MAnh 2 REVISION 1 1. Choose A, B, C or D that best fits each blank in the following sentences 1. As their bookshop wasn't doing very well, they decided to branch __ and sell compact discs and cassettes as well Aout Bover C down on D out for 2. As part of their demonstration, the students blocked __ several roads that ran through the city centre, ‘A down Bout C back Doff 3. The debate went on for hours, with each side giving _. Aasgoodasitgot Bago C the lowdown Daard time 4, A mean-spirited person will refuse to give ___ where itis due. Ahiis word B. priority Credit Danhard time 5. The exam wasn't as difficult as everybody made __. Aoft Bup Cout Dior 6. After Geoff's rapid promotion, he ___ his power by using the company helicopter. Aexposed B flaunted C revealed D dissolved 7. They __ the rumours as being unfounded, A dismissed B dispelled C minimised D flouted 8. After being wounded in action, Ben was __ from the army on medical grounds. A discharged Bevacuated C dismissed Dexpelled 9. Helen has always __a tendency to overreact melodramatically. A disclosed B exposed C revealed Dexhibited 410. It's disgusting how Jenny__ her success now that her first CD has become a hit. Afiaunts B flouts C flourishes Diftails 11. Linda ___great presence of mind in the way she saved the boy. A disclosed B exposed C displayed D deduced 12. The manager's first task was to__ the guests from the burning hotel. A dismiss Bexpel C discharge Devacuate 13. I want you to_ the report into a one-page statement. A minimise Bdeduct C condense D diminish 14. The restaurant _ €20 from the waiter's pay for breakages. Areduced B deducted C diminished D decreased 15. It took the journalist five years to ___ the politician's lies for what they were. Adisplay B disclose C expose D flaunt 46. The judge __ the elderly witness as soon as she had testified Addismissed Bextradited C discharged Ddispetied 47. Our productivity __ when our rate of pay was cut Adeclined Breduced C contracted Diowered 418. The town council thought it could ___the law, but the court ordered it to demolish its unsafe buildings. Afiaunt Bflout C flourish D fail 49. The muscle___so suddenly that | fella sharp pain. contracted B failed C condensed D declined 20. The committee was _~_ when the project funding failed to materialise. Aextradited B dissolved C discharged D declined 21. The sky was suddenly lt up by a_ of lightning, Astroke Bray Clash Dbeam 22. A__of locusts ate all the wheat in the field. Agang B swarm C shoal D pack: 23. We caught five silver __in the river yesterday. Atrouts Bait salmon Dgoose ‘24, Please accept this gift as a__ of our good wil Alump B piece Coit D token 125, The police found an article of the victim's ___ in the suspect's car. Aciothing Bidentity C toiletry D handwriting 26, Sailing solo around the world is quite a___ of daring. Afeat Burst Cit Dpatch 27. When it dawned on her that she could have done more to help, she felt a pang of _. ‘Aanger B doubt Cuilt Dwory 28. They all laughed and nodded in a chorus of _ Aagreement Bdissent C happiness: D songs 29. Thanks to the firefighter's__of bravery, the family was saved. Adeed B move Cact © action 30. She gazed sorrowfully through the frosty __ of glass. Amirror B window C pane D splinter ee utng Carscamer1d weather. 31. We've just had a__ of unseasonably cold w spall 32. room could ealy ome anater costal — nein 33 Ina sudden burt of __he cleaned the house from toptobotfom. ‘A goodval Bapplause C disorder son aa 34 you want good after-sales service, you should buy your appliance from a(n) a rf. ‘renowned Beminent C revered D reputable 35. The company tried expanding too quickly and soon became __ Ainsolvent B insolent C dissolute D reputable 36 Is (true that some drugs prescribed by doctors do nothing but __ the patlent’s suffering? Actongate B expand C extend D prolong 37. Fit mark the students’ exams right away so | don't __ their agony, Aextend B stretch € prolong Dengthen 38 The general remained___, even as his army was being routed due to the lack of decisive leadership. Arresohite B dissolute C insulting D insulating 39 The eartier model is ___ for its unretiabily A notorious B irreverent C disreputable D pre-eminent 40. This region is _for its fine wines. Aeminent B revered C reputable D renowned 41, There are gaps in the bridge’s joints to allow the steel to__ in hot weather. Alengthen B broaden C expand Dextend 42. This new sitcom is a hilariously __ send-up of the legal profession. A insutting B irreverent C insolent 1) Dititating 43. Jennifer's wedding really __ her parents budget, Astretched B elongated Cextended D insulated 44, As well as being a(n) __ scientist, the professor was an accomplished musician. Aeminent B