Structural steel is often the material of choice for the construction of single

storey
industrial buildings, which constitute the major percentage of the total number of
steel structures built around the world. The planning and design of these buildings
require the knowledge of several items such as site condition, plant layout and
work flow, availability of new materials and waste disposal facilities, HVAC
equipment, crane types and capacity, future expansion plans, and budget and project
schedule. In particular, the structural engineer should select items such as
roofing
and walling material, bay width, structural framing system, and type and shape of
trusses.
A number of factors have to be considered while selecting the roofing (decking)
or wall (cladding) material. Steel, aluminium, galvanized iron, asbestos, stainless
steel, and ferrocement sheets can be used as cladding or decking material. Metal
roofing can be classified by the method of attachment to supports. Through#fastened
roofs are directly attached to purlins and hence provide lateral stability to
the purlins. However, standing- seam roofing (which is used extensively in USA)
is connected indirectly by concealed clips formed in to the seam and requires a
separate system of purlin bracings. Some details about the various types of
sheeting
are provided. Some guidelines for fixing the bay width of industrial buildings are
also given.
Depending on the structural framing system adopted, industrial buildings may
be classified as braced frames and unbraced frames. In braced frames, trusses
rest on columns with hinge type connections and stability is provided by bracings
in three mutually perpendicular directions.
Since the weight of purlins may be equal to the weight of trusses, they should
be properly designed. Channels, angles, tubes, cold-formed C-, Z- or sigma sections
are employed as purlins. The functions of girts are similar to purlins except that
they are used in the walls. The eave strut is located at the intersection of the
roof
and exterior wall and has to be designed carefully.
A triangulated framework of pin-ended members is called a truss. In most
situations, the loads are applied at the nodal points of trusses by purlins. When
the
purlins are placed in between the nodal points, the top chord members have to be
designed for the secondary bending moments.

Purlins, Girts, and Eave Strut

Secondary structural members such as purlins and girts span the distance between
the primary building structures (portal frames or truss-column system). They
support the roof and wall covering and distribute the external load to the main
frames or trusses . They also serve as the flange bracing for the
rafters or columns and may function as a part of the building's lateral load
resisting
system. Purlin is a part of the roof bracing system and girts form a part of the
wall
bracing system of the building.The third type of secondary structural members,
after purlins and girts, is the
eave strut. This member is located at the intersection of the roof and the exterior
wall and hence acts as both the first purlin and the last (highest)
girt. The building’s eave height is measured to the top of this member.
The eave strut is a relatively strong member and its functions are as follows:
It serves as a stiff binder beam.
Cladding is often hung from the eave strut; hence the total load of cladding
including side girts should be carried by this beam.
In braced buildings, the wind bracing along the eave strut acts as a truss in the
plan view . As already discussed, this truss transfers the
horizontal loads on the roof and cladding to the gable end bracings. Therefore,
the eave strut acts as a compression chord of the wind bracing truss.
Eave strut also supports drain gutters and other secondary elements.

Spacing of Trusses

The spacing of trusses is mostly determined by the spacing of supporting columns,

which in turn is determined by the functional requirements. Where there are no
functional
requirements, the spacing should be such that the cost of the roof is minimized.
The
larger the spacing, the smaller the cost of trusses, but larger is the cost of
purlins and
vice-versa. Roof coverings also cost more, if the spacing of the trusses is large.
Let us derive an approximate formula for arriving at the minimum cost, by
considering the following variables.
S is the spacing of the trusses, C, is the cost of trusses/unit area, Cp is the
cost
of purlindunit area, C, is the cost of roof coveringshnit area, and C is the
overall
cost of the roof systedunit area.
Since the cost of the truss is inversely proportional to the spacing of truss,
where k, is a constant. Similarly, the cost of purlins is directly proportional to
the
square of spacing of trusses. Thus,
The cost of roof coverings is directly proportional to the spacing of trusses.
Thus,
we have
C, = k,/S
Cp = k2S2
C, = k3S
Total cost C = C, + Cp + C,
= (k,/S) + k2S2 + k3S
For the overall cost is to be minimum, dC/dS should be zero. Thus,
or
Thus, we get C, = C, + 2Cp

Load Combination for Design

The earthquake loads are not critical in the design of industrial

building, since the weight of the roof is not considerable. Hence, the following
combinations of loads are considered when there is no crane load:

1. Dead load + imposed load (live load)

2. Dead load + snow load
3. Dead load + wind load (wind direction being normal to the ridge or parallel to
ridge whichever is severe)

