IoT Cellular Networks

INDEX

1. In Brief
2. Overview
3. Market Forecasts
4. Technology Landscape
5. Technology Comparative
6. Towards 5G
7. Altice Labs Positioning
8. Conclusions
9. References

2 IoT Cellular Networks

1. In Brief
01. In brief
1. IoT connectivity opens doors to new markets, but also allows for easy entry of new competitors
through proprietary technologies in the unlicensed bands.
2. To provide LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) connectivity operators may choose
proprietary technologies, such as Sigfox or LoRa, 3GPP standardized systems such as EC-GSM, LTE-
M or NB-IoT, or a mix of both.
3. LPWAN proprietary technologies have been in the field for some time, while standard solutions
are already available but still starting.
4. The unlicensed spectrum used by proprietary technologies could represent a difficulty in terms of
reliability and service level assurance due to the high number of competing technologies sharing
the same spectrum, while licensed spectrum used by 3GPP standardized systems allows for the
control of quality of service.
5. Proprietary solutions have lower prices and achieve higher levels of penetration with simpler
deployments, while 3GPP cellular technologies offer the quality of mobile networks, enable
higher throughputs and take advantage of existing operational and business systems.

4 IoT Cellular Networks

01. In brief

6. The prices of the communication modules continue to decrease, but are still far from the target
prices, with Sigfox presenting hard-to-beat prices (around $1 per module vs $12 per NB-IoT
module in 2018). (1)

7. Partnering with LPWAN vendors, such as Sigfox, fosters a fast entry into the market, but may limit
the definition of the operator's strategy as it becomes dependent on third-party decisions.

8. The revenues from connectivity alone will be low, the significant gains will be in the offer of
complementary services and applications for the different verticals.

9. Operators need to consolidate M2M managed connectivity business offers to support

convergence of traditional cellular and LPWANs.

10. IoT massification requires suitable network management platforms to control the huge number of
“things” with specific requirements that should rely on automated mechanisms to decrease
operational costs.

5 IoT Cellular Networks

2. Overview
02. Overview: IoT

The gap between the digital and the physical world is thinning. A massive
spread of small ‘intelligent’ objects with communication capabilities is
starting to materialise the Internet of Things vision.
By 2020, tens of billion of devices will require convergent connectivity and
intelligent data management services in order to facilitate the creation of
smarter and innovative services to enterprises and end-users, fostering
new business opportunities to operators.
There are key market drivers for the IoT growth:
• Devices are becoming cheaper
• Network access is getting ubiquitous
• New vertical services are born daily, creating new markets
Operators must become key players in the IoT market in order to leverage
new businesses in vertical domains that are typically out of their scope.

7 IoT Cellular Networks

02. Overview: IoT Benefits & Application Areas

IoT is the basis of a new industry affecting transversally all Health &
Wellness
sectors of activity in the path to a connected society

Environment & Smart Home

• IoT enables optimized resource usage ensuring a sustainable Sustainability
growth for future generations.
• Time and costs are decreasing through process optimization
giving room for new savings.
IoT
• Better decision making can be achieved using insights
Mobility Smart Cities
coming from real-time data providing the means for
enhanced governance.
• Innovative services are easily created providing new Industry 4.0
functionalities and better user experiences improving
generically the quality of life.

8 IoT Cellular Networks

02. Overview: Wireless Landscape
Bluetooth
• Business aspects guide the RFID ZigBee WiFi

definition of requirements NFC

impacting the access type Cellular

selection. • 2G\3G\4G\5G

• Different wireless WWAN

3GPP Cellular LPWAN:
• LTE NB-IOT
WPAN WLAN
technologies support different Proximity Wireless Wireless Wireless
Wide Area
• LTE-M
• EC-GSM-IoT
Personal Area Local Area
IoT scenarios. Network Network Network
Proprietary LPWAN:
• The expected massification of •SIGFOX
•LORA
devices with limited
capabilities requires new up to 10 meter
up to 100 meter
technologies to provide up to 1000 meter
up to 100 Km
suitable connectivity.
(2)

9 IoT Cellular Networks

02. Overview: Requirements that led to the specification of LPWAN

• Low cost of communication modules:

Low under 5$ for the radio chip set • LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Networks)
Cost • Reduced subscription fee: up to 1$
per device per year (target) technologies are the answer to enable a cost
effective deployment and maintenance of services
• Robust propagation characteristics:
requiring large coverage and long battery life
Extended representing a market opportunity for
possibility to communicate with
Coverage
underground and inner buildings communication service providers.

