license frequency spectrum allocation to 5G innovation is the current age of portable
telecommunication providers. This push is driven to interchanges innovation, and it is intended to surpass the
become technologically superior or have a competitive former 4G architecture with new capacities and
advantage in widespread Innovation. This study helps determinations preparing the innovation to help new and
identify the recent applications of 5G and the health inventive solutions and applications[5].
implication if any of the fifth-generation network.
5G is perhaps the most rewarding development
Methods: The methodology used for this study was endorsed out by Federal Communications Commission
based on literature search and analysis, we also used (FCC) which will be another quicker telecom innovation.
model adaptation from generic ones. The speed as far as Gbps and the proficiency expected by
fifth Generation innovation would be exceptionally high.
Results: Our finding shows that 5G Mobile Networks The need of 5G innovation increments step by step because
will improve the lives of people and increase of colossal augmentation in the quantity of clients, constant
collaboration and communication in diverse ways, it will information estimation and beneficiary intricacy, and so
also usher in the metaverse which is an immersive forth These days 4G is the innovation taken on all over
version of the interconnected networks where users and globe however as an interest of number of clients and
consumers will experience an immersive experience gadgets will increment step by step; there will be such many
powered by virtual and augmented realities. Our study clients in 4G range. To oblige the expanded interest, the
highlights some concerns that there may be health execution of 5G innovation should be prepared. In India, for
implications, but further study in the long-term effects of instance the execution of 5G will open in 2022[6].
5G is required to uncover these concerns.
The greater part of the human openness to ionizing
Conclusion: In conclusion, the aim of this present review radiation happens from regular sources including infinite
is to explore the more recent applications of 5G across beams and earthly radiation [6]. As examined in past areas
industry verticals and the health implications that might that 5G innovation is fixated on high recurrence range i.e.,
arise from the massive rollout of 5G mobile networks millimeter wave range, it is important to break down the
across countries. way of behaving of something very similar over human
body. There are sure qualities of mm wave flags that
I. INTRODUCTION influence the human body parts like the millimeter wave can
undoubtedly be consumed by the human skin inside 1~2
Recent years have encountered an unrivaled millimeter [4].
advancement of technology known as Information and
Communications Technology (ICT), which incorporate II. PROBLEM STATEMENT
remote correspondence utilized for cell phones and, for
instance, Wi-Fi utilizing electromagnetic fields (EMF). The The central problem to be researched by the proposed
original of handheld cell phones were accessible in the last study is the health implication of deploying 5G Mobile
part of the 1980s. Along these lines, the second (2G), third Network. This has a lot to do with the exposure of both low
(3G), and fourth (4G, Long-Term Evolution = LTE) ages and high frequency radiation to the skin of human beings
drastically expanded their infiltration rates in the public and the adverse effects of radio frequency (RF)
arena, with the goal that today there are a greater number of electromagnetic energy (EME) emitted from wireless
gadgets than occupants in Europe. Moreover, Wi-Fi and technology like 5G on humans.
different types of remote information move have become

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Volume 7, Issue 4, April – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
The first prevailing issue we identified is the lack of that may result, especially in dense urban areas. The 5G
research in the wider body of knowledge on the health radio emission fields are quite different to those of previous
implications of 5G and the conclusion by the Australian generations because of their complex beamformed
radiation protection and nuclear safety agency stating transmissions in both directions – from base station to
categorically that there is no established short term or long- handset and for the return. Although fields are highly
term health effects to humans or the environment from radio focused by beams, they vary rapidly with time and
waves at the power level associated for 5G. Other agencies movement and so are unpredictable, as the signal levels and
like the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) who patterns interact as a closed loop system. This has yet to be
sets exposure limits for radiofrequency (RF) exposures from mapped reliably for real situations, outside the laboratory”
cell phones and antennas in the United States concludes that
the radio frequency (RF) emissions from 5G Mobile This research paper seeks to demystify this paradigm
Networks fall within the acceptable exposure range covered around 5G and analyze if any the health implications as well
by FCC limits. as the economic benefits of deploying a robust 5G Mobile
Network.
However, “Significant concern is emerging over the
possible impact on health and safety arising from potentially III. AIM
much higher exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic
radiation arising from 5G. Increased exposure may result not The aim of this paper is to identify and describe the
only from the use of much higher frequencies in 5G but also diverse applications of 5G Mobile Networks and the health
from the potential for the aggregation of different signals, implications if any on human beings.
their dynamic nature, and the complex interference effects