Loading
Calculation for dead load:
GI sheeting = 0.085 kN/m2
Fixings = 0.025 kN/m2
Services = 0.100 kN/m2
Total load = 0.210 kN/m2
Roof dead load = 0.21 x 20 x 5 = 21 kN
Weight of purlin (assuming 70 N/m2) = 0.07 x 5 x 20 = 7 kN
Self-weight of one truss* = 0.1067 x 5 x 20 = 10.67 kN
Total dead load = 38.67 kN
* For welded sheet roof trusses, the self-weight is given approximately by
w = 53.7 + 0.53 A = 53.7 + 0.53 x 5 x 20 = 0.1067 kN/m2
Calculation for nodal dead loads:
Since the truss has 18 internal nodes at the top chord,
Intermediate nodal dead load (W,) = 38.67/18 = 2.15 kN
Dead load at end nodes ( W,/2) = 2.15/2 = 1.08 kN
For 5 m bays,
(All these loads act vertically downwards at the nodes.)
Wind load as per IS 875 (Part 3)-1987
Wind load F on a roof truss by static wind method is given by (clause 6.2.1 of IS
875) as follows:
where Cpe and Cpi are the force coefficients for the exterior and interior of the
building.
Value of Cp,:
Assume wall openings between 5%-20% of wall area (clause 6.2.3.2 of IS 875),
we have
Value of Cpe:
Basic wind speed in Guwahati = 50 m/s
F=(Cp,-Cp,)xAxP,
Cpi = f 0.5
Roofangle=a=tan-'(lK)= 11.3"
Height of the building to eaves h = 8 m
Short dimension of the building in plan w = 20 m
Building height to width ratio is given by
- = 0.4 0.5
w 20
Wind angle - 0' [Table 5 of IS 875 (Part 3)]
For 10" in windward side, Cpe = -1.2 and for leeward side Cpe = -0.4
For 20" in windward side and leeward side Cpe = -0.4
Roof angle a = 1 1.3"
Then by interpolation we get
Cpe = -1.1 for windward and -0.4 for leeward
Wind angle - 90' [Table 5 of IS 875 (Part 3)]
For 10" in windward and leeward, Cpe = -0.8
For 20" in windward and leeward, Cpe = -0.7
For 11.3", Cpe = -0.79 for windward and leeward
Risk coefficient, k, = 1.0, assuming that the industrial building is under general
category and its probable life is 50 years.
Terrain, height and structure size factor, k,:
Considering category 1 (exposed open terrain) and class B structure (length between
20-50 m) from Table 2 of IS 875 (Part 3)-1987, for 11 m, k2 = 1.038
Wind pressure calculation
Roof elevation: 8-1 1 m
Assume topography factor k3 = 1.0 (because of flat land)
Total height of the building = 11 m
Basic wind speed vb = 50 m/s
Design wind speed
V, = k, x k2 x k3 x vb
V, = 1.038 x 1 x 1 x 50 = 51.9 m/s
k1 = 1.0; k2 = 1.038; k3 = 1.0;
Design wind pressure pd = 0.6~: = 0.6 x (5 1 .9)2
= 1616.17 N/m2
= 1.61 6 kN/m2
Wind load on roof truss
Wind Pressure coefficient (CF f C,,) A x Pd Wind load, F (kN)
C,, Wind- Lee- (kN) Wind- Lee- angle
ward ward ward ward CF
Wind- Lee#ward ward
0" -1.10 -0.4 -0.5 -1.6 -0.9 10.3 -16.48 -9.27
0.5 -0.6 0.1 10.3 -6.18 1.03
90" -0.79 -0.79 4.5 -1.29 -1.29 10.3 -13.29 -13.29
0.5 -0.29 4.29 10.3 -2.987 -2.987
The critical wind pressure is shown in Fig. 12.15(c).
3. Design of Purlin
Span of purlin = 5 m
Spacing of purlin = 1.275 m
e= 11.3"
Load calculations:
Live load = 0.75 - (11.3 - 10)0.02 = 0.724 kN/m2 > 0.4 kN/m2
Dead load = 0.21 kN/m2
Wind pressure = 1.616 x 1.6 = 2.586 kN/m2
Load combinations:
1. DL + LL = 0.21 + 0.724 = 0.934 kN/m2
2. DL+WL
Normal to slope = -2.586 + 0.21cos11.3 = -2.38 kN/m2
Parallel to slope = 0.2 1 sin 11.3 = 0.04 1 kN/m2
(a) Load combination 1 : DL + LL
w, = (0.934 x cosll.3) x 1.275 = 1.168 kN /m
wy = (0.934 x sin1 1.3) x 1.275 = 0.233 kNlm
where w, is the load normal to z-axis, wy is the load normal to y-axis, and 1.275
is
the spacing of the purlin. Due to continuity of purlins, factored bending moments
and shear force are as follows:
M, = 1.5 x 1.168 x 52/10 = 4.38 kN m
My = 1.5 x 0.233 x 52/10 = 0.874 kN m
SF, = 1.5 x 1.168 x 5/2 = 4.38 kN
Try MClOO for which the properties are as follows:
D = 100 mm; by= 50 mm; t,,, = 5 mm; tf= 7.7 mm
I, = 192 x 104 mm4
Z,, = 37.3 x lo3 mm3, Z, = 7.71 x lo3 mm3
Zpz = 43.83 x lo3 mm3, Zpy = 16.238 x lo3 mm3
b/tf= 5017.7 = 6.49 9.4
Section classification:
d/t, = (100 - 2 x 7.7)/5.0 = 16.92 < 42
Hence the section is plastic.
Check for shear capacity
As per clause 8.4 of IS 800,
A, = (100 x 5.0) = 500 mm2
"Yw = 500 250 = 65.6 kN > 4.38 kN
&ymo fi x 1.10 x lo3
Hence shear capacity is very large compared to the shear force.
Check for moment capacity
&zfy - 1 43.83 250 lo3 = 9.96 kNm - 1.10 x lo6 M
The above value should be less than
1.2 x 37.3 x 250 x lo3 = kNm
1.10 x lo6
Hence Mdz = 9.96 kN m > M, = 4.38 kN m
Hence the assumed section is safe.
1 x 16.238 x 250 x lo3 = 3.69 kNm
Mdy = 1.10 x lo6
The above value should be less than
= 2.10 kNm 1.2 x 7.71 x 250 x lo3
1.1
Design of Industrial Buildings 649
Hence Mdy = 3.69 kNm <My = 0.874 kNm
Hence the section is satisfactory.
Check for biaxial bending
Thus, - 4*38 - 0*874 = 0.68 < 1.0 9.96 3.69
Check for deflection
Calculation for deflection is based on the serviceability condition, i.e., with
unfactored imposed loads.
W= 1.168 x 5 = 5.84 kN
5WL3 6= -
384EI,
5 x 5.84 x 1000 x 50003
384 x 2 x lo5 x 192 x lo4
= 24.75 mm
L As per IS 800, Table 6, deflection limit is L/150 = 33.33 mm > 24.75 mm
Hence the deflection is within allowable limits.
(b) Load combination 2: DL + WL
w, = 2.38 x 1.275 = 3.035 kN/m
w,, = 0.041 x 1.275 = 0.052 kN/m
Factored bending moments in this case are
M, = 1.5 x 3.035 x 52/10 = 11.38 kNm > MdZ = 9.96 kNm
M,, = 1.5 X 0.052 X 52/10 = 0.195 kNm < Mdy = 3.69 kNm
Hence, the section is not safe. Let us adopt MC125, which has an
I, = 425 x lo4 mm2,
Zpz = 77.88 x lo3 mm3 and Zpy = 29.46 x lo3 mm3
Mdz = 1 X 77.88 X 250 X 10-3/1.1 = 17.7 kNm
Mdy = 1 X 29.46 X 250 X w3/1.1 = 6.69 kNm
Thus, the check for biaxial bending is
11.38/17.7 + 0.195/6.69 =0.67 < 1
Hence the section is safe.
Check for deflection
5 x (3.035 x 5) x 1000 x 50003/ 384 x 2.0 x lo5 x 425 x lo4 = 29.06 < 33.33 mm
4. Truss Analysis and Design
Tributary area for each node of the truss:
Length of each panel along sloping roof
1*25
cosll.3" =1.275 m < 1.4 m -
Spacing of trusses = 5 m
Tributary area for each node of the truss = 5 x 1.275 = 6.375 m2
Imposed load calculations:
From IS 875 (Part 2)-1987,
Reduction due to slope (see Table 2.3 and footnote 3)
Load at intermediate nodes W2 = 0.483 x 5 x 1.25
Load at end nodes W2/2 = 1.5 1 kN
(All these loads act vertically downwards.)
Maximum Cue f Cui (critical wind loads to be considered for analysis):
Live load = 0.75 kN/m2
= (0.75 - 0.02 x 1.3)2/3 = 0.483 kN/m2
= 3.02 kN
Wind Windward side (W,) Leeward (W,)
Angle Intermediate End and apex Intermediate End and apex
0" -16.48 -8.24 -9.27 -4.64
90" -13.29 -6.645 -13.29 -6.645
nodes W, nodes W3J2 nodes W, nodes W4J2
*Loads in kN
All these loads act perpendicular to the top chord member of the truss.
Forces in the members The truss has been modelled as a pin jointed plane truss as
shown in Fig. 12.15(d) and analysed using the software PLTRUSS developed by
the author. The analysis results are tabulated as follows
Load factors and combinations (Table 4 of IS 800):
For dead + imposed load = 1.5 x DL + 1.5 x LL
For dead + wind load = 1.5 x DL + 1.5 x WL
Dead + imposed + wind loading case will not be critical as wind loads act in
opposite direction to dead and imposed loads.