• LPWAN only allows low data rate communications

Long • Battery life time around 10 years: being inappropriate for multimedia services.
Battery Life reduce operational expenses

• It is a scale-based business requiring a massive

deployment and user acceptance in order to
Massive
Number of
• Large network capacity: become profitable.
thousands of devices per cell
Devices

10 IoT Cellular Networks

3. Market Forecasts
03. Market Forecasts: IoT and LPWAN

Machina Research forecasts (3):

• The total number of IoT connections will grow

from 6 billion in 2015 to 27 billion in 2025, a CAGR
(Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 16%.

• 11% of connections in 2025 will use LPWAN

connections, such as Sigfox, LoRa or NB-IoT.

• By 2025, IoT will generate over 2 zettabytes of

The GSMA predicts that the IoT ecosystem revenues data, but it will account for less than 1% of cellular
will see significant growth in the mobile industry data traffic.
being the area with the strongest expansion. (4)

12 IoT Cellular Networks

03. Market Forecasts: LPWAN revenues

Analysys Mason predicts (42):

• LPWAN connectivity revenues will be low, reaching

only USD 5 billion in 2025.

• LPWAN applications will typically exchange low

quantities of data and therefore average revenue
per connection (ARPC) will be less than USD1 per
year for some applications.

• The overall ARPC for LPWAN connections is

forecasted to be only USD1.5 per year

13 IoT Cellular Networks

03. Market Forecasts: LPWAN modules cost

• The existence of communication modules at a reduced

cost is a fundamental premise for the massification of
IoT devices.

• Gartner expects a strong cost reduction in

communication modules, in particular in the Sigfox and
LoRa devices. (1)

14 IoT Cellular Networks

4. Technology Landscape
04. Technology landscape: LPWAN Technologies

EC- • LoRa – proprietary / LoRaWAN open standard of LoRa

GSM- LTE-M Alliance, operate over ISM bands (5)
IoT
• SIGFOX – proprietary, developed by SigFox company,
operate over ISM bands (6)
• 3GPP - open standards, operate over LTE and GSM
licensed bands:
NB- •EC-GSM-IoT - GSM enhanced technology to
IoT support low power wide area needs;
•LTE-M (formally known as eMTC) - LTE evolution
for IoT communications enabling a wide range of
service;
•NB-IoT – New LTE solution to support ultra-low
bitrate applications.
• Other technologies: DASH7, Weightless, RPMA,…

16 IoT Cellular Networks

04. Technology landscape: LoRa
Overview Recent Activities
• March 2015 - LoRa Alliance was launched at MWC . The board of directors
approved the LoRaWAN 1.0. (7)
• March 2015 - Bouygues Telecom has announced it will roll out one of the
Data Rate Range Confident. Battery Life Unlicensed Proprietary Available first implementations of LoRa low-power WAN technology. Bouygues has
<50Kbps < 15 Km AppSKey >10 Years spectrum /Open Now been trialling LoRa in Grenoble since 2013. (8)
• June 2015 - LoRaWAN 1.0 released. (9)
LoRa Alliance
Description • June 2015 - A group of tech companies including operators Orange, KPN
and Swisscom and manufacturing giant Foxconn have put $25 million into
Actility, an IoT startup focused on the LoRaWAN standard. (10)
• LoRa is a patented spread-spectrum radio modulation
developed by Cycleo (Grenoble, France) and acquired by • June 2015 – Senet (NaaS provider) announced the deployment of US
Semtech in 2012. LoRa uses a wideband CDMA approach. nationwide LoRaWAN network, based on Semtech LoRa technology. (11)

