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( Reaffirmed 2004 )
(Reaffirmed!2013)!
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IS : 24:40· 1975

Indian' Standard
GUIDE FOR
DAYLIGHTING OF BUILDINGS
(Second Revision)
Functional Requirements in Buildings Sectional Committee, BDC 12
Choirman JUpresentil,lg
*LT-GEN B. N. D.u Ministry of Defence
Mnn1ms
ADDmoNAL DmECTOR STANDARDS Ministry of Railways
(AaCHlTEC'I'UJUI )
JOINT DIRECTOR STANDARDS
(AaCHITEC'l"Ul\E) (Alternate)
DIucroa (ARCHITEC'I'UJUI) Central Public Works Department
DIucroa Directorate General of Observatories, New Delhi
SHRIlIATI E. S. GHUMAN Indian Institute of Architects, Bombay
SHIUJ. M. BENJAMIN (Alternate)
SURI R. G. GOltHALE In personal capacity (NirmJJn Bluwan, New Delhi)
SURI}. C. KAPUR Danfoss (India) Ltd, New Delhi
SHRIB.D.~GAR Ministry of Defence
SURr L. R. LALLA (Alternate)
SHRI G. C. MATHUR. National Buildings Organization, New Delhi
SHRI M. M. MISTRY (Alternate)
DR V. NARASIMHAN Central Building Research Institute (CSIR),
Roorkee
SHIU M. R. SHARMA (Alternate)
SHRI J. R. OVALEKAR National Safety Council, Bombay
SURI N. RAoHAVAN (Alternate)
SHRIM.M.PANDE Voltas Ltd, Bombay
SHRI R. N. PAWAR Directorate General of Health Services, New Delhi
SURIS.PURUSHOTHAMA Ministry of Labour, Employment & Rehabilita-
tion, New Delhi
PROP RATTAN KUlIIAR University of Roorkee
SHRI S. SUBBA RAO All India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health,
Calcutta
SHRr A. V. RAO (Alternate)

(Continued on page 2)

*Also represents The Institution of Engineers (India).

C Copyrigh/1976
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication is protected undor tno lnaum Copyright Act vuvof 1957) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any moans e){ccpt with written permission of the
publishor shall be doomed to be.an infringement of copyright under the said Act.
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IS: 2_·1975
(COIIlinuId from pap I)
Mmrbm
SHJU SAnD S. SHAFt Institute of Town Planners, New Delhi
SHJU D. P. SlwufA (Altml4te)
SHJU R. L. SVlU Suri & Suri Consulting Acoustical Engineers, New
Delhi
SHJU D. AJITHA SIMHA, Director General, lSI (&-o.fIicW """*")
Director (Civ Engg)
SecrIIilry
SHJU V. KALYAl'fASUMDAllAM
Assistant Director (Civ Engg), lSI

Daylight Standards Subcommittee, BDC 12: 3

Con'Dm4T
DR V. NARASIMHAN Central Building Research Institute (CSIR).
Roorkee
Members
DR B. K.
5Ax£NA (Altmlale to
Dr V. Narasimhan)
SHJUJ. C. BHATTACHARYA Directorate General of Observatories, New Delhi
DRS. R. DAB National Physical Laboratory (CSIR), New Delhi
DR V. D. P. SASTRY (Alternate)
JOINT DtRBcToRSTANDAlU>S Ministry of Railways
(AItcHrrEc'ruR.E)
SHJU M. M. MISTRY National Buildings Organization, New Delhi
SHRI R. L. CHOPRA (Alternate)
SHRI R. N. PAWAR Directorate General of Health Services, New Delhi
SUPElUNTENDING ENGINEER Central Public Works Department

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IS i U..lt75

Indian Standard
GUIDE FOR
DAY LIGHTING OF BUILDINGS
(Second Revision)
o. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard (Second Revision) was adopted by the Indian
Standards Institution on 31 December 1975, after the draft finalized by
the Functional Requirements in Buildings Sectional Committee had been
approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
0.2 This standard was firSt published in 1963 and subsequently revised
in 1968. The present revision is being taken up with a view to incorporate
a number of modifications as decided by the Sectional Committee. The
main modifications made in the second revision relate to the inclusion
of some correction factors for external reflected components· with respect
to .the mean angl~ of elevation of observation and calculation of the
mean angle of obstruction in some examples given in Appendix B.
0.3 In view of lack of data in respect of optimum daylight illumination
le\~ls required for dift'erentvisual tasks, illumination levels generally accept-
ed in other countries were taken as the basis for design in the code at the
time of its first publication. The code has been based on the data provided
by Central Building Research Institute (CBRI) from the measurements over
a period of years from 1962-67. It has been found that the basis of design
should be the prevalent exterior daylight levels obtainable ovc:r the principal
regions of India during the winti~r months. It is hoped that the Meteoro-
logical Department ofIndia would undertake measurement ohky luminance
and iIIum',nation over the principal cities in India and when further data
become available this code will again be suitably modified.
0.4 A series of codes have been prepared by lSI to cover the functional
aspects of buildings, such as, structural safety, heat and sound insulation,
acoustics and ventilation. This code is intended to serve as a convenient
guide to the engineers, architects and builders in understanding the general
principles and methods of daylighting of dwellings, offices and hospitals.
It recommends the minimum illumination values to be achieved by adopting
daylighting principles and gives general guidance for realising the values
in practice.
0.4.1 Daylighting requirements inside factory buildings have been covered
in IS : 6060-1971* and IS ; 7942-1976t deals in the daylighting of educa-
tional buildings .
• Code of prac.tice for daylighting of factory buildings.
tCode of practice for daylighting of educational buildings.
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IS : 2440. 1975
0.5 The Sectional Committee responsible for the preparation of this
standard has noted that influence of dusty conditions was an additional
factor to be taken into account in daylighting in tropical regions, but in the
absence of definite data, this aspect has not been, provisionally, taken into
account in laying down the recommendations made in the code.
0.6 In the preparation of this code, the Sectional Committee has particularly
felt the need for hourly and daily record fOr daylight illumination and
investigation regarding optimum levels of illumination for different visual
tub. The National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi is currently engaged
in investigations relating to daylight illumination and the optimum illumi-
nation levels for different vis~l tasks and it is the intention of the Committee
to review the provisions contained in this code when sufficient experimental
and observational data becomes available.
0.1 Typical sky component curves given in this standard (s" Fig. 2 to 4)
are based on the equation developed by the Central Building R.esearch
Institute for the proposed typical design sky based on their work on several
places in India, rather than providing the values of sky component at a
point due to some standard windows, the committee thought that the
curves shown will give a clue to the extent by which sky component values
change as one recedes from the window. The sky component table
enables one to predetermine the sky component from the clear sky at the
design time.
0.8 Some general notes on daylighting of buildings are given in Appendix C
with a view to providing some additional and useful information relevant
to the recommendations made in this code.
0.9 The recommendations made in this code may not, however, meet all thc
sit~tions that may arise in individual cases, and it may become necessary
to deviate from the provisions of this code or suitably adapt them to meet
such situations.
0.10 Taking into consideration the views of engineers, architects and the
building inhabitants, the Sectional Committee has related it to the design
procedure followed in this country in this field. The committee felt that
for Indian conditions where in the plains the weather is clear except during
the monsoon seasons when it gets cloudy for a while and since the number
of days in a year, when the sky is overcast is only about 70, the adoption of
the C.I.E. overcast sky was not relevant. The Committee felt that the work
done by the Central Building R.esearch Institute on the luminance pattern
of clear skies in India were reasonably representative of the situations
normally met with in practice and generally agreed to switchover to the
clear design sky conditions as formulated by the CBRI. The Committee
felt that further work on the skies in India necessitating modifications in
this code may be taken up by intere§ted imtitutions. Assistance has also
been derived from the 'Principles of modern building, Vol l' prepared by the
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is 124:tO.i975
Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (Building Research
Station) published by Her ?"yfajesty's Stationery.Office, London (1961).
0.11 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this
standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, cxpresaing
the result of a test or anaiysis, shaH be rounded off in accordance with
IS: 2-1960*. The number of significant places retained in the rounded off
value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers the general principles and methods of daylighting
of dwellings, offices and hospitals. It recommends the minimum illumina-
tion values to be achieved by daylighting principles and gives general
guidance for realizing the values in practice.
NOTE - For dayligh~ of factory buildinp reference may be made to IS : 6060-1971 t
and for educational buildings to IS: 7942-1976~.