Fig. 1: 10 pillars of 5G(Source [10]

IV. METHODOLOGY into the selective domain of General-Purpose Technologies

(GPTs) [9]. 5G mobile networks explicitly represents an
The methodology used for this study are literature upgrade from the conventional 4G Long Term Evolution
search and analysis and model adaptation (from generic (LTE) standard and will introduce new service offerings for
ones). mobile network operators (MNOs) [9].
V. LITERATURE REVIEW Fifth generation (5G) is not an incremental advance of
fourth generation (4G) but a total shift that supports ultra-
Information technology has become an indispensable high frequency (such as 60Hz), large bandwidth, extreme
part of our lives, if the futurist and technology experts are node densities and large-scale antenna array [13]. Quite
correct with their analysis and predictions, every physical recently the unprecedented growth in the total number of
object(cars, television, fridges, apparels) will be connected connected devices and mobile data and the continuous
to the internet by the end of the decade [8] development in technologies to address this massive data
5G is a system of extremely high capacity and ultra- demand, the organized wireless industry consortium has
high-speed data with new specification requirements initiated a detailed roadmap for transition from 4G to 5G
designed for energy elicited systems and decreased [13]. The world wide web (Internet) now connects an
operational expenses for operators [8]. IHS Markit sees 5G unprecedented number of devices in fact according to [15]
as a significant impetus that will impel versatile innovation there are more devices than people in the world.

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Volume 7, Issue 4, April – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

Fig. 2: Roadmap of 5G (Source: [6])

A. Potential Economic Contributions of 5G  Extending portable processing

According to IHS Markit, three (3) categories of  Enhanced advanced signage
potential economic contributions the 5G technology can
make to the global economy by 2035 includes [9]: D. Massive Internet of Things (MIoT)
a) Deals of Products and Services that will empower 5G leverages upon earlier improvements in traditional
broad utilization of 5G across a wide scope of IoT applications and M2M to ignite significant increased in
enterprises to make new plans of action and economies of scale that are utilized across all sectors and
streamline center cycles. drive adoption [9]. Some of the use cases covered by MIoT
b) A Buzzing 5G Value Chain will uncover the where we begin to witness the Innovative impact of 5G are
underlying 5G technology base through focused [10]:
R&D efforts, application development and  Asset Tracking
infrastructure investment.  Smart farming
c) Versatile innovation upgraded by 5G conveys with it  Smart Cities
the ability to impel long haul practical development  Energy/Utility Monitoring
of worldwide GDP - a definitive check of solid  Physical Infrastructure
monetary advancement.  Smart Homes
B. 5G use cases  Remote Monitoring
This study will take a gander at 21 (21) use cases which  Beacons and associated customers
fall into three (3) general classifications in particular: E. Mission Critical Services (MCS)
Enhanced Mobile Broadband (EMBB), Massive Internet of This addresses an enormous development region for 5G
Things (MIOT) and Mission Critical Services (MCS).
to help applications that need high dependability,
C. Enhanced Mobile Broadband (EMBB) exceptionally low inactivity availability with solid security
The finish of the two aspects of EMBB [9] is that buyer and access, this application incorporates:
of 5G will have an improved, more viable experience  Autonomous Vehicles
utilizing portable broadband applications, regardless of their  Drones
area. These upgrades would be revolved around:  Industrial Automation
 Improved indoor remote broadband inclusion  Remote Patient Monitoring /Telemedicine
 Improved open air remote broadband  Smart Grid
 Fixed remote broadband organizations
The figure below shows a graphical representation on
 Enterprise cooperation/joint effort/correspondence
how 5G will unlock $12 trillion in global economic
 Training/schooling activities in 2035. [9].
 Augmented and computer-generated reality (AR/VR)