• LoRaWAN is the MAC protocol for a network of LoRa • September 2015 - Orange has confirmed its commitment to the Internet of
Things by announcing its investment in a network based on LoRa
nodes. It is an open LPWAN standard maintained by
technology. (12).
the LoRa Alliance.
• October 2015 - Semtech announced The Lace Company, a global wireless
• LoRaWAN™ Certification Program to ensure product network operator, has deployed an Internet of Things (IoT) network,
compliance. enabled by LoRa® RF technology covering more than a dozen major cities
in Russia. (13)
• November 2016 - The LoRa Alliance has launched a new release of the
Operators implementing technology LoRaWAN technology specification, version 1.0.2. (14)

… … • February 2017 – Roaming started being supported, enabling IoT devices

to communicate through multiple operator LPWA networks .(14)

17 IoT Cellular Networks

04. Technology landscape: SIGFOX
Overview
Recent Activities

• January 2015 - Tele2 partnering with Aerea, the Netherlands’

Data Rate Range Confident. Battery Life Unlicensed Proprietary Available exclusive SIGFOX network operator. (14)
<0.1Kbps < 50 Km No >10 Years spectrum Now
• February 2015 - Telefónica, SK Telecom, NTT Docomo invest in
SIGFOX. (15)
Description Sigfox Network Operator
• November 2016 – Sigfox announced the launch of new Sigfox
• Portugal, NarrowNet certified and ready to use modules costing around US $2.00 for
• SIGFOX network operates on sub-GHz frequencies, on ISM European, Middle East and African markets, and less than $3.00 for
• South Africa, SquidNET
bands : 868MHz in Europe/ETSI & 915MHz in the US/FCC • Germany, Sigfox American and Asian markets.(16)
and uses an Ultra-Narrow Band (UNB) modulation. • France, Sigfox
• December 2016 - Sigfox announced several growth milestones,
• French Guyana, IDEO Caraibes
• SIGFOX network supports up to 140 messages per object including 20 percent population coverage within the U.S. and
• Australia, thinhxtra
per day and 12 bytes payload size. Messages are network deployment in 100+ U.S. cities, including major
• Belgium, engie
forwarded to applications using SIGFOX's API. metropolitan areas, such as Houston, San Francisco, Los Angeles,
• Brazil, WND
Chicago, New York City and Atlant. (17)
• Colombia, PHASI
• Single chip solutions from semiconductor vendors ATMEL
• Czech republic, SimpleCell • June 2017- The new Sigfox Access Station represents a major
and AXSEM. • Denmark, IoT Denmark technological step forward, being designed according to cognitive
• Certified modules for SIGFOX network: Adeunis RF, Atim, • Netherlands, AEREA radio or SDR (Software Defined Radio) principles. It enables
• Spain, cellnex processing more than 10 million messages per day and offers ten
Telecom Design, Telit, Texas Instruments, …
• United Stats, Sigfox times more computing power than its previous version, while
• Finland, ConnectFinland consuming half as much energy. (18)
Operator partnerships/agreements • Ireland, VT Networks
• Japan, Kyocera
• UK, Arquiva …..

18 IoT Cellular Networks

04. Technology landscape: GSM, Cat EC-GSM-IoT
Overview Recent Activities

• August 2015 - GSMA launched the ‘Mobile IoT Initiative’, a new

project backed by 26 of the world’s leading mobile operators, OEMs,
Data Rate Range Confident. Battery Life Licensed Open On Trial
chipset, module and infrastructure companies to accelerate growth
<74Kbps < 15Km GE4\5 >10 Years spectrum Standard
of the Internet of Things in licensed spectrum. (21)
• February 2016 – Ericsson, Orange and Intel have successfully
Description completed one of the world's first extended coverage trial for
• EC-GSM (Extended Coverage GSM) is a GSM enhanced cellular IoT using EC-GSM-IoT technology, optimized for low-cost &
technology to support low power wide area needs, operating low-complexity devices. This trial was carried out in Paris between
in GSM bands. November 2015 and February 2016, using the 900 MHz band.(22)

• EC-GSM was standardized by 3GPP in Release 13 aiming at • February 2017 - Groundtruth announced a partnership with Orange,
supporting long battery life, long range communications and Sierra Wireless and Nokia to test EC-GSM-IoT technology in its
high numbers of terminals per cell. Cat EC-GSM-IoT user weather stations, enabling the deