Tafila Technical University

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

Advanced Mechanical Vibrations

Homework No. 1

Name: Mohanad Yousef Al-Tahrawi.

Abdullah Salem Al-Assaf.
Sulaiman Khaled Al-Rabab’ah.

Instructor's Name: Prof. Nabeel Al-Shabtat.

Date: Nov 27, 2021.

Design the columns for each of the building frames shown in Figs. 2.79(a)
and (b) for minimum weight such that the natural frequency of vibration is
greater than 50 Hz. The weight of the floor (W) is 4,000 lb. and the length
of the columns (L) is 96 in. Assume that the columns are made of steel and
have a tubular cross section with outer diameter d and wall thickness t.
Case 1: Pivoted connection
3𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 12 𝐸𝐼
K column = , K eq = 4K column = 4 ∗ = 3
𝑙3 𝑙3 𝑙
𝑤
𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = M + 𝑚1 = + 𝑚1 , where 𝑚1 : effective mass due to self-weight of column.
𝑔

M: mass of the floor

𝒎𝟏 can be determinate:

Assume deflection shape during vibration same as the static deflection shape with a tip load.
𝐹 𝑥 2 (3𝑙 − 𝑥 )
𝑦(𝑥,𝑡) = 𝑌(𝑥 ) cos(𝑤𝑛 t − ∅), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑌(𝑥 ) =
6𝐸𝐼
3
𝑌𝑜 𝐹𝑙
𝑌(𝑥 ) = 3 𝑥 2 (3𝑙 − 𝑥 ), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑌𝑜 = = 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑡𝑖𝑝 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2𝑙 3 𝐸𝐼
𝑌𝑜
𝑦(𝑥,𝑡) = (3𝑥 2 𝑙 − 𝑥 3 ) cos(𝑤𝑛 t − ∅)
2 𝑙3

1 3 𝐸𝐼
Max. strain energy of beam =Max work by force F = 𝐹 𝑌𝑜 = 𝑌𝑜 2
2 2 𝑙3

2 1𝑚 𝑙 2 1
Max. kinetic energy due to distributed mass of beam =2 𝑙 ∫0 𝑦̇ (𝑥,𝑡) | 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦̇𝑚𝑎𝑥
2
𝑀
𝑚𝑎𝑥

1𝑚
2 𝑙 2 1
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚) = 2 𝑙 ∫0 𝑦̇ (𝑥,𝑡) | 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦̇𝑚𝑎𝑥
2
𝑀
𝑚𝑎𝑥

1 2 2 33 1 𝑆𝑜 33
= 𝑤𝑛 𝑌0 ( 𝑚) + 𝑤𝑛2 𝑌02 𝑀 ⇒ 𝑚1 = 𝑚 = 0.2357 𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
2 140 2 140
∴ the equation of motion: (𝑀 + 𝑚1 )𝑥̈ + 𝑘𝑒𝑞 𝑥 = 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
𝑆𝑜 𝑤 12 𝐸𝐼
⇒ ( + 0.2357 𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 ) 𝑥̈ + ( 3 )𝑥 = 0
𝑔 𝑙

𝐾𝑒𝑞 12 𝐸𝐼
∴ 𝑤𝑛 = √𝑀 = √3 𝑤
𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑙 ( +0.2357 𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 )
𝑔
Case 2: Fixed connection
Since the joints between columns and floor don’t permit rotation, each column will bend with
inflection point at middle, when force (F) is applied at ends.

3 𝐸 𝐼 𝑥 𝑠𝑜 2 𝐹 (𝑙 ⁄2)3 𝐹 𝑙3
𝐹= . ⇒ 𝑥= . =
(𝑙 ⁄2)3 2 3 𝐸𝐼 12 𝐸𝐼

12𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 48 𝐸𝐼
K column = , K eq = 4K column = 4 ∗ = 3
𝑙3 𝑙3 𝑙
𝑤
𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = M + 𝑚2 = + 𝑚2 , where 𝑚2 : effective mass of each column at top end.
𝑔