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Fig. 3

Source: [9]

F. 5G Services

Fig. 4 5G services vision Source: [13]

G. 5G and the Metaverse
[20] defines the Metaverse as an immersive version of 4G provides about 50ms of steady latency which
the interconnected networks where users and consumers will translates in a frame rate of around 20FPS. This level of
experience an immersive experience powered by virtual and latency is somewhat limited for a smooth experience
augmented realities. 5G will provide the superfast required by the metaverse [20]. With 5G, the latency will
connection that will be required to connect users directly to decrease to just about 10ms and the frame rates will reach an
the metaverse, speeds of up to 100s of Mbps which is only unprecedented level of 90FPS, making the difficult task of
possible through the ultra-high frequency provided by 5G remote rendering possible.
[20].

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Also, with 5G connection, consumers and users will be a) Low-Latency applications
able to connect to an experience and stream it to a specially  AR/VR
designed headset optimized with reduced heat-generating  Connected and Autonomous Vehicles
components, cooling, and power requirements.  Cloud gaming
It's obviously true that brilliant vehicles are outfitted b) General Networking
with gigantic registering limit and progressed sensors, web  Video Streaming
associated vehicles, or shrewd vehicles with 5G could  Voice Communication
outperform vehicle-to-vehicle associations and interface
with the metaverse [14], giving drivers an immersive c) Massive MTC
connected experiences and driver-less capabilities as never  Smart Cities
seen before.  Smart Homes
H. 5G Traffic Classes and Metaverse Applications  Industry IoT
The Metaverse will utilize the maximum capacity of 5G  Drones Swams
traffic classes, with applications spreading over every one of
the whole finishes of the range [14], namely:

Fig. 5G Traffic classes and Metaverse applications, Source [14]

I. Internet of Things
Around 2025, the sum of IoT connected devices in the VI. GAPS IN LITERATURE
whole world will reach 30.9 billion devices with a surge
from 13.8 billion devices as at 2021 [14]. [15] purely focused their study on the how IoT devices
will be positively impacted by 5G,[16] buttresses the
5G remote innovation will interface everything around dependence of other technology like business applications,
us through a super quick profoundly compelling and industrial applications, and AR/VR on 5G but neither of
completely responsive network. IoT gadgets associated them discusses the possible health implications if any of 5G
through portable applications to the web gives clients more on humans or states their position to agree or disagree on the
command over what's going on around their current negative effects of ultra-high frequency radiation on
circumstance [10]. humans. [17] having had personal experiences with the
adverse effects of 5G stated categorically of the industry’s
Typical examples of IoT devices includes smart push to declare 5G safe for humans and that scientist
thermostats, smart home devices, motion sensors, smart globally have called on governments to place a ban on the
security systems, IoT enabled GPS devices and many other deployment of 5G due to these adverse effects.[17]
devices with both domestic and industrial applications. categorically stated that “the United States Government has
never seen fit to establish either “safe” standards or
guidelines to protect the American public or its workers
from radio frequency or electromagnetic radiation. Instead,
this responsibility has been left to a civilian organization
known as the IEEE”. On the other hand [18] used
MATLAB,Simulink to dissect the ingestion and entrance

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levels of 5G electromagnetic energy into natural tissues the internet that consumers can feel using virtual and
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), the exploration presumed augmented realities.
that the electromagnetic energy produced by 5G is
unequipped for breaking the synthetic obligation of any With 5G being on the ultra-high frequency end of the
organic tissue of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) or influence radio wave spectrum we believe more study is required as
critical changes to sell that will result in one or the other countries continue to adopt 5G as a standard for mobile
malignant growth or viral-related sickness all together words communication. This study should be focused on the long-
5G radiation has no unfriendly consequences for human term effects of 5G and should be done in close collaboration
wellbeing. with the academia, government, and industry stakeholders.

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