2. TERMINOLOGY
2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply.
~.1 Altltwle(O) - The angular distance of any point of celestial sphere,
measured from the horizon, on the great circle passing through the body
and .the zenith.
2.2 Azlm1lth (!/» - The angle measured between the meridians passing
through the north point and the point in question (point C in Fig. 1).
2.3 Brightness (Photometric Brlghtness or LumJpance)- The
luminous intensity of the surface per unit of projected area in a given direc-
tion as viewed from that direction. ,
NOTE - The unit of measurement of brightneu it candle per Iquare centimetre.
2.4 Brightness Ratio or Contrast - The variations or contrast in bright-
ness of the details of a visual task such as white print on blackboard.
2.5 Cuulela (Cd) _. The SI unit of luminous intensity. Candela = 1 lumen
per steradian.
2.6 Clear Design Sky - The distribution of luminance of such a sky is
non-uniform; the horizon is brighter' than the zenith and the brightness at
an altitude (0) in the region away from the sun, is given by the expression:
BO = B~ Cosec (J
*Ru1es for rounding off numerical values (,IVisId).
tCode of practice for daylighting of factory buildings.
~Code of practice for daylighting of educational buildings.

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. . . . . 1175
where
8 lies between 15° and 90°,
BII = c:omtant when 8 lies between 0° and 15°, and
B~ = briPtness at zenith.

REFERENCES
o- Oblerver's station s- GeopapbicaI IOUth
C- CeIatial body E - GeOgraphical cut
~ - ZeDith W - Geop'apbical west
NA - Nadir NP - CeIatiaI DOnh pole
N - Oqraphical north SP - CelatiaI lOUih pole
Fro. I AzDrUTH OF A Cu.ssnAL BoDY

2.7 Da7lilld Factor - It is a measUre of the total daylight illumination

at a point on a given plane expressed as the ratio (or percentage) ~hich
the illumination at the point on the given plane bears to the simultaneous
illumination on a horizontal plane due to a clear design sky at an exterior
point open to the whole sky vault, direct sunlight excluded.
2.8 Da~ Ana - The superficial area on the working plane illuminated
to not leu than a specified daylight factor, that is, the area within the rele-
vant contour.
2.1 .,.,.... ......... - The maximum distance which a given day-
light factor contour penetrates into a room.
2.11 ....... 1WIecte4 Coa.~._(EIlC:::) - The ratio (or percen~)
of that part of the dayliRht illumination at' a point on a given Plane which
is receiwd by direct fdlection from external surfa.ca as compamlto the

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.IS & 2"-1975

simultaneous exterior i1lumination on a horizontal plane from the entire
henlisphere of an unobstructed clear design sky.
2.11 m.....t1oa - At a point of surface the ratio of the luminous flux
incident on an infinitesimal element of surface containing the point under
consideration to the area of this element.
NO'J'B - The unit oCmeasurement oCillumination is lux (one lumen ~ square metre).
2.12 IateI'IIAI Re8ected Compoaeat (IRC) - The ratio (or percen-
tage) of that part of the daylight illumination at a point on a given plane
which is received by direct reftection or inter-reftection from the internal
surfaces as referred to the simultaneous exterior i1lumination on a horizontal
plane due to the entire hemisphere of an unobstructed clear design sky.
2.13 L..... (ha) - SI unit of luminous flux. The luminous flux emitted
within unit solid angle (one steradian) by a point source having a uniform
intensity of one candela.
2.14 L.mbe.... FI. . - That quantity characteristic of radiant flux which
expresses its capacity to produce visual sensation evaluated according to
the values of relative luminous efficiency for the light adapted eye.
2.15 N....... Soada PoJat. - The points in the respective directions
where the meridian cuts the horizon.
2.16 ...... - The side of an opening for a window.
2.17 Sky C . . . . . . . . (IC).- The ratio (or percentage) of that part .of
the daylight i1luminatiou at a point on a given plane which is received
direcdy from the sky as compared to the simultaneous exterior illumination
on a horizontal plane from the entire hemisphere of an unobstructed clear
design sky. .
2.11 DIrect ...... m.-I - ' - The illumination from the sun with
the light from the sky excluded.
2.1' W........... - A horizontal plane at a level at which work_ wiD
normally be done. For the purpose of this code. the working plane, unless
specified otherwise, shall be assumed as the horizontal plane 75 em from
the floor (normal table top level) in houses, Sats, offices, and hospital wards
and 90 em (normal work bench level) from hospital operation theatre.
~.. v-... .... - The visual field in a binocular which includes an
area approximately 120 degrees ftrticaIly and 160 degrees horizontally
centering on the point to which the eyes are directed. The line joining the
point of fixation and the centre of the pupil of each eye isca1led its primary
line of sight. .
2.2l c..a.t I1eW - The area or circle round the point of fixation and
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IS s 2440 - 1975

its diameter subtends an angle of about 2 degrees at the eye. Objects

within this area are most critically seen both in their details and colour.
2.22 Peripheral Field - It is the rest of the visual field which enables
the observer to be aware of the special framework surrounding the object
seen.
NOTE - A central part of the peripheral field, sub tending an angle of about 30 degrees
on either side of the point of fixation, is chiefly involved in the perception of glare.

3. FACTORS AFFECTING VISION

3.1 Seeing - It is funda:.ilentally governed by differences in brightness
and colour in the objects seen. Good contrasts of colour and brightness
are desirable, especially in the central 2-degree field. Better contrasts or
brightness ratios outside tend to detract attention. The criterion of success-
ful lighting, for optimum seeing comfort and efficiency, is to maintain the
whole field bright and the central 2-degree field (containing the objects of
attention) a little brighter and more contrasting.
3.2 Glare
3.2.1 Excessive contrast or abrupt and large changes in brightness pro-
duce the effect of glare. When glare is present the efficiency of vision is
reduced and small details or subtle changes in tone cannot be perceived.
3.2.2 Glare may be :
a) direct glare due to light sources within field of vision,
b) reflected glare due to reflections from light sources or surfaces of
excessive brightness, and
c) .veiling glare where the peripheral field is comparatively very bright.
3.2.3 An example of glare source in daylighting is the view of the bright
sky through a window especially when the surrounding wall is comparatively
dark or weakly illuminated. Glare can be minimized in this case either by
shielding the open sky from direct sight by louvers, external hoods or deep
reveals,or by cross lighting the surrounding wall to a comparable level. A
gradual tramition of brightness from one portion to the other within the
field of vision always avoids or minimizes the glare discomfort.

4. SOURCES OF DAYLIGIITING
4.1 The primary source of light for daylighting is the sun. The light
received by the earth from the sun consists of two parts, namely, direct
.solar illumination and sky radiation. For the purposes of the daylighting
design, direct solar illumination shall not be considered and only sky radia-
tion shall be taken as contributing to illumination of the building interion
during the day.
4.2 The relative amount of sky radiation depends on the position of the

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IS I 2440 - 1975
sun defined by its altitude which in turn varies ~th ithe latitude of the loca-
lity, the day of the year and the time of the day, as ibdicated in Table l.
4.3 The external available horizontal illumination which may be assumed
for design purposes in this country, broadly covering Indian from north
to south, may be taken 8 000 lux. Since the design is based on the solar
position of 15° altitude the corresponding illumination from the design sky
has been found to be nearly constant all over the country. However, the
prevalent atmospheric haze which varies from place to place may necessitate
a 25 percent increase in the value of 8 000 lux design illumination suggested
in this code, where haze conditions prevail at design time.

5. DAYLIGHT FAcrORS
5.1 General
. 5.1.1 The daylight intensity at any point inside a room is subject to severe
and frequent fluctuations, but it is, however, found to bear a more or less
constant ratio to the simultaneous external intensity when the sky is clear or
overcast throughout. It has, therefore, become customary to express the
intensity of daylight illumination inside a room at any point in arty plane as a
ratio or percentage of the simultaneous intensity in a horizontal plane at an
outside point open to !.he entire sky vault. Direct sunlight, if any, is always
excluded from both interior and exterior values of illumination.
5.1.2 The factor, as defined above, is independent of the absolute bright-
ness of the sky but is dependent on its surface distribution.
5.1.3 The surface distribution for the brightness of the sky varies with the
conditions of the sky. Large variation of sky luminance distribution in so
far as clear skies are concerned do not exist since there is a general rise of
daylight availability as the sun goes up in the sky. However, it has-been
found that the regions of the sky opposite the sun has generally less luminance
and may, therefore, provide the basis for design. The design maybe based
on the cle::.r sky with sun at 15 0 altitude. The region of the sky directly
opposite the sun will be design sky for side-lit :windows and the corresponding
'sky' illumination will be known as tn;; 'design exterior illumination' for
computing the sky components indoor.
5.2 Compollellts of DayHght Factor
5.2.1 Daylight factor (DF) is a measure of all the daylight reaching on an
indoor reference point from the following sources:
a) The direct sky visible from the point,
b) External surfaces reflecting light directly to the point, and
c) Internal surfaces reflecting and inter-reflecting light to the point.
5.2.1.1 Each of the three components, when expressed as a ratio or
percent of the simultaneous external illumination on the horizontal plane
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II
TABLE 1 SOLAR ALTlTUDFS (TO THE NEAREST DEGREE) FOR INDIAN LATlTUDFS
(Clause 4.2) i•
to
~

~
June 22 March 21 and September 23 Dect.mber 22
OF DAY

0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200
LATITUDB
1700 1600 1500 1400 1300 1700 1600 1500 1400 13()() 1700 1600 1500 1400 13()()

lOON 18 31 45 58 70 77 15 30 44 59 72 80 9 23 35 46 53 57

-
o
13°N
16 N
G
19
20
32
33
46
47
60
61
72
74
80
83
15
14-
29
29
44
43
58
56
70
68
77
74
8
7
21
19
33
31
43
41
51
48
54
51
19°N 21 34- 48 62 75 86 14 28 42 55 66 71 5 18 29 48 45 48
22°N 22 35 49 62 76 89 14 28 41 53 64- 68 4 16 27 36 42 45
25°N 23 36 49 63 76 88 13 27 40 52 61 65 3 14 25 34- 39 42
28°N 23 36 49 63 76 88 13 26 39 50 59 62 1 13 23 31 37 39
31°N 24 37 50 62 ·75 82 13 25 37 48 56 56 - 11 21 28 34- 36
MON 25 37 49 62 73 79 12 25 36 46 53 56 - 9 18 26 31 33

NOTB - Hours are by local solar time.

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IS : 2440 - 1975

defines respectively the Sky Component (SC), the External Reflected Compo-
nent (:ERG) and the Internal Reflected Component (IRG).
5.2.2 The daylight factors on the horizontal plane only usually taken as
the working plane in a room is generally horizontal; however, the factors in
vertical planes should also be considered when specifying daylighting values
for special cases, such as daylighting on classroom blackboards, pictures and
paintings hung on walls.
5.2.3 Daylight factor is the sum of the individual components, namely,
SC, ERC and IRC, separately determined (see 6.3.1).
5.3 Sky CODlponents (SC)
5.3.1 Sky component for any size of window is computed by the use of the
appropriate table of Appendix A on the lines indicated in the worked
examples in Appendix B.
5.3.2 The values, obtainable from the tables' are for rectangul".r open
unglazed windows, with no external obstructions. The values shall be
corrected for the presenl.:e of window bars, for glazing and external obstruc-
tions, if <'-ny.
5.3.3 Corrections for window bal:s shall be made by multiplying the
values read from tables in Appendix A by a factor equal to the ratio of the
clear opening to the overall opening.
5.3.4 Correctionjor Glazing - Where windows are glazed, the sky compo-
nents obtained from Appendix A shall be reduced by about 10 to 20 percent
provided the panes are of clear glass tolerably clean. Where glass is of the
frosted (ground) type, the sky components read from Appendix A may be
reduced by about 15 to 30 percent. Higher indicated correction corres-
I ponds to larger windows and/or near reference points.
5.3.5 Correction jar External Obstructions - There is no separate correction
except that the values from tables in Appendix A shall be read only for the
unobstructed portions of the window, by method indicated in Appendix B.
5.4 External Refl~cted CODlponent (ERC) - The values of the sky com-
ponent corresponding to the portion of the window obstructed by the external
obstructions can be found by the use of methods described in Appendix B.
These values when multiplied by the correction factors, corresponding to the
mean elevation of obstruction from the point in question as given in Table 2,
can be taken as the external reflected components for that points.
5.5 Internal Reflected CODlponent (IRC) - The component of daylight
factor contributed by reflection from the inside surfaces varies directly as the
window area and inversely as the tot ...1 area of internal surfaces, and
depends Oil the reflection factors of the floor, wall and roof surfaces inside
and of the ground outside. For rooms white washed on walls and ceiling
and windows of normal sizes, the IRC will have a sizeable value even at

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III MM.tm

TAKE 2 COUBC'l'lON rACTORS FOR EBC

( a - 5....)
MaA!C ANou ColUl&C'l1OlC
OF FAOTOa
ELEVATION

5° 0·086
15° 0·086
25° 0·142
35° 0·192
"'5° 0·226
55° 0·27...
65° 0·304
75° 0·324
85° 0·334

points far away from the window. External obstructions, when present, will
proportionally reduce the IRO. Where accurate values of IRO are desired,
a precise method of evaluation of the same is given in ....

6. DAYLIGHTING REQ.UIREMENTS
6.1 ne.ip Eateraal nJpmlnatioa - The dayUghtfactor to be maintained
in any intemal environment shall be specified in relation to external illumina-
tion. "'
6.2 m••i_tioa I..neJ. H __say lor DUFereat V&-.J. T . . . -
Illumination levels necessary for different visual tasks shall be assumed to be
those given in IS : 3646 (Part II)-I966·. If the required amount of illu-
mination is not achieved. by daylighting only, it may have to be supple-
mented by artificialligbting.
6.3 R.ec:ommeaded Daylight Factor to be M-ia..;..... in DUFereat
Interior.
6.3.1 If design for daylighting based only on sky component values are
recommended, as sky components are easily determinable, this will tend to
make the daylighting more liberal; however, where more precise values are
desired, account may be taken ofERO and IRO values given in 5.4 and 5.5.
6.3.2 Based on an assumed external design illumination level of 8 000 lux
(m 4.3) and the acceptable levels of minimum illumination necessary for
different visual tasks (s" 6.2), the daylight factors recommended for different
locations are given in Table 3.
-Code of practice for interior illumination: Part II Schedule for values of illumination and
glare ind(X.

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TAJILE S aECOMMENDED DAYLIGBT .ACTOU ft)Il

INTBIUOU
(Clmuu 6.3.2 _ 7.1.1)

DrDtllitvs :
Kitchen H
Living room 0-62.5
Study I·g
Circulation o-SIS
Se/wJols:
Class-room I·g
Lecture theatre 2·0 to 2·5
Study hall 2·0 to 2·5
Laboratory I·g to 3-8
OJli«s:
General I·g
Drawing S·75
Enquiry 1).625 to 1'9
Hospil4ls:
General ward 1·25
Pathological laboratory 2'5 to 3-75
Librariu:
Stacltroom 009 to J·9
Reading room I·g to S'75
Counter area 2·5 to 3·75
Catalogue room 1'9 to 2'5
NOTE - 100 lux is equal to a sky component of value 1·25 percent baed on a 8000 lux
design exterior illumination.

6.3.2.1 Daylight factor values for other external intensities (s" 4.3)
may be obtained by evaluation.
Example:
For external design illumination levels of 1 000 lux the illu-
mination of 100 lux will be 1~~O 1 percent daylight factor.

6.3.3 The recommended daylight levels should be ensured generally on

the working plane at the following positions :
a) At a distance of 3 to 3·75 m from the window along the central line
perpendicular to the window;
b) At the centre of the room if more appropriate; and
c) At fixed locations, such as school desis, blackboards, and office
tables.
13
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IS I 2440 - 1975
6.3.3.1 In selecting any on~ position for design purposes, due consi-
deration should be given to the needs of the situation.
6.3.4 The daylight area of the prescribed daylight factor should not
normally be less than half the total area of the room. °

6.3.5 Supplementary artificial illumination may have to be provided:

a) against the possibility of the level of illumination falling below the
specified values at such times when the outside illumination falls
below the design value; and
b) where the fineness of visual task may demand a: higher level of
illumination at special locations, occasionally.
6.3.6 A few typical examples of cross-sectional vertical distribution of
light for two sizes of windows at certain assumed sill levels are given in
Fig. 2, 3 and 4.

7. WINDOW
7.1 Window Sizes
7.1.1 The width and height of the appropriate window shall be decided
upon by referring to the tables in Appendix A corresponding to the daylight
factor (see Table 3) and the chosen depth of penetration from among the
ihree alternatives given in 6.3.3.

-
WIDTH HEIGHT
20 em em
!Z
UI
WINDOW 120 180
Z WINDOW 180 120

~
~
0 \
(.) \
>
•\
\
;;i 10 \
w \
•,
\
,
(!)
4
~

---
z.
" ' ....
O

W
(.)
a:
w
Q. ....
0 120 240 480
0 360
DISTANCE FROM WINDOW IN em
(SILl. ON WORKING PLANE)

FIG. 2 TYPICAL SKY COMPONENT CURVES ON VERTICAL

CROSS SECTION ALONG THE CENTRAL LINE

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.... 20 WIDTH HEIGHT

em em
z ......... WINDOW 1~0 160
w
z WINDOW 180 120
~
u
~
>-
:.::
If) 10
LLI
<!)

:!
z
LLI
u
a::
w
Q.