M: mass of the floor

𝒎𝟐 can be determinate:
𝑑𝑌 𝑑𝑌
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑌(𝑥 ) = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎3 𝑥 2 + 𝑎4 𝑥 3 , 𝑌(0) = 0 , (0) = 0 , 𝑌(𝑙) = 𝑌0 , (𝑙 ) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

This leads to:

3𝑌0 2 2 𝑌0 3
𝑌 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 3 𝑥
𝑙2 𝑙
3 2
𝑦(𝑥,𝑡) = 𝑌𝑜 ( 2 𝑥 2 − 3 𝑥 3 ) cos(𝑤𝑛 t − ∅)
𝑙 𝑙

1 𝑙 𝜕2 𝑦 6𝐸𝐼𝑌02
Max. strain energy = 𝐸𝐼 ∫0 ( 2 )2 𝑑𝑥| =
2 𝜕𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑙3
1 𝟏 𝒎 𝑙 3𝑥 2 2𝑥 3
Max. Kinetic Energy = 𝑤𝑛2 𝑌02 𝑀 + ( ) 𝑌02 𝑤𝑛2 ∫0 ( 𝑙2 − ) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝟐 𝒍 𝑙3

1 13 𝑆𝑜 13
= 𝑤𝑛2 𝑌02 (𝑀 + 𝑚) ⇒ 𝑚2 = 35 𝑚 = 0.3714 𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
2 35

∴ the equation of motion: (𝑀 + 𝑚2 )𝑥̈ + 𝑘𝑒𝑞 𝑥 = 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜

𝑆𝑜 𝑤 48 𝐸𝐼
⇒ ( + 0.3714 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 ) 𝑥̈ + ( 3 )𝑥 = 0
𝑔 𝑙

𝐾𝑒𝑞 48 𝐸𝐼
∴ 𝑤𝑛 = √𝑀 = √3 𝑤
𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑙 ( +0.3714 𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 )
𝑔
 From previous:

12 𝐸𝐼 48 𝐸𝐼
𝑤𝑛 |𝑝𝑖𝑣𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 = √ 3 𝑤
𝑙 ( 𝑔 +0.2357 𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛)
≥ 𝑤0 , 𝑤𝑛 |𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 = √3 𝑤
𝑙 ( +0.3714 𝑚
≥ 𝑤0
𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 )

𝜋 4
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐸 = 30 ∗ 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 , 𝐼 = (𝑑 − (𝑑 − 2𝑡 )4 ), 𝑤0 (𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞. 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡) = 2𝜋 ∗ 50 = 314.16 𝑟𝑎𝑑⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐
64
𝜋 2 𝑙𝜌
𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 ∶ 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = (𝑑 − (𝑑 − 2𝑡 )2 ) .
4 𝑔

𝑙𝑏 𝑖𝑛
𝜌 = 0.283 , 𝑔 = 386.4 , 𝑙: 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 96 𝑖𝑛,
𝑖𝑛3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝑊: 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 4000 𝑙𝑏
𝜋
w: weight of columns= 4 ∗ (𝑑 2 − (𝑑 − 2𝑡 )2 )𝑙 𝜌 = 𝜋 𝑙 𝜌(𝑑 2 − (𝑑 − 2𝑡 )2 )
4

req:
1. In pivot ends:

minimize w = 𝜋 𝑙 𝜌(𝑑2 − (𝑑 − 2𝑡)2 )

simplify by maple: 𝑤 = 341.4 𝑡 𝑑 − 341.4 ∗ 𝑡 2

406.9∗𝐼
inequal concentrate: 314.16 < √10.352+0.2357∗𝑚

t, d > 0

𝜕𝑤 𝑠𝑜 𝑠𝑜 406.9∗𝐼
𝜕𝑡
= 341.4 d -682.8t=0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 0.5𝑑 ⇒ √
10.352+0.2357∗𝑚
= 314.16
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 96∗0.283
Where I= (𝑑 4 − (𝑑 − 2(0.5𝑑))4 ) = (𝑑 4 ), 𝑚 = (𝑑 2 − (𝑑 − 2(0.5𝑑))2 ) ∗ = 0.05522𝑑
64 64 4 386.4

4 4
19.9737∗𝑑 𝑠𝑜 19.9737∗𝑑
√ 2 = 314.16 ⇒ 2 = 98696.5056
10.352+0.013∗𝑑 10.352+0.013∗𝑑

𝑠𝑜
⇒ 𝑑 = 16.142 𝑖𝑛 & 𝑡 = 8.0709 𝑖𝑛
MATLAB code:
[d,t]=meshgrid(0:0.5:20,0:0.5:20);
I=((pi/64)*(d.^4-(d-2*t).^4));
m=0.05522*(d.^2-(d-2*t).^2);
f=341.4*t*d-341.4*t.^2;
g1=sqrt((406.9*I)/(10.352+0.2357*m))-314.16;
g2=-t;
g3=-d;
g4=d-t;
figure(1)
axis auto
xlabel('d');ylabel('t');
title('Exercise 2.166');
hold on
cv1=[0 0];
const1=contour(d,t,g1,cv1,'k', 'LineWidth', 3);
text(20,10,'g1') %Writes g1 at the location (50, 37)
cv2=[0 0];
const2=contour(d,t,g2,cv2,'y', 'LineWidth', 3);
text(30,3,'g2')
const3=contour(d,t,g3,cv2,'g', 'LineWidth', 3);
text(2,30,'g3')
cv3=[0 0];
const4=contour(d,t,g4,cv3,'y', 'LineWidth', 3);
text(30,3,'g4')
fv=[15363,20484,34140];
fs=contour(d,t,f,fv,'k-');
clabel(fs)
hold off

2. in fixed ends:

minimize w = 𝜋 𝑙 𝜌(𝑑2 − (𝑑 − 2𝑡)2 )

simplify by maple: 𝑤 = 341.4 𝑡 𝑑 − 341.4 ∗ 𝑡 2

1627.6∗𝐼
inequal concentrate: 314.16 < √10.352+0.3714∗𝑚

t, d > 0

𝜕𝑤 𝑠𝑜 𝑠𝑜 1627.6∗𝐼
𝜕𝑡
= 341.4 d -682.8t=0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 0.5𝑑 ⇒ √
10.352+0.3714∗𝑚
= 314.16
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 96∗0.283
Where I= (𝑑 4 − (𝑑 − 2(0.5𝑑))4 ) = (𝑑 4 ), 𝑚 = (𝑑 2 − (𝑑 − 2(0.5𝑑))2 ) ∗ = 0.05522𝑑
64 64 4 386.4

4 4
79.895∗𝑑 𝑠𝑜 79.895∗𝑑
√ 2 = 314.16 ⇒ 2 = 98696.5056
10.352+0.0205∗𝑑 10.352+0.0205∗𝑑

𝑠𝑜
⇒ 𝑑 = 11.245 𝑖𝑛 & 𝑡 = 5.6226 𝑖𝑛
MATLAB code:
[d,t]=meshgrid(0:0.5:20,0:0.5:20);
I=((pi/64)*(d.^4-(d-2*t).^4));
m=0.05522*(d.^2-(d-2*t).^2);
f=341.4*t*d-341.4*t.^2;
g1=sqrt((1627.6*I)/(10.352+0.3714*m))-314.16;
g2=-t;
g3=-d;
g4=d-t;
figure(1)
axis auto
xlabel('d');ylabel('t');
title('Exercise 2.166');
hold on
cv1=[0 0];
const1=contour(d,t,g1,cv1,'k', 'LineWidth', 3);
text(20,10,'g1') %Writes g1 at the location (50, 37)
cv2=[0 0];
const2=contour(d,t,g2,cv2,'y', 'LineWidth', 3);
text(30,3,'g2')
const3=contour(d,t,g3,cv2,'g', 'LineWidth', 3);
text(2,30,'g3')
cv3=[0 0];
const4=contour(d,t,g4,cv3,'y', 'LineWidth', 3);
text(30,3,'g4')
fv=[15363,20484,34140];
fs=contour(d,t,f,fv,'k-');
clabel(fs)
hold off