notorious C reputable D revered 45. We can't afford to___the debate to include any other issues. A Aexpand B stretch C broaden D elongate 45. The priest was tormented by guilt when he looked back on the __ lifestyle he had led in his youth. Ainsolent B irresolute insolvent D dissolute 47. The airport lounge had been specially __ in an effort to keep out the scream of jet engines. Aisolated B insulated Cimigated Dinrtated 48, Fortunately, there were only a few___ incidents of looting after the earthquake. Anotorious B insulated Cisolated D dissolute 49. Free use of the swimming pool is one of the __enjoyed by the cleaners at the municipal baths. Arewards B awards C bonuses D perks 50. This trend is not __ to the state school system. Aconfined B constrained C refined D constricted 51. My brother is paying for his new car in__. A instalments B doses C installations D settlements ‘82 This species' extra blubber gives it a(n) ___ over other seals in colder seas. A benefit Basset Cedge D bonus 53. The angry minority shareholders were excluded from the meeting and the company was sold without _. A profit B reward C incident Depisode 54, Fluency in a foreign language is @ great ___for anyone wishing to work in the travel industry. Asset B bonus C benefit D perk 55. The __ of child abuse in this neighbourhood is alarmingly high. A incident B occurrence C occasion Dincidence 56, She felt __to speak in more respectful terms than she was used to. confined B constrained C constricted Dimposed 57. I got @ new washing machine without paying extra forits_. A instalment B installation C profit D settlement 58, The government's __ of the new fare structure will cheer up the taxi drivers. AA installation B constriction C advantage D imposition ‘59. Working on a voluntary basis with disadvantaged children for litle or no remuneration has its own __ Aadvantages B benefits C rewards D profs 60. Strikes have now become an almost daily _- Aincident B occurrence C episode D occasion 61. His operation was successful, but he caught a nasty __ of flu in hospital Adose Bepisode C instalment lence ee utng Carscamer62. When she first went deep sea diving, she was surprised at how much the suit ___ her movements. Aconfined B constrained C constricted D congealed 63, My colleagues and | entered a building design competition and our boss gave us all a(n) _ when we won. Aperk B bonus Casset D benefit 64, Relatives of the passengers who died in the plane crash __ the airline, Aaccused B prosecuted C charged Dsued 65. After taking legal advice, I've decided to_my claim to the estate. A forsake B renounce C secede D desert 66. Despite being the youngest ever Footballer of the Year, Nwabueze is continuing his university course as he is aware of the __ nature of sporting success. A transitive B transitional C transcendent D transitory 67. On coming of age, the young prince __his right to his father’s throne and joined a socialist movement. ‘renounced B abdicated C forsook D withdrew 68, The new tax was so unpopular that the government __ the legislation the following year. ‘A renounced B repealed C withdrew D seceded 69, He's been disqualified from the tournament for four___ years! Aconsequent B consecutive C concurrent D concordant 70. You're likely to be ___with perjury for making those false claims in court Aaccused B prosecuted C charged D sued 71. Both the old and new currencies were legal fender for a_ period. A transitive B transitional C transitory D transcendent 72. The soldier was put on a charge for __his post. Adeserting —,-—-B vacating C withdrawing D resigning 73. The bank robber was given two five-year sentences, one for each robbery, but luckily for him they were to run_. A consequently B consecutively C concurrently D conspicuously 74, On being ordered to sink fishing vessels, the ship's captain __ his commission. A vacated Btried C resigned D charged 75. They are ___ their offices to move to the new HQ next mont, withdrawing B vacating C seceding Dabdicating 76, The police are being given sensitivity training courses, __with new approaches in public relations. concomitant B concurrent C conspicuous D convicted 77. His case is going to be __ in a military court. Atried Bsued C repealed D convicted 78. The colonial powers naively thought the warring tribes could be united under their__ authority. Atranscendent B transitional C transitive D transitory 79. | am convinced that my aunts ___ with personal hygiene has reached pathological proportions. Aconcem B compulsion C obsession D prejudice 80. | was ___about the supposed facts I'd been given, so checked them myself. Aknowledgeable —_B dubious C educated D informed 81. She felt __ to limit her criticism lo the positive aspects