°O~--------~'~~--------2~40------------3·60---------4~80
DISTANCE FROM WINDOW IN em
(Sill 30·5 em· ABOVE WORKING PLANE)

Fro. 3 TYPICAL SKY COMPONENT CURVES ON VERTICAL

CROSS SECTION ALONG THE CENTRAL LINE

20
WIDTH HEIGHT
....Z ~ WINDOW
em
120
em
180
LIJ
Z - - WINDOW ,.0 120
o
Q.

~
U

~ 10
LIJ
<!)
«
....
z
LIJ
U
0:
LIJ
Q. °O~----~~----~~----~~----~~
120 240 360 480
DISTANCE FROM WINDOW IN em
(SILL i1 em ABOVE WORKING PLANE)

FIG. 4 TYPICAL SKY COMPONENT CURVES ON VERTICAL

CROSS SECTION ALONG THE CENTRAL LINE

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7.1.2 The tables, in general give a number of window sizes contributing
to the recommended illumination. Economic and architectural considera-
tion should decide the final choice.
7.1.3 Before referring to the tables in Appendix A for deciding upon a
suitable window size, the daylight factor corresponding to the particular
location shall be increased by appropriate factors if the window is to be
glazed and/or is externally obstructed and/or is to be provided with window
bars (s" 5.3.4).
7.2 General Principle. of Wia.dow De.illl to Mord Good
DayHghting
7.2.1 GeIleraUy, while taller willdows give greater peIletratioIlS, broader
willdows give better distribution of light. It is preferable that some area
of the sky at an altitude of 20 degrees to 25 degrees should light up the
working plane.
7.2.2 But broader windows may also be equally or more efficient provided
their si1ls are raised by 30 cm to 60 cm above the working plane. Such
raised sills will not cut the outside view appreciably and afford in most situa-
tions, valuable wall space within easy reach, especially in schools and hospitals
where it may be utilized to carry electric wiring, gas and water connectioIlS,
etc.
7.2.3 For a given penetration, a number of small windows properly
positioned along the same, adjacent or opposite walls will give better distri-
bution of illumination than a single large window. The sky component at
any point, due to a number of windows, can be easily determined from the
corresponding sky component contour charts appropriately superimposed.
The sum of the individual sky component for each window at the point gives
the overall component due to all the windows. The same charts may also
facilitate easy drawing of sky component contours due to multiple
windows.
7.2.4 Unilateral lighting from side windows will in general be uIlSatis-
factory if the effective depth of the room is more than two to two-and-a half
times the distance from the floor to the top of the window.
7.2.5 Windows on two opposite sides will give greater uniformity of
internal daylight illumination especially whell the room is 7 m or more.
across. They also minimize glare by illuminating the wall surrouIldiIlg
each of the opposing windows. Side willdows on Olle side alld clerestory
willdows on the opposite side may be provided where the situation so
requires.
7.2.6 Crosslighting with windows on adjacent walls tends to increase the
diffused lighting within a room.
7.2.7 Windows in deep reveals tend to minimize glare effects.
7.2.8 Windows shall be provided with CHA]]AHS, louvers, baffles or
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other shading devices to exclude, as far as possible, direct sunlight entering
the room. CHAllAHS, louvers, etc, reduce the effective height of the
windows for which due allowance shall be made. Broad and low windows
are, in general, much easier to shade a~ainst sunlight entry. Direct sun-
light when it enters increases the inside illumination very considerably.
Glare will result if it falls on walls at low angles, more so than when it falls
on floors especiallv when the floors are dark coloured or less reflective.
7.2.9 Light control media, such as translucent glass panes (opal or matt)
surfaced by grinding, etching or sand blasting, configura ted or corrugated
glass, certain types of prismatic glass and glass blocks, are often used. They
should be provided, either fixed or movable, outside or inside, especially in
the upper portions of the window. The lower portions are usually left clear
to afford desirable views. The chief purpose of such fixtures is to reflect
part of the light on to the ceiling and thereby increase the diffuse lighting
within, light up the farther areas in the room and thereby produce a more
uniform illumination throughout. They will also prevent the windmv
causing serious glare discomfort to the occupants but will provide some gial'C
when illuminated by i irect sunlight.
7.2.10 Design should be such that in addition to direct illumiHdioll 1m>
vision should be made for diffuse lighting by internal reflectioll> ,end i:(\Cl-
reflections. The design should be such that the hightness ratic .:,f ,>,; tJ..,:k
to its immediate surroundings and distant areas in the roum sho'lld Lc as
) 10 : 3 : 1 and not exceeded.
7.2.11 To ensure a good level of diffused ligbting, all internal S\llI~LC':S
should be light coloured and have good reflectance.

8. SITING OF BUILDINGS
8.1 Proper planning and layout of buildings can add appreciably to the
daylight illumination inside.
8.2 Certain dispositions of building masses offer much Ie:" mutual ob'.truc-
tion to daylight than others and hence have a significant relevance especially
when intensive site planning is undertaken, The relative av:, tLthility of
daylight in mnltistorey blocks of ditferent relative orientation., arc given in
Table 4.
8.3 \\There a number of ,iO'u13.r building blocks is to be rai.,;o. L;irly close to
each other, it will be mort' advantageous to have altern;,tc block; perpendi-
cular to each other than all in a parallel formation.
8.4 Building heights and spacings are interdepcndent :l.Il<I. can in genc:ral
be adjusted to provide optimum daylighting advantage, [.)1' any density of
building development, that is, for any ratio of floor area to the overall site
art'a.

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TABLE 4 RELATIVE AVAILABILITY OF DAYUGHT ON TIlE WINDOW

PLANE AT GROUND LEVEL IN A FOUR-STOREYED BUILDING
BLOCKS (CLEAR DESIGN-SKY AS BASIS, DAYUGHT AVAILABILITY
TAKEN AS UNITY ON AN UNOBSTRUCTED FACADF, VALUES
ARE FOR THE CENTRE OF THE BLOCKS)
(Clause 8.2)

DISTANCE OF INFINITELY LONG PARALLEL BLOCKS PARALLEL BLOCKS

SEPARATION PARALLEL BLOCKS FACING EACH FACING GAPS
BETWEEN OTHER (LENGTH = BETWEEN OPPOSITE
BLOCKS 2x HEIGHT) BLOCKS (LENGTH =
2 X HEIGHT)
0·5 Ht 0·15 0·15 0·25

1·0 Ht 0·30 0·32 0·38

1·5 Ht 0·40 O·SO 0·55

2·0Ht 0·50 0·60 0·68

APPENDIX A
(Clauses 5.3.1, 5.3.3, 5.3.4, 5.3.5, 7.1.1 and 7.1.3 )
SKY COMPONENT TABLES
A.t. DESCRIPTION OF TABLES
A-t.t There are three tables included in this Appendix:
Table 5 Percentage sky components on the horizontal plane due to a
vertical window for the tropical design sky.
T<\ble 6 Percentage sky components on the vertical plane/perpendicular
to a vertical window for the tropical design sky.
Table 7 Percentage sky components on the vertical plane parallel to a
vertical window for the tropical design sky.
A.l.2 All the tables are for an unglazed opening illuminated by the dear
design sky.
A-1.3 The values tabulated arc the components at a point P, distant d from
the opening on a line perpendicular to the plane of the opening through one
of its lower corners. land h are the width and height respectively of the
rectangular opening (see Fig. 5) .
18
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__________________
TABLE 5 PEIlCENTAGE 8XY ClOMPONENTS ON TIlE BOmzcJllTAL PLANE DUE TO A VERTICAL WINDOW FOR THE TROPICAL DESIGN SKY
(a-.A-1.1)

n-~I----
~2 ~3 ~4 ~5 0'6 0·7 ~8 ~9 1·0 1-1 1·2 \oS H 1·5 1·6 1·7 1·8 1·9 2·0 3·0 4-0 5·0 1~0 INF

~I ~ (H)71 0-\04 ~133 ~158 0·179 ~196 ~213 ~225 ~235 ~24S ~250 ~256 ~261 ~264 ~268 ~21O ~272 ~274 ~276 0-284 ~286 0-287 ~288 00288
0-2 ~141 ~277 ~ ()'516 ()'614 ()'699 ()'770 ()'829 0.878 0·918 ~950 ()'977 ~999 1·018 1·033 1·046 1·056 1·065 1·072 1·079 HIO H18 t-l22 H25 \0125

0-3 ~SOO ~589 0.859 1-102 1·315 H99 1·653 1·782 1·888 1·976 2.Q48 2-108 2·157 2·197 2·2SI 2·259 2-282 2·302 2-318 2·m 2·+01 20421 2·429 2·456 2..,7
O.f H60 ~90S H22 Jo702 2·041 2-337 2'590 2-804 2-91\4 H34 3-258 30361 U46 3-516 3-574 3·625 306M 3·699 3-728 5-75' "8?! 3·909 3·922 '·935 S-!lS7
0-5 CHiCK 1-189 1-741 2·247 2-700 3·099 3-444 3-740 3·992 4-20* 4-SOS 4-5" 4-659 4-765 4-853 4-928 4-990 5-043 5·088 5-l26 5·312 5·366 5·387 5·+08 5·410
0-6 0.132 H43 2-114 2·752 3-289 3-781 4-211 4-582 4-900 5·171 HOI 5-596 5-761 5-901 6·020 6-121 6-208 6-281 6-344 6-397 6-661 6-739 6-769 6-796 6-802
0-7 0.1Hf 1·665 2-441 H59 3·808 40385 4-891 5'SSO 5-709 6-034 6-311 6-548 6-751 6-924 7·071 7-J96 HIJ1 7·400 H81 7-551 7-902 8-006 8·047 8·087 8-0!12
0-8 0.942 1'858 2·727 3·532 4-262 4-914 5·488 5·989 6-423 6·796 HI9 7·395 7-632 7·836 8·011 8·162 8·292 8-405 8·502 8·587 9-029 9-164 9-217 9-268 9-276
0.9 1-026 2-025 2-974 '·855 4-657 50375 6·011 &567 7·051 7·410 7·852 8·144 8-415 8·645 8·846 9-019 9-170 9-501 9-415 9-515 1~0i5 1~214 1~280 10-345 100555
1-0 1·099 2-169 H88 H35 5·000 5·776 6-465 7·071 7·600 8·060 8-458 8·803 9-102 9-561 9-585 9-780 9-9S0 1~093 10-228 .0.345 1~957 IH62 1\·243 11'525 II-m
1-1 1-161 2·294 '·372 4-377 5'296 6·12+ 6·861 7·510 8·079 8·576 9-008 9-SOS 9-709 9-992 1()'239 1()'454 1()'642 1()'806 1().951 11·078 11·776 12-017 12-114 12·209 12·$
1-2 1·215 2·+01 5·531 4-586 5·553 6-425 7·204 7·893 8·498 9-027 9-489 9-892 1~2.3 1~549 1()'816 11·050 11·254 IH34 11·593 11-732 12-509 12-786 12·900 13·013 13-030
t-5 1·262 2-+93 S·668 4-767 5·775 6·687 7·50S 8·226 8·863 9·+22 9-912 100S39 10.713 11·0+0 1J-326 11·577 11·797 11·992 12-163 12·314 15-J67 15-478 13·609 13-742 13-762
i ... j·302 2·573 3·ia7 <i-9'"2-+ 5·968 &9i5 7·764: 8·Si7 9-i83 9-769 iV-iSS iV-iSl ii·iii jj· ..i3 ii'iii i2'm i2'2i9 i2·46i ii·DiO i2·633 l:;'i58 i+i02 i+25i 1+104 i.....ui
l-5 J.SS7 2·643 5-891 5·060 6·136 7·114 7·991 8·772 g.~ 10.073 1~609 11·080 11·493 11·857 12·176 12'458 12·707 12·927 IH22 13·295 14-289 14-666 14-832 15-006 1s-0s5
1-6 1·367 2·703 S·961 5·179 6·283 7·287 8·190 8·996 9-710 10·341 1()'897 11·386 11·817 12·196 12·531 12·826 13·088 13·319 13·525 15·708 14-768 15-l76 15-359 15-555 15·585
1-7 1·39+ 2·756 4-060 5'283 6·+12 7·++0 8·366 9-192 9-927 10·577 1H51 11·657 12'IM 12'+98 12'8+6 13·154 15-427 13·669 13·885 14-078 15-199 15·638 15·838 16·0:.6 16-091
1-8 H17 2·803 H29 5·375 6·526 7·574 8·520 9·366 10.119 10·786 11·376 11·896 12·359 12-766 )3·127 13·446 13·750 13·983 14-208 140409 15·590 1&058 16'274 1&516 16-554
1-9 1·438 2·884 4-190 5·456 6·626 7-693 8·656 9-520 10.289 10·972 11·577 12·112 12·586 13·006 13-378 )3·708 14-002 14-264 IH98 14-707 15·944 16-441 16'673 16·937 16-980

2'0 H56 2·880 4-244 5·527 6·714 7·798 8·778 9·656 10.++0 11·137 11·755 12·303 12-789 13-220 13-603 13·9+3 14-246 14-516 14-758 14-975 16-265 16-790 17·037 17·325 17·372

2-0 1·559 3·087 4-553 5·937 7·223 8·+03 9-478 10.4+8 11·321 12·103 12·8(K 13-431 13·993 14-496 14-9+7 15·353 15·718 16·048 16·346 16-676 18·301 19-051 19-432 19-945 ~046

2-0 J-6oo 3·168 4-676 6·100 H26 8·646 9·759 10·768 11·678 12·498 13·235 13·897 14-+93 15'030 15·514 15·951 16·347 16·706 17-033 17-330 19-241 20.142 20·623 21·322 2H95

2·0 J-620 3-208 4-735 6·179 7·525 8·765 9-897 10·925 11·854 12·693 13·448 14-\28 IH42 15'296 15·796 16·252 16-664 17·0+0 IH82 17·695 19-7+0 2~7+O 21·293 22-148 22·393

2·0 1·648 3·263 4-818 &289 7·662 8·930 H)-fl89 1\·144 12-100 12·965 13-747 14-454 15·094 15-674 16·201 16·681 17-118 17·518 17·885 18·222 20.+91 21-681 22·390 23-676 24-238

INF 1·657 3·282 4-8+6 &327 7·710. 8·986 10.155 11·220 12·186 13·060 13-851 14-567 15-217 15·806 16·342 16·831 17·278 17·688 18·064 18-410 20.770 22·046 22·838 24-463 26-111

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D 12"-1'75
TABLE' PERCENTAGB SKY COMPONENTS ON TIlE vunc.u. PLANE PEJlPENDICVLAJl TO A. VDTICAL WINDOW FOR. THE TROPICAL DElIIGN-SX:Y
(a-.A-I.I)

':(;"., ., ., •• ., .. ., .. .. ,. ,., ,., ,., H H " .., ,. ,., , ., >0 .. " '" '"'
11~

!
0-1
1-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.036 0-141 0-303 0·506 ()O734 0·971 1·207 l-432 Hi+3 1·836 2-011 2· 168 2·308 204·33 2·544 2·642 2·130 2·808 2·878 2-940 3·309 3-4()! 3-536 3-6H 3·678
0-2 0-071 0-277 ()O594 0-993 1-442 1·910 2·374 2-820 3-236 3·618 3-964 +276 +554 4·802 5·022 5·219 5·393 5·549 5·688 5·812 &547 6·850 7·000 7-211 7·284
0-5 ()'1OS ()'401 0-863 H45 2-100 2·793 3-475 +130 +743 5·306 5·818 &278 &690 7·058 7-385 7·677 7·936 8·)68 8·375 8·560 9-657 10-110 10-335 10-651 10-760
G-4 0-126 0-491 1·059 1·779 2·597 3'+60 +326 50166 S'!/S8 6·691 7'359 7'967 8·507 8·990 !H20 9-804 10-146 10-451 10-724 10·908 12-'12I 13·024 13-323 13·743 13-889
O-S 0-142 0-554 1· 197 2·015 2·947 3·937 4·938 5·914 6-842 7-707 8-S03 9-228 9-883 10-412 10-999 11·476 11·897 12·273 12·610 12·912 14-712 15-462 15·835 16-360 16·542
G-6 6-154 0·600 l-298 2·187 3·204 +288 5,389 6·468 7-498 8·464 9-358 10'177 10'92~ 11·596 12-20~ 12·752 13-244 13·686 1+084 14·4H 16·583 17-478 17-924 18·552 16·771
0-7 0-162 0-634 1-372 2·316 3-397 +552 5-729 6'887 7-997 9-0i2 10-013 10·907 11·723 12-465 13·138 13·746 14-295 14-793 15·241 15·6i6 18·111 l!)-liB 19-665 20-397 20-653
0-8 0-169 0·660 H29 2·413 3·543 4'754 5·990 1·209 8-382 9·490 10-523 11-476 12-350 13·147 13·873 1+531 15·129 15·670 16-161 16·606 19·361 20·538 21·127 21·961 22·253
0-9 0-174 0-680 H72 2-487 3·655 4-909 6'192 HID 8·683 9-8H 10·924 11·926 12·847 13·690 14·459 15·159 15·796 16-375 16-902 17·381 20·386 21·701 22·36() 23-297 23-625
1·0 0-178 ()'695 1·505 2·545 3·7+3 5·030 6-350 7·657 8·921 10·120 11·243 12·284 13·245 1+126 14-931 15·666 16·337 16·9~ 17·504 18·012 21·237 22·680 23·408 24-446 2+810
l-l 0-181 0·707 - 1·532 2-591 3·812 5'126 6·475 7-81+ 9-110 10·342 11-498 12'573 13·566 1+478 15·314 16-079 16-718 IHI6 17·999 16-531 21·946 23'508 2+303 25,441 25·8H
1·2 0-183 0·716 1·552 2·626 3·866 5·202 6·575 7·939 9·261 10-521 11·705 12·807 13·827 1+776 15-628 16·418 17·1+1 17·802 18-407 18-961 22·543 2+208 25·072 26'309 26,745
1·3 0-185 ()'72! 1'5682·655 3·910 5·263 6'655 8·040 9-384 10-666 11-873 12·998 14·041 15·003 15·887 16-698 17-442 18·123 18·747 19-320 23·049 24-809 25·735 27-070 27·542
1-4 0-186 0·729 1-582 2·678 3·945 5' 312 6-720 8· 122 9-+84 HI-785 12-011 13·155 14--217 15-198 16·101 16·931 17-692 18·391 19-032 19·621 230480 25·326 26·308 27·741 28·249
1·5 0-188 0·734 1·592 2·697 3·973 5-352 6· 713 8·189 9-566 10·883 12·124 13'285 1+364 15·361 16'280 17·125 17·902 18-616 19-272 19-875 23-850 25·772 26·806 28·336 28·880
1·6 0·189 ()'738 J.601 2·712 3·996 5,385 6·8\6 8·2+4 9-634 10·963 12·219 13-394 14-486 15·497 16·430 17·289 18·079 18·806 19-475 20·090 24-169 26-161 27·245 28·866 29-445
\·7 0·189 0·74-1 1'608 2·724 +016 50412 6·852 8-290 9·690 11·031 12·298 13·484 1+589 15·611 16·556 17-427 18-229 18·968 19·6~ 20-274 24·444 26·501 27-629 29·340 29·955
1'8 0·190 0·7+4- 1,614 2·735 4·032 5'434 6'882 8·328 9·737 11'087 12'364 13·561 14·67S 15-708 16-663 17,545 18-357 19·105 19·79'; 20-431 2!·O84 26,799 27·959 29·765 30·416
1-9 0·\91 0·746 J.619 2·743 4·045 5-453 6·908 8·300 9·777 11-135 12-420 13·625 14·749 15'791 16·755 17·645 18'466 19-224 19·922 20·567 24·893 27·062 28·270 30·149 30·835
2·0 0·191 0·748 1·623 2·751 4·056 5·469 6·929 8-387 9·811 11·175 12·468 13·630 14-81\ 15·861 16·833 17·731 18-560 19·325 20·031 20·694 25·077 27·294 28·537 30·496 31·217
3-0 0-193 0-756 1·6+2 2-785 4-109 5-5# 7-030 8-517 9-912 11·371 12·699 13·950 15·120 16-211 17·224 18·16~ 19-036 19·8+4 20·594 21·289 26·092 28-619 30-108 32-676 33-742
+·0 0·194 0-759 1-648 2·794 4·124 5·566 7-058 8-SSi 10-018 IH27 12·767 14-029 15·212 16-316 17-343 18·298 19·185 20·008 20·772 21·~3 26·439 29·128 30·745 33·687 35-064
5·0 0·194 0-760 1·650 2·798 4-129 5'574 7·069 8-568 10·036 11-449 12·793 14-060 15·248 16·357 17·390 18·351 19-243 20·073 20·8U 21 ·552 26·592 29·359 31·049 3i-232 35·872
10·0 0-194 0·761 1-652 2·801 4·135 5'581 7'080 8·582 10'053 11-470 12-818 14-090 15·283 15·398 170436 18'403 19-302 20·138 20·917 21 ·611 26-758 29-624 3H19 35·049 37·513
INF 0-194 0·761 1'652 2·802 4-136 5'582 7-081 8-584 10·056 IH73 12-822 14·095 15-288 16·4O} I7·H3 13·411 19·311 20· US 20·928 21-SH 2Q-1S5 29-672 3H9J 35·214 39-172

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IS s 24:tO - 1975
TABLE 7 PERCENTAGE SKY COMPONENTS ON THE vmnCAL PLANE PAlULLEL TO A VERTICAL WINDOW FOR THE TROPICAL DESIGN SKY
(CIaus<A.l.I)

~/'_I 0-1 0-2 0-3 .6-4 0·5 0·6 11-7 0·6 0-9 1·0 1· 1 1-2 1·3 H 1·5 1·6 1-7 1·6 1·9 2·0 3·0 4·0 5·0 10·0 INF

h~d,\
!
0·1
1-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11-726 1-429 2'()78 2·600 3-167 3-600 3·964 4-265 4-513 4·717 4-863 5-020 5·132 50225 HOI 5-365 50418 5-463 5·501 5·53S 5·6117 5·733 5-749 5-765 5-766
11-2 1-429 2-603 4·077 5-221 6-220 7-073 7-790 6-365 6-676 9-276 9-609 9-830 10·103 10·266 10-439 10-565 10·671 10·760 10·635 10·899 11·207 11·296 11·330 11·362 11-365
0·3 2·0611 H161 5-913 7·530 9-040 10-265 11-337 12-212 12·934 13-526 14-016 14-417 14-747 15·020 15·246 15-434 15·591 15·724 15-636 15·931 16-390 16·523 16-574 16·623 16-627
11-4 2·529 4-970 7·249 9-312 11-133 12-707 \4·042 15-164 16·097 16-870 17-507 18·025 18-458 18-816 19·113 19-360 19-5611 19-742 19-690 20·015 20-624 20·601 20·866 20-933 20-939
0·5 2·652 5-606 8·186 10-529 12·606 14·410 15·952 17-256 18·350 19·262 20-021 20-652 21·177 21·613 21-978 22·275 22-530 22·746 22·923 23·082 23·836 24-056 24-140 24-222 24-229
0-6 3·066 6·070 8-667 11-415 13-6111 15·656 17·353 18·793 20-008 21-027 21-879 22-592 23·189 23·669 24·109 24·462 24-761 25-014 25-229 25-412 26·299 26·561 26-662 26·759 26·766
0-7 3-259 6-41~ 9-373 12·074 14-482 16-586 18·402 19-949 21-257 22-359 23-265 24-063 24·716 25-267 25-731 26-124 26-458 26·742 26·984 27-192 28-214 28-5 17 26-634 28·748 28·758
6-8 3-389 6-672 9·755 12·573 15-090 17·296 19-201 20·830 22·212 23-360 24-365 25-195. 25·895 26·466 26·987 27-412 27·775 28·064 28·350 28·578 29-720 300065 30·198 30·327 30-339
('·9 3·489 6·669 111-046 12·955 15·556 17-840 19-817 21·511 22·952 24-173 25-206 26-078 26-816 27·441 27·972 28·424 28·810 29·141 29-426 29·672 30-927 31-303 31-451 31-596 31·610
H) s-565 7-021 10-272 13·250 1!1917 18-263 20-297 22-043 23-531 24-795 25-866 26-773 27 ·~2 28·196 28-752 29·226 29-633 29-982 30·283 30-544 31·889 32·302 32·467 32·627 32·643
J.\ ,.625 7-139 111-«7 13-481 16-200 18-594 20-674 22·462 23·969 25·288 26-391 27-326 28-121 28·798 29-375 29-669 30-293 30-658 30-973 31·246 32-670 33-117 33-297 33-473 33-491
1·2 3-672 7-233 10-586 13-66S 16·423 18·657 20-973 22·795 2HSS 25-661 26·810 27·770 28·587 29·283 29-878 30·386 30·826 31-201 31-532 31·616 33·309 33-796 33-981 *173 .*193
1·3 3-709 7-307 100696 13-807 1&602 19-067 21·213 23-062 24-646 25·998 27·148 28·128 28·963 29·676 30·266 30·810 31·261 31·651 31·989 32-283 33·836 *350 34-550 *756 *779
1-4 3·739 7·366 111-784 13·924 16·745 19-2~ 21-+06 23-278 24-884 26-255 2H24 28-420 29-271 29-998 30·621 31·157 31·618 32·018 32-365 32·667 *274 34·813 35·035 35·247 35·271
I·S 5·7Q 70414 1G-856 1-H18 16·861 19-57S 21 ·56S 2H~ 25·077 26·465 27-649 28·660 29-52S »262 »897 31-443 31 ·914 32-522 32·677 32·986 S4-641 35·202 3HSG '5066S S5·689
Hi NBS 7-4.55 16-914 14-095 1&956 19-485 21-692 23·599 25-236 26·638 27·835 28·857 29-732 »482 ' ... 26 31·680 32-l60 32-575 32·937 33-253 34-950 35-532 35-776 3&017 3&046
1-7 ,..", 70485 111-962 14-158 17·034 19-578 21-796 23-718 25-368 2&781 27·989 29-022 29-906 »665 31·317 31-879 32·366 32-788 33-156 33-477 35-211 35·812 36·067 3&321 3&352
I .. ,.812 7-512 11-002 14-211 17·099 19-655 21 ·886 25·817 25-478 2&900 28·118 29·160 »052 »818 SH77 32·046 32-539 32·967 33-340 33·666 35·455 36·052 3&316 36·584 3&617
1-9 '·824 7-554 1I.0s5 14-254 IN53 19-719 21·960 23·900 25·570 27·001 28·226 29-276 »175 »948 31·613 32·188 32-686_ 33· 119 330497 3H28 35·626 3&259 3&532 3&812 3&847
200 So835 7·553 11-062 14-291 17-199 19-773 22-022 230970 25-647 2Hl1l6 28·318 29-374 »279 31·058 3\0728 32-306 32·811 33-249 330M 1 33·965 55·791 36-4!111 3&719 37·011 37-048
s-o SoB76 7-659 11-192 14-463 17-412 26-027 22·516 24-302 26·016 27·491 28·757 29-846 »783 31·m 32·291 32·898 330427 33·889 *294 34-651 3&640 37·380 37·715 38·107 !III·IS7
+0 H88 7~ 11·2211 14-511 1H71 2IHl98 22·598 24-!96 2&121 2Hi06 28·884 29-963 30-930 31·748 32-457 33·074 3HII 34-082 34-496 *860 3&915 37·699 38·063 38·510 38·579
s-o ,. 7-672 11·2+1 14-529 IH!H 20-125 22·430 24-432 2&161 27-650 28·932 30-035 »986 31·808 32·521 33·142 33·683 *157 *574 *945 37-028 37·8M !III·214 !III·696 !III·781
1M H97 HilI 11·254 14-546 17·515 20-150 22-459 24-466 26-199 27-Ci93 28·9711 so-oss 3H141 31-867 32·584 33-208 33-753 *231 54·652 35·024 37-144 37·978 38·332 38·927 39-057
DIP So. Hill2 11-256 14-.";48 17-518 2CH~ 22-464 24-471 2&205 2Hi99 28·985 »09S S1-049 31-876 32-593 33·218 33-764 34-243 34-664 3H)37 37-162 38·003 38·411 38·978 39-172

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FIG. 5

A-I.4 Sky components for different hId and lId values are tabulated, that is,
for different sizes of windows and for different distances of the point P from
the window.
A-I.5 By suitable combination of the values obtained from the three tables,
for a given point for a given window, the sky component in any plane p "\Ssing
through the point can be obtained.

APPENDIX B
( Clauses 5.3.1, 5.3.5, 5.4 and 5.5 )
CALCULATION OF SKY COMPONENT
B·l. METHODS OF USING THE TABLES IN APPENDIX A
B·1.1 Methods of using the tables in Appendix A to get the sky components
at different points are explained with reference to specific examples. Since
the working plane is usually horizontal, Table 5 alone will be generally used.
Only in Example 12, both Tables 6 and 7 are utilized.

B-2. EXAMPLES
Example 1:
Point Pis 300 em from the window on a perpendicular line passing
through the centre of the sill. The width of the window is 180 cm and
height 150 cm. Considering one half of the window (see Fig. 6):
lId = 90/300 = 0-3
hId = 150/300 = 0-5
The component as read from Table 5 is 1-74 percent. The component
for the total window is 2 x 1·74 = 3-48 percent.
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All dimeDIions in centimetres.

FIG. 6
&tample 2:
Point P is 300 em from the same window, the foot of the perpendi-
cular N being on the sill 30 em from one corner and 150 cm from the
other (see Fig. 7).

rr:'~~-=l
tA 1&0
~ __l

All dimensions in centimetres.

FIG. 7

Part A,
lId = 150/300 = 0·5
hId = 150/300 = 0-5
Fa = 2·70 percent (from Table 5)
Part B,
lId = 30/300 = 0'1
hId = 150/300 = 0·5
Fb = 0-604 percent (from Table 5)

Example 3:
F .
= Fa + Fb = 2·70 + 0,604 = 3·304

Point P is 300 em from the same window. Foot of the perpendi-

cular N is 60 em above the sill at the centre (see Fig. 8).
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AU dimenaions in centimetres.
FlO. 8

The portion of the window below the horizontal line pas-.ing

through Nwill be ineffective as no sky can be seen through that part.
For each half: effective lId = 90/300 = 0·3
effective hId = (150-60)/300 = 0·3
Fl = 0-859 percent (from Table 5)
F = 2 X Fl = 2 X 0'859 = 1·718 percent
Exampl,4:
Point Pis 300 em from the same window. Foot of the perpendi-
cular N is 60 cm below the sill at the centre (s" Fig. 9).
\"180,

llJ)
i-~'~
AU diinesuions in centimetre;.
FIG. 9
Consider the window extended up to EF
For portion NFBH
lId = 90/300 = 0-3
hid = 60/300 = 0·2
F, = 0·403 percent (from Table 5)
For portion NFCG
lId = 90/300 = 0·3
"Id = (150 + 60)/300 = 0·7
F. = 2·441 percent (from Table 5)
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• 12MI-1t75
For the portion HBCG
F' = FI - FI = 2·441 - 0-403 = 2-038
For the total window MJCD
F = 2 F' = 2 X 2·038 = 4;076 percent
&ampUS:
Point P is 300 em from the same window. Foot of the perpendi.
cular N is 60 em below the sill and 90 em to the left of ~D (_ Fig. 10).

All dimeDaioDi in centimetra.

FlO. 10
. Consider ~CD extended to NB'CIY
1) For NB'CD'
+
lId = (100 9O}/300 = 0-9
+
Altl = (ISO 1»)/300 = 0·7
F I , = S·700perccnt (fiom Table 5)
2) For N~' DIY
lltl = 90/300 = 0·3
Itltl = (ISO +60)/300 = 0·7
FI = 2·441 percent (tiom Table 5)
3) For NB'B~'
+
lId;'" (100 90)/300 = 0-9
Itld = 60/300 = 0-2
FI = 0·878 percent (tiom Table 5)
4) For N~',AA.'
lId = 90/300 = 0-3
Itld = 60/300 = &2
=
F, 0·403 pcrceat (tiom TableS)
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Since
ABCD = NB'CD' - NA'DD' - NB' BA- + NA' AA-
F = Fl - Fa - Fa + F,
= 5·709 - 2·441 - 0·878 + 0-403
= 2·793 percent
&tI1ftJIh 6:
Point P is 300 cm from the same window, N falls above the lintel
level. No sky can be seen from P and, therefore, F = 0_

~·7:

Point P is 180 cm from the same window_ N coincides with A

(m Fig. 11).

All dimensions in centimetres.

FIG. II

lid = 180/180 = 1·0

kId ~= 1501180 = 0·833
Interpolation is necessary to get F from the table
For lid = 1·0 and kid = 0·9
Fl = 7·470 percent
For lid = 1·0 and kid = 0·8
Fa = 6·8 percent
For lid = 1·0 and kId = 0·833
F = 6·8 + i (7·47 - 6·8)
= 6·8 + 0·223
= 7·023 percent
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Exampu 8:
Point Pis 210 cm ii-om the same window. .N coincides with A.
lId = 180/210 = 0·86
hId =150/210 = 0·71
For lId = 0·8 and hId = 0'7, F] = 5·33 percent (from Table 5)
For lId = 0'8 and hId = 0'8, F2 = 5·99 percent (from Table 5)
For lId = 0·8 and hId = 0'71, F' = Fl + 0·1 (Fa - F1)
= 5·33 + 0·1 X 0·66
= 5·4 percent approximately
For lId = 0·9 and hId = 0'7, F3 = 5·709 percent (from Table 5)
For lId = 0'9 and hId = 0'8, F, = 6'423 percent (from Table 5)
For lId = 0·9 and hId = 0'71, F W = F3 + 0'1 (F, - Fa)
= 5·709 + 0·1 X (6·423 - 5·709)
= 5'709,+ 0·1 X 0·714
= 5·7804-
= 5·78 percent
For lId = 0·86 and hId = 0·71
F = F' + 0·6 (F' - F')
= 5·40 + 0·6 X 0·38
= 5·628 percent

Example 9:
Point P is in front of the window, below the sill and to the left.
Depth of reveal 60 cm (see Fig. 12).

All .dimensions in centimetres.

FIG. 12

l' and h', the apparent length and height of the opening, are first
calculated geometrically and the table is used afterwards to get sky
component by methods indicated earlier.
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&amPl, 10:
Point Pis 300 cm from the same window. N coincides with A.
Top or external obstruction is EF 60 cm apparently above AB as seen
from P (m Fig. 13).

All dimensions in centimetres.

FIG. 13

For ABCD
lid = 180/300 = 0·6
hfd = 150/300 -= 0-5
Fl ,= 3-1 percent (from Table 5)
For ABFE
lid = 180/300 = 0-6
hid = 60/300 = 0-2
F2 = 0-7percent (from Table 5)
For the unobstructed portion EFCD
F:o~ Fl - F2 = 2-4 percent

Mean a.~gle of obstruction tan -1 33~0 = 5° approximately

From Table 2, corresponding correction factor = 0-086
ERe = F2 X 0-086 = 0-7 x 0-086 = 0-0602 = 0'06 percent
Obstruction 20 percent of F2 ~, 0-7/5 ,= 0-14 percent
Example 11:
Point Pis 300 cm from the same window. N coincides with A.
External obstruction is 90 cm X 90 cm as seen from P. The apparent
'Obstruction is shown in the figure (see Fig. 14).
For ABeD
lId = 180/300 = 0-6
hid = 150/300 = 0-5
Fl = 3-1 percent (from Table 5)

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.. 12M.lt'15

AU dimenli.onl in centimetres.
FIG. 14

For obstruction AEFG

lId = 90/300 = 0·3
.hld = 901300 = 0'3
F. = 0-86 percent (from Table 5)
For unobstructed portion EBCDGF
= 2·24 percent
F = Fl .~ F.
Mean angle of obstruction = tan-ll!~ = 8 approximately0

Correction factor = 0·086

ERe = 0'86 X 0'086 = 0:07396 = 0-074 percent
Obstruction 1/5 of 0·86 = 0·172 percent
&ampU 12:
Same window. Vertical blackboard 300 cin from window parallel
to the window plane. Sky component at centre required (SII Fig. 15).

1---1 L__ _ L~ w P
PLAN
FIG. 15

Similar methods as described earlier should be used to find sky com-

ponent Fl' But Table 6 should be uSed in this case.
If the plane of the blackboard is perpendicular to the window plane,
Table 5 should be used to find the sky component Fl'
If the plane of the blackboard is inclined at an angle 0 to the perpen-
dicular direction:
F = FI Sin 8 + Fa Cos 8
Nor& - In certain poIitiona only a part of the window will be lighting the blackboard
but the above examples indicate the method to follow in such or other complicated
·ituationa.

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IS : HtI- 1175

N. GENBIlAL JNS'I'IWCI'IONI
"".1 For irregular obstructions like a row of trees parallel to the plane of the
window, equivalent straight boundaries horizontal and vertical, may be
drawn, and the methods indicated in Examples 10 and 11 can then
be used.
)1..3.2 For extremely irregular obstructions or obstructions not in a plane
parallel to the window, diagrammatic methods, such as Waldrams diagrams
will have to be employed.
)1..3.3 For bay windows, dormer windows or comer windows the effeetive
dimensions of window opening computed should be taken when using the
tables to find the sky components .

. 8-4. CALCUI..ATlON OF IRe

8.4:.1 The internal reflected. component is a variable quantity which varies
&om point to point in a room depending upon the interior finish. IRC value
is maximum at the centre of the room and decreases elsewhere in all direc·
tions. For processing calculations of IRC at any given point of the rooIl1,
special techniques have to be made out. The internal reftected component
maybe calculated by using the following formula :
0·85 W .
IRC = A(l _ R) (CRt. + 10 Rc.)
where
W = window area;
C = a constant of value 78 when there is no external obstruction
but it has different values as shown in Table 8 when there
are Qbstructions;
R'fIJ = average reflection factor of the ftoor and those parts of the
wall below the plane of the mid-height of the window
.(excluding·the window wall);
Rc. = average reflection factor of the ceiling and those parts of the
wall above the plane of the mid-height of the window
(excluding the window wall);
A = area of all the surfaces in the room {ceiling walls, Boor and
windows); and
R = the average reflection factor of .all :surfaces in the room
(ceiling, walls, Boor and windows) expressed as a decimal
part of unity.

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TABLE 8 VALUBS OF C
(Clau .8-4.1 )

ANGLE OP Slty+ ExnulNAL ANGLE OP SItY+ ExnaNAL

0Brra11C1'10N OBrraVCI10N,C 0Bna11C1'10N OBIITatKinON, C
(1) (2) (1) (2)
Dqree Degree
5 68·9 55 15·8
15 50·6 65 12·9
25 36'2 75 1i'l
35 26·7 85 10·36
45 20·1

8-4.1.1 Example:
Consider two rooms of dimensions :
Room X = 6 m (l) X 5 mew} X 3 m (Itt)
Room T= 3·7mx3mx3m
Let the window area be 15 percent of the floor area and be glazed
Window size in room X = 2'5 m X 1·8 m
Window size in room T = 1'5 mX 1'1 m
The windows are on the 6 m X 3 m side in room X and 3'7 m X 3 m side
in room T, and the sill heights are 0·9 m from floor level.
Reflection coefficients.of
walls and ceiling = 70 percent
Floor = 20 percent
Glazing = 15 percent
Value of IRe in room X:
a) Total interior area = A = 2 (30+18+15) = 126=m2
b) Average reflection factor of interior :
R =
61·5xO·7+30xO·7+30xO·2+4·5xO·15 = 0.56
61'5+30+30+4'5
c) 1 - R = 0·44
d) Mid-height of window is 1·83 m from floor, average reflection factor
of room below 1·83 m level excluding the wall containing the
window:
R = 29'28xO'7+30xO'2= 0.45
111)29'28+30

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·'i :,
\~ ,-:) Aver~ge r~~ction fa~tot of room above 1·83 m level excluding the
, J. wa,ll ~bnta1n1ng the wmd()\\'" :
,i " 18-7ZxO'7+3Q.x0'7,
'i R ow .=, 18.72+'3<}":,' ~ 0·7
,," (}-85x4'5 , "';, ."
f) I~C =;: 126 x 0:4-4 P8xq·45 -rIO xO·7) = 2·904
Value of IRC'1n room T:
a) Total interior area :" "
A = 2(3·7x3+3·7 x .3+3x3} ,
= 62·4m2
b) Average reflection factor ,
38 x 55 xO·7 x 3xO'7+3'7 x 3 x 0·2+ 1·5 xl '1 x 0·15
R= " 38'55+1H+11 '1+1'65 ' = ,0-596
c) Mid-height of window from floor = 1·46 m
d) Average reflection factor below 1·46 m level
3·7 x.3 xO'7+1'S4x 9·7 xO '7
Rf • = 11.1+14-94 ' = 0·48
e) Average reflection factor above }·46 m level
3'7 x 3 x O'7+ 1'54x 9'7 x 0·7
ReID = 11 .1+14'94 = 0·7
0-85 x 1·65
f) IRC = 62.4 x O'404 (78 x O·48+lO x O·7) = 2·472

APPENI,lIX C
( Clause , 0.8 )
GENERAL NOTE ON DA¥UGIITING OF BUILDING

C-l. The main aim of daylighting design is how to admit enough light for
good visibility without setting up uncomfortable glare. INo simple solution
may be' given as the sky varies so much in its brightness from hour to hour,
and from season to season.
C-2. Different visual tasks need differing ' amounts of lights for the same
visual efficiency. The correct amount of light for any task is determined
by the following:
a) The characteristics of the task - size of significant detail, contrast of
detail with background and how close it is to"the eyes;

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18 I 2440 - 1975
b) The sight of the worker-for example, old people need more light;
c) The speed and accuracy necessary in the performance of work. If
no erron are permissible, much more light is needed; and
d) The ease and comfort of working-long and sustained tasks must
be done easily whereas workers can make a special effort for tasks
of very short duration.
These factors have been made the subject of careful analysis as a result of
which tables of necessary levels of illumination have been drawn up.
c.s. Levels of lighting determined analytically must be translated into levels
of daylight and then into size of window opening or viel-versa for checking
the size of window assumed for required levels of daylight.
c.4. One of the many important factors involved in the· translation is the
'lightness of the room surface. The illumination level in a given room with a
~te window will be higher when the walls are light coloured than when
these are dark coloured. It is necessary, therefore, at an early stage to
consider the colouring of the rooms of the building and not to leave this until
later. Lighting is not merely a matter of window openings and quite half the
eventual level of lighting may be dependent on the decorations in the room.
Whatever may be the colour the occupants want to use, it is most desirable to
maintain proper values of reflectance factors for ceiling, wall and floors so
that the I~Of'daylight-illumination is maintained.

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11."."I
11• • •
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Telephone. I 331 0131. sat 1371 Telec.raml I Manahanatha
( Common to all officel )
".glonel Offlc•• I T.'ephone
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BOMBA Y 400083
tEa.t.rn .,/14 C. I. T. Sch.eme VII M. V. I. P. Ro~d. 8624 gil
Manlktola. CALCUTTA 700054
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Srench Offices I
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'F' Block Unity Bldg, NaraslmharaJa Square. 12 48 oe
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SHOPAL 462003
Plot No. 82/83, Lewis Road. BHUBANESHWAR 751001i1 Ii 38 27
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117/41. B SarVOdaya Nagar. KANPUR 208005 11 68 78

PatJIputra Industrial Estat •• PATNA 800013 .2301

Hantex Bldg ( 2nd Floor ). Rly StatJon Road. 76637
TRIVANORUM 695001
Imp.DtlDn nfl/c. ( With Sail Point) I

PushpanJali 205-A West HI,gh Court Road 25171

Bharampeth Extension, NAGPUR 440010
Institution of Engin.ers ( Indl. I BuUding. 13M Shllll'l\l .... '80.r. 52435
PUN! 41100S

·S.I.. Ofllce In Bomb.y 'e ., Novelty Chamber., Qr.n' Ro.'. 80.10

Bombey 400007
fS.le. Ofllce 'n Calcutta ,. e' • CIHJ.mngate. A~,o.c:". ~ O. Prine." lUll 00
9IMot. C.lcutt. 710011