http://www.sapstudymaterials.com/2007/12/mm-008-material-valuation.

html

SAP MM - Material Valuation

Material valuation is one of the “must-known” topics for all SAP Material Management (MM) learners,
especially for MM consultant, FI consultant, and FI & MM administrator in a company. In a company, the
material valuation procedure must be determined together with accounting department. It determines,
among other things, how a material transaction recorded in accounting journal.

The first thing that we should know in material valuation is the Valuation Area. It is the organizational
level at which material is valuated. In SAP R/3 system, there are two possible organizational level at
which material is valuated:

1. Plant.
When stock is valuated at plant level, we can valuate a material in different plants at different
prices. Valuation must be at this level in the following cases:

o If we want to use the application component Production Planning (PP) or Costing

o If our system is a SAP Retail system

2. Company Code.
When stock is valuated at company code level, the valuation price of a material is the same in all
of a company's plants (that is, in a company code).

SAP recommends that we set material valuation at Plant level.

We can define the valuation level in configuration process with T-Code SPRO and will be valid for whole
client. The configuration process can be seen at these screen shots:
 The above image is © SAP AG 2010. All rights reserved

The above image is © SAP AG 2010. All rights reserved

If we’ve never defined this before, the “Valuation Level” screen will be editable, but in this example it is
not editable because it has been defined before. Defining the valuation level in Configuring is a
fundamental setting, and is very difficult to reverse.

The transactions in Inventory Management that can affect the valuation price of material in accounting
record (depending on the type of price control) are:

 Goods Receipts.
 Goods Issues.
  Transfer Postings (for example, a stock transfer between two plants or a transfer posting from
one material to another).
 Postings in Invoice Verification.

We must create the accounting data for each valuation area for all valuated materials so the above
transactions can be carried out for those materials. In the accounting view of material master data, we
can get an overview of the present valuation.

Valuation of goods receipts depends on the price control procedure we set in the material master
record. In the R/3 System, material valuation can be carried out according to the moving average price
procedure (V price) or the standard price procedure (S price).

The above image is © SAP AG 2010. All rights reserved

In the standard price procedure (price control “S”), the system carries out all stock postings at a price
defined in the material master. Variances are posted to price difference accounts.

In the moving average price procedure (price control “V”), the system valuates goods receipts with the
purchase order price and goods issues with the current moving average price. The system automatically
calculates the latter upon every goods movement by dividing the total value by the total stock quantity.
Differences between the purchase order price and the invoice are posted directly to the relevant stock
account if there is sufficient stock coverage.
Characteristic of Price Control “S”:

 All stock postings are made at a standard price.

 The system posts all differences from the standard price to an account “Expense/Revenue from
price difference”.
 Exact values are available for cost accounting / controlling purposes (All goods issues, such as
issues to a production order, are valuated at the same standard price. This allows better analysis
of the costs of production orders).
 In the accounting view, we can display differences between the delivered price and the standard
price.
 We can change material prices if required (generally at the end of period). This causes the
system to revaluate the total stock for a valuation area.

Posting at Standard Price.

A receipt posted to a stock account is generally posted at the standard price. Differences between the
order price and the standard price are posted to an “Expenses/revenue from price differences” account
(2).

Differences between the invoice price and the order price are posted to an “Expenses/revenue from
price differences” account (3).

The moving average price is also recorded in the material master when the material is valuated at a
standard price. It indicates the extent to which the standard price differs from the delivered price.

Characteristic of Price Control “V”.

 Receipts are valuated at their actual price (as per purchase order, invoices,...)
  The system modifies the price in the material in the material master according to the delivered
price.
 Issues are generally valuated at the current material price.
 The data used for cost accounting / controlling purposes therefore contains price fluctuations.
 Only in exceptional circumstances does the system post at a difference to the
“Expenses/Revenues from price differences” account (The system makes a posting to an
“Expenses/revenue from price differences” account for a material valuated at a moving average
price only in the case of a debit or credit when the stock coverage in the company code is
smaller than the quantity to be debited or credited, e.g.: When we reverse an invoice, the
account movements made when the invoice was posted cannot always simply be reversed. For
example, if there was sufficient stock coverage when we posted an invoice with a price variance
for a material with moving average price, but when we reverse the invoice, there is insufficient
stock coverage, the R/3 System posts the price difference in the credit memo to a price
difference account, although the price variance was debited to the stock account when we
posted the invoice)
 We can change material prices if required (generally at the end of period). This causes the
system to revaluate the total stock for a valuation area.

Postings at Moving Average Price.

Receipts to the stock account are posted with the value Quantity x Order price. The moving average
price is recalculated after every transaction and is therefore adjusted in line with delivered prices (2)/(4).

Differences between the order price and the invoice price are debited to the stock account, as the
invoiced quantity is in stock (3).

The difference between the order price and the invoice price is only posted for the 50 pieces in stock.
For the remaining 50 pieces that are not in stock, the difference between the order price and the invoice
price is posted to an “Expenses/revenue from price differences” account (6).

You could read our previous article to know the effect of Price Control (S/V) in the Goods Receipt
process.