A constrained Brestrained C controlled D inhibited £2. Shelley refrained from mentioning Wilbur's theory since he was __ of its limitations in the circumstances pertaining. Aconcemed B cognisant C informed D dubious 83. Her__ unreasonable demands are wearing me down. A continuous B precipitous C continual D compulsive 24, He was about to tell his sister all the details when his mother came in, which ___ him from saying everything. A constrained B checked C restrained D inhibited 85. This is an example of the ___ problems exacerbated by the generation gap. precipitous B precarious C perennial D perpetual 86. Lots of children attended the 'maths weekend’, but | was surprised that no-one was there under_. ‘Acompulsion B obsession C control D restraint 87. Matt was __of a tone of apprehension in his sister's voice. Accognisant B conscious C knowledgeable D concerned 88. | sometimes find it difficult to suppress my deep-seated __ against overzealous police officers. Aprejudice B subjectivity C obsession D objectivity 89, Mr Cummings may be a generous employer, but he has a(n) __ against university graduates. A subjectivity B obsession C prejudice D objectivity 80, Rhona’s position became __when rumours were spread that she'd lied about her qualifications. A precipitous B precarious C perennial D dubious 1, Russ's friends once thought that he'd become a(n) ___ student, since it took him twelve years to get his degrees. A continual B perennial C perpetual D educated ee utng Carscamer‘2 Something will have to be done to__ {he spread of this new strain of flu | A inhibit B restrain © check D control or ae $3 Weve introduced » system of __ assessment to deal withthe problem of exem stress % Acontinual B continuous C porpetual D perennial Rinne, OH®. "et beleving hal Jonathon had broken int the vault on his own, asked him who hie __ wa Amates B partners, C accomplices D colleagues 85 She seems ___to the likely repercussions of her announcement Aunaware B ingenuous C ignorant D oblivious Big treated his fellow travelers to dinner at __ expense to himeel, A inordinate 8 uncountable C innumerate D discounted th Nas rather __ of him to expect the hassled people in she Post office queue to keep his place while he went to the newsstand Atiterate B ingenuous C ignorant D oblivious Aaah —'" 8 mariage should do their fale share'o heuework {and child-rearing Asiblings B spouses C intaws D accomplices Ahan emergency arose, so Jim, who had just gone os » Was ordered back to barracks, Anoliday B vacation Cleave D break 100. Neouts te __ similar cases of want and neglect innumerable 8 eee te oct om eeuntabe C inordinate D ingenuous {Opes inal educational institulions, government offices, publle sector and 2 netsties for the purpose of mobilising funds, (ako) 2. Contraception is less F affordable in South America, (procure) 3. Both toxic and Dotentials are properties ofall drugs. (cure) " 4 While learning has changed for students in this new century, we are by the boundless ©PPortunity presented in our lifetime. (bold) ®. I's Possible fo humanely raise and slaughter a variety of food animals, including beef cattle. (range) &. Most ofthis feature includes behind-the-scenes video poultry and Of the crew working and goofing off. (oo!) 7. Together they forged a(n) intellectual climate that has profoundly shaped my career. (vigor) 5 Death, from this perspective, seems unproblematically Universal, a simple, irreducible fact of our nature, the same across all societies and throughout time (yield) 9. OF course there is a(n) between such advantages of large cells and the disadvantages of slower Cell multiplication, (trade) 10, Today we look at claims that in Queensland, the regime that looks after the Most vulnerable people, the infirm elderly, and adults, Is failing, (capacity), 11. Scholars have tried to make a case for » competitivens human trail. (acquire) 12, The judge ruled that Newman's comments were not a(n) offense. (act) 15, She was a very selfsh,__ba-empered ite gi. (agree) 14. Before creating this sculpture, she studied all he masterpieces of classical (antique). 18. He claims that the ws aro___and have no contemporary relavance, (entique) 16: What really angered her was the dity, way they had ticked her, (hand) 17. There's no reason to make personal comments - that was completely (cally 16. twas a typical English holiday - one day of sunshine and six days of ain, (torrent) 19. We have to discover everything + 28 all the facts elicited by the first analysis have disappeared, (fresh) 20. He {o serve another term as president of the Commission. (odd) lil Choose A, B, C or D that best fits each blank in the following passages Groonhouse Gas Alert Friday 10 May 2013 was a climate (0) ....in human history. it was the day when data released by the carbon dioxide (1) .....Stations at Mauna Loa revealed that the greenhouse gas had reached its highest level for more than time million years. The 400 ppm (2) ...., which was last broken ue be eoane era 1s regarded a8 an Inccation tha ‘crease in global average temperature Is approaching the (3) ... ; though the ‘calastophie consequences f climate change do not appear to be just found fe ) =e regions across the world are already feeling the effects of rising temperatures. Wel ae co spe ring European summers, for example, have been (6) .....10 changes in the high-level jet stream winds c y the Arctic, which has now (6)... its lowest level. and Mishness as innate pe uty CarcamerDespite views to the (7) were » the rising carbon dioxide levels are cause for concern. If this warning. sign unheeded, we are in danger of (8) eee the climate clock to a time when humans did not roam this planet. 0. Abenchmark B yardstick. C way station D milestone 1, Aobserving B counting C evaluating D monitoring 2 Aobstacle Bbarrier Cedge Dzone 3. Astage Blevel C point Dverge 4, Acomer Bbend C verge Deusp 5. Alinked B associated C referred Djoined 6. Areduced B recorded C wasted D shrunk 7. Aopposite Bonverse C contrary Dalternative 8. Aselting off Btuming back C winding up D changing down A Cultural Perspective On Time Although the concept of time can be considered universal since it is (0) ......by the laws of physics, some people (1) ....the view that language and culture can metaphorically divide us with regard to how we perceive the passage of time. In the majority of Indo-European languages there is (2) ......consensus that the past is behind us and the future lies ahead. However, unlike physics, this assumption is not universal. In the Aymara culture, a conficting set of temporal metaphors is in (3)... The Aymara picture themselves rowing along in time, so their past isin front of them and their future is at their back, This perception is (4) ......in their language as the literal translation of the phrase. meaning a long time ago is a long time in front of you" At first (5) this Aymara metaphor may appear strange, but the assertion actually (6) ......in with our experience of time, as we can see what has gone before but we cannot definitively see what is to come. This specific example of what a tiny minority in South America has to ffer in (7) .. of understanding the world we live in surely (8) ......overwhelming support to the case for preserving cultural diversity 0. Agoverned ~—-B controlled Cexercised —_D satisfied 1. Apoint Bhold C keep Daive 2 Anormal Bregular — Cusual D general 3. Aoperation Bfunction ——C time Dease 4. Aindicated Breflected C focused —_D supported 5. Alook Bolimpse Cglance Dshow 6 Abinds Bassociates C fits D belongs 7. regards —-B cases Clactors terms 8. Alends Bmaintains Ctransfers. —D alludes CYBER BULLY Before the advent of social networking, a school bully was more (0) .... than not a physically imposing individual with low self-esteem who (1) .... enjoyed causing pain and suffering. Together with his cronies, he would actively seek out those he could intimidate without any fear of getting a (2) .... of his own medicine from a victim's older brother or relative. To avoid losing money, a packed lunch or beating, the bully’s target had to take evasive action by giving his tormentor a (3) .... berth at al times. Nowadays there is a new breed of tormentor - the cyber bully. Although these people do not have to (4) physical requirements of their predecessors, they can easily (5) .... substantial psychological damage on those they Set their (6) .... on. What is more, there is no hiding (7) .... for the victims as they become an object of derision and ridicule for every member of the virtual commurity who has seen an incriminating image or read a damning accusation. This insidious use of social networks is just one example of the harm they can do. As a result, many observers are not yet prepared to (8) ... heir praises without reservation. the OA. usual B. often C. normal . common 1A, positively B. strongly C.tully D. perfectly 2A. portion B. feeling C. taste D. spoon 3A. wide B. broad C. distant D. long 4A follow B.attain C9 D. meet 5A. pour B. inflict C. impose D. ascribe 6A. aims B. objectives . sights D. plans 7A. spot B. location C.area D. place BAsing B. yell C.tell D. utter London Coffee Houses é ; aie ae ha 0 (0) 0 don coeo shops nating ne, prair Lndon Ove he a The nen ee te oe vnepmet neon hours was ete 100e oe 1708 whan : the streets of London. ound three thousand coffee houses suddenly (1) .... on t Fo ee eer cp i Bain opened In 1650 in Oxford Only to years later, Pasqua Roseo, «Greek servant (2)... coffee to London by opening a coffee shop in St Michaels Alley, Cornhill. It proved to be an immediate su ee utng Carscamers 3 ; 3 Nenana a). sraaiered in coffee houses rather than taverns, leading to more (5)... business deals. The oat places soon attracted (6) ... customers who were there for a (7) ... reason. For example, Edward Lloyd's co house on Tower Street drew those who were interested in marine insurance, so itis no surprise that the coffee shop developed into Lioye's of London, The London Stock Exchange, Sotheby's and Christie's also have thelr (8)... in | London coffee houses. | 0. revival B recovery C restoration D resumption 1. Aexpanded B mushroomed C swelled D muttiplied 2. Afetched B passed C conveyed D brought 3.Asuit B course C direction Dtrend 4. Aclosely B directly C immediately D severely 5. A productive B industrious C conscientious D systematic 6. Aconventional B normal C regular D usual 7, Aprecise B particular C specific D distinct 8.Abasis Becauses C sources Dorigins Hidden Disneyworld Not everything is (0) .... as it seems in Disneyland, due to the clever use of forced perspective; or (1)... illusions, ‘which enable the builders to create buildings that appear bigger or smaller than they really are. For instance, the Sleeping Beauty Castle is only seventy-seven feet high, yet it appears much (2)... Disneyworld has achieved this by using bricks and other (3)... items that get smaller and smaller as the towers get higher, ‘The Matterhorn Mountain has been (4)... to look huge, by using the simple (6) ...of planting the tallest trees at the bottom of the mountain and the smallest atthe top. Then, when you first walk onto Main Street, the castle seems far Of in the distance, thanks to the technique of scaling and a clever (6)... tat have been used. Yet when you leave Mein Street, everything appears much smaler and nearer. Walt Disney's (7) .... was that people entering the park would be full of energy and eager to explore, but when they were leaving they would be exhausted and not want fo (8)... the prospect of a long walk 0. Aquite Brather C somewhat Diainy 4. Accular B visual C sight D optical 2. A broader Bialler Conger Dwider 3. Aelevation B architectural C landscape D blueprint 4. Agenerated B changed C fashioned D produced 5. Atrap B stunt Cscam Dploy 6. Aangle B outlook Csstant D position 7. Arefiection B consideration C reasoning D forethought 8. Aadmit Bmeet Cdeal D face FRESCOES Fresco painting is the age-old technique which involves painting on damp plaster walls. It is known to have been used to decorate homes for at least the last 5,000 years, and has probably existed in one form or another for (1) longer, its very nature makes it a (2) __ medium for adorning large surfaces, which explains its ubiquity in churches ond government buildings. (3) ___ oll paintings, which are glossy and reflect light, making it dificult to view them from certain angles, frescoes have a pleasing matt (4) __ As fresco plaster bleaches relatively easily, artists do not use as wide a range of pigments as in other types of painting, sticking mainly to pale earth tones, Fresco painting is considered to have reached its (5) __ in italy during the Renaissance, with Michelangelo being Perhaps the most famous artist to employ this technique. But a great many churches in Europe (6) _ wonderful frescoes, and the medium is currently enjoying a revival in the New World. 1.A greatly B noticeably C perceptibly D considerably 2. Asuitable B relevant C pertinent D corresponding 3. A On the contrary B Unlike C Contrary to D Conversely 4. A veneer B polish C finish Dending 5. Aheight B summit Crest Dtop 6. Adisplay B demonstrate C show D boast IV. You are going to read a magazine article about four women who explain why they do the dangerous things they do. For questions 4 - 10, choose from the sections (A -D). Which of the women 1, was given encouragement by a family member? 2. says she remains calm in demanding situations? 3. has experienced physical symptoms of fear? 4, didn't think much of the activity at frst? 6. is frightened by one aspect of what she does? 6. avoided starting a new activity? ee utng Carscamer7. had a gradual introduction to what she does? , 8, says itis important to focus on what she is doing? 9. wanted a change from her normal fe? 10. was successful ata certain activity when young? WOMEN WHO LIKE THE TASTE OF DANGER Ivy Viney asked four women what makes them do the things they do, ‘A. Marlee became a policewoman eight years ago, and has done a lot of work in undercover operations. ‘We had a careers talk at schoo! about joining the police force, which interested me and | decided to apply, To be sure that a life as a policewoman was really for me, | first signed up for the Specials, a group of part-time officers. I really iked the \work so signed on the dotted line and became a fulltime officer. After a couple of years, | joined the Special Inquiry Section, which deals with robberies. | have to do a certain amount of undercover work, such as pretending fo be a cashier ina bank about which we've received a tip-off that it might be robbed. Obviously, we're dealing with criminals, some of whom are violent, so there's already the element of risk. However, | have a back-up team that | have total confidence in, and therefore, | don't really feel scared when I'm working undercover. It does frighten me when we have to do a raid though, as we never know what we're going to face when we walk into a room, That makes me more careful, and not being alone, makes me feel more confident. BB. During the week, Eva works in a shop making chocolate. However, at weekends she drives down to Dover, on the | English Channel, where she trains to swim the thity-ive kilometre stretch of sea between England and France, one of the world's busiest shipping lanes. When | was young | kept winnings long-distance swimming events and eventually someone said to me, Why not have a go atthe Channel? | thought | couldnt do it and made excuses saying couldnt | afford it Then my friends started raising money to pay for me to try, so | had no choice but fo do it. When I got in the | sea, | kept asking myself What am | doing?1 It was hard work and I was scared. It finally took me 11 hours 24 minutes and I was told to try it again and do it abit faster the next time! These days | swim the Channel mainly to raise money | Hoel | . In 2007, although @ mother of three small children, Katherine signed up for the Ar Force because she saw it as a change from her domestic routine. Her husband was already a pilot and urged her to join. Katherine didn't think the Air Force would accept her, but they did and she is now not only an Air Force pilot for her country, but also flies small planes in competitions. ‘'m quite a careful and cautious person and dont think of what | do as dangerous because | always respect my limitations and those of the aircraft. The engine could fail, but that’s a risk | have to take. My worst ‘and most scary moment was when | was flying home from a competion in France. The weather was aviful, forcing | ime to fly lower and lower. My heart was racing, my mouth was dry, and my hands were sweating. | had to turn back and find another airfield to land at. | also race cars and have often been more frightened doing that than flying,’ D. Georgina gave up her career as a social worker to become a professional acrobatic parachutist. 'I fist tried parachute jumping in my teens, but didn't particularly lke it. Then, in my mid-20s | visited the States and went on a jump with a friend. | was hooked straight away. | ke being in the air and the freedom it gives me, and the fact that you ‘can't switch off - you really have to concentrate or you put the rest of the team in jeopardy. I think Im a level-headed | and calm person, so | rarely panic in a dificult situation. | have been in dancer though. One time another member of the team jumped out of the plane too quickly, landed on me and knocked me out. Fortunately someone else saw it happen and grabbed hold of me. We landed together with me stil unconscious, which is a very difficult manoeuvre. ‘The accident damaged my confidence, but within weeks | was back jumping again.” V. You are going to read a magazine article. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs AH the one which fits each gap (1-7). | ‘SOCIAL CHANGE DOWN IN BLACK AND WHITE | We are increasingly being led to believe that advances in communications technology have brought us to the threshold of the paperless society, one in which the book may be seen as a museum piece. However, for many of us, | ‘our progress down this path may involve much dragging of heels. 1. ‘As soon as people discovered the secrets of paper-making, the communication of ideas and values really took off in| an unprecedented way. Scientific theories could be explained to a wider audience, knowledge could be more readily ‘accumulated by scholars, and literature, which had relied on oral tradition, gained a new lease of lfe in an ever- expanding role. 2. Within a thousand years, China well outstripped Europe in wealth. This was not only achieved through paper-making, but also by virtue of other Chinese scientifc achievements like gunpowder and developments in astronomy and navigation, which helped the Chinese become the leading military and trading power. 3 ‘Such was the importance of paper to the wealth and power of the Chinese emperors that they were determined to keep the process of paper-making a closely guarded secret. But, as with other proftable knowledge, it was just @ matter of time before the secret became known, and other countries were then empowered to flourish through the spread of knowledge and ideas that paper could facilitate. 4. , The principles of printing had, infact, been known in China for several hundred years before the European ‘invention ee utng Carscamer4 ol brnling The Chinese had been working with clay, but found that this wore down, so printers constantly had Yo make new type From there, they went on to wooden type. In fact, they did proceed to metal {ype, bu! wera at a \Gisadvantage, due to the complexity of their language. which required many different types for the characters, sf 5 \"Gid not take long for this invention to catch on as the modem means to spread knowledge and ideas By the end of the fifteenth century there were sixty paper mills in Germany to satisfy the demands of the printing presses and printing had been introduced to other European countries, 6 AS a result, books and knowled, literacy was more widely recogni books, education and titeracy demand for books. ge were more accessible to the less well-off and, accordingly, ised. This became the impetus for a virtuous cycle: with the avall 'Y grew, and with the increase in the literate population there was a the importance of lability of cheaper further rise in the 10 exaggeration to state that paper has played a major role in shaping the modern world, A. Ro Sooner did this cultural advantage find its way into western hands tha exploitation began to be realised. The and it didn't take long for the church hing. From producing paper, it didn’t tes to advances in civilisation ha, Paper and printing to fuel revolution and social upheaval. The availabilty of ihe Protestant Reformation to take off, with the publication of hundreds of 's wiitings. Recognising the power of the printed word, the Catholic ehurcn fesorted to desperate retaliatory action by attacking booksellers and destroying works that they did not approve of, Saints Should come as no surprise. Afterall, we have had over c tharos years to form a strong emotional arachment to paper, which has, along with writing and printing, comprised the baci the development and progress of society. D. It was not long afterwards that Wiliam Caxton, an English merchant, retired from his business and went to Germany to team about printing. He took part in produ cng the first book to be printed in English, which was printed on 2 Flemish press, and he went on, in 1477, to publish the frst book printed in England, E. However, such inventions and discoveries cannot, in themselves, account the phenomenal growth of Chinese Power and influence. Credit for this progress must go prosperity. the re.0st knowledge was not only rediscovered when Johannes Gutenberg invented the type mould inthe mile of the fifteenth century, but vastly improved upon. His press used metal type, and was not or but was also one of the earliest precision instruments. The letters were of a uniform ‘earrange the type and use it again for other pages. VEFill in each blank with a suitable word to complete the passage The Rosetta Stone For centuries Egyptian hieroglyphics represented one of the world’s greatest (1) had scholars baffled (2) they were finally deciphered in the nineteenth century, the Rosetta Stone. In the year 1799 some French soldiers found a slab of black basalt while working on a fortress near the small town of Rosetta. One officer, Pierre Francois Bouchard, realised they had stumbled (3) a finding of great Significance and handed it over to scholars. The Rosetta Stone has inscriptions in two languages, Egyptian and Greek, (4) there are, in fact, three scripts carved on it. The first scrit is hieroglyphies, a pictorial (6) of writing used to transcribe the language of Ancient Egypt, and which can be found on many Egyptian buldings and ‘monuments, The hieroglyphics are followed by Demotic, (6) Egyptian script. The third script is Ancient Greek, and it was (7) that alerted Bouchard, who recognised i, to the importance of the discovery. Many scholars became involved in the task of deciphering hieroglyphies, but it was not until 1822 that there was a major breatthrough. The French linguist, Jean Francois Champolion was familiar with (8)_____ Greek and Coptic, the language of the Christian descendants of the Ancient Egyptians. He was able fo (3) out the Demotic signs in Coptic and from there traced a path back to hieroglyphics, (10) making their decipherment possible. challenges. They thanks to the discovery of vegan Caren