STRUCTURE RESUME

(Skill 1-19)

Skill Explanation
Sentence With One Clause
1 Sentence = S + V Subject + Verb
 Be sure, the sentence have a subject and a verb
 Subject:
Noun: book, coffe, education, ect.
Pronoun: I, You, The, We, He, She, It
Noun pharase: New red car, The seller moon, ect.
 Verb:
To be: is, am, are, was, ware, be, been, being
Modals: will, would, shall, should, may, might, must
V1/V2
Have/has + V3
2 Preposition pharase Prep. + object of preposition ≠ Subject
 a noun or pronoun after prep. it is not subject
 Prep:
About, after, along, among, around, as, at, against,
across.
Before, behind, beside, between, beyond, by, despite,
down, during.
For, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off
On, outside, over, past, since, through, throughout, to,
toward
Under, underlike, until, up, upon, versus, with, within,
without.

3 Comma Appositive S, Appositive, V

(App: Noun, Noun pharase, Who/Whom/Which, V-ing/V3)

Appositive, S +V
(Adverb, Prep., Adverb clause, V-ing/V3)

 Appositive merupakan ket. tambahan (adverb) yg

menjelaskan subjek.
 Cirinya dalam App. tidak terdapat: S+V, V1/V2,
conjungtion that.
4 Present Participles V-ing ≠ Verb
(V-ing)  V-ing yg berdiri sendiri bukan verb, dapat dianggap
verb ketika di depannya ada Be (is, am, are, was, ware).
5 Past Participles V3 ≠ Verb
(V3)  V3 yg berdiri sendiri bukan verb, dpt dianggap verb
ketika di depannya ada Be (is, am, are, was, ware) atau
ada Have (have, has, had).
 Cara bedain V2/ V3 yg diakhiri “ed”, saat berdiri
sendiri?
 Mostly V2 + Object
 V3 + Prep. / Adverb.
Sentences With Multiples Clause
6 FANBOYS S + V, Conj. S+V
(For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So)
  Tidak bisa di awal kalimat
 Jatuh setelah koma
7-8 Adverbial Clause S + V + Conj. + S +V

Con. + S + V, S + V
 Sub clause (Conj.+ S + V) = Adverbial clause
 Letaknya di tengah (koma) atau di awal
 Time: After, Before, As/As long as, As soon as, By the
time, Once, Since, When, Whenever, While
 Cause: As, Because, Inasmuch as, Now that, Since
 Conditional: If, In case, Provide, Providing, Unless.
 Contras: Although, Even though, Though, While,
Whereas
 Manner: As, In that
 Place: Where, Wherever
9-10 Noun Clause 9. Noun clause + S+V

Con. + S + V, + V (sebagai subjek)

S + V + Conj. + S +V (sebagai objek)

S + V Prep. + Conj. + S +V (sebagai object of prep.)

 Sub clause yg menggantikan noun, sebagai subjek,

objek atau object of prep.
 Letaknya bisa di dpn atau setelah Verb/Prep.
 Noun clause + S+V: What, Where, When, Why, How,
That, Whatever, Whether, Whenever, If

10. Noun clause/subject +V

Con. + V, + V (sebagai subjek)

S + V + Conj. +V (sebagai objek)

S + V Prep. + Conj. +V (sebagai object of prep.)

 Noun clause rangkap jabatan sebagai subject dan conj.,

sehingga langsung diikuti noun.
 Noun clause +V: Who, Whoever, What, Whatever,
Which, Whichever.

11-12 Adjective Clause 11. Adj. clause + S+V

Noun + Conj. + S + V

 Sub clause yg berfungsi untuk menjelaskan noun

 Letaknya setelah noun
 Adj. clause + S+V: Whom (people), Which (things),
That (people/things).

12. Adj. clause/subject +V

 Noun + Conj. + V
 Karena menjelaskan noun, Adj. clause jg bs rangkap
jabatan jd subjek.
 Letaknya selalu setelah noun
 Adj. clause + Verb: Who, Which, That
Reduced Clause
13 Reducing
Adj. Clause Conj. + To be + V-ing/V3/ANA menjadi > V-ing/V3/ANA

 Jika setelah Conj. ada to be, maka Conj. + To be,

dihapus
 Conj. : Which, Who, That

Conj. + Verb menjadi > V-ing

 Jika setelah Conj. ada verb, Conj. dihapus, Verb
berubah jd V-ing

Conj. + S+V menjadi S+V

 Jika setelah Conj. ada S+V, Conj. dihapus
 Conj. : Whom, Which, That
14 Reducing
Adv. Clause Conj. + S + To be + V/ANA menjadi > Conj. + V/ANA

 Jika setelah Conj. ada S+ To be, maka S+ To be dihapus

Conj. + S + V menjadi Conj. + V-ing

 Jika setelah Conj. ada S+V, maka S+V dihapus, Verb

jadi V-ing
 Note: adverb. Clause bisa di reduce, jika subject yang
dimaksud pada main clause dan sub clause sama.
Sentence With Inversion Subject and Verb
15 Inversion with
Question Word Pertanyaan = QW + (one) V + S ?
(QW)
5W+ 1H Pernyataan = S+V + QW + S+V

 Ketika kalimat diawali QW, maka S+V diinvers. Jd V+S

 Untuk kalimat pernyataan/QW ditengah, tetap S+V
16 Inversion with
Place Expressions Here/There/Nowhere + (one) V+S

Prep. Pharase (yg menunjukkan tempat) + V+S

 Kalimat di invert, ketika susunannya sperti di atas

 Kalo ada comma, brati itu comma adverb jd ttp S+V.
Kalo gak ada koma, brati place exp. Jd V+S
 Ketika place expression di dpn kalimat hanya sebagai
pelengkap, atau kalimat setelahnya merupakan
sentence yg lengkap/bisa berdiri sendiri maka tdk
perlu di invert. Ex: In the class room, I studied very
hard (comma adverb.)
17 Inversion with Negative word + (one) V+S
Negative Word
 Setelah kata negatif akan muncul inversi V+S
 Neg. Words: No, Not, Barely, Seldom, Hardly, Never,
Only, Neither, Rarely, Nor, Scarcely.
18 Inversion with
Conditional IF + S+ HAD/SHOULD/WERE + V
Sentences / IF Menjadi
Conditional
HAD/SHOULD/WERE + V+S

 Conj. If dihilangkan
 HAD/SHOULD/WERE dipindah kedepan
 Setelahnya di invert. (V+S)

19 Inversion with S+V+ COMPARISON + S+V/V+S

Comparison
Comparison:
- More…..than
- …………. er than
- As…………as

 Bentuk verb harus sama sebelum atau sesudah

comparison
 Setelah comparison boleh S+V/V+S, umumnya
pd soal toefl di invert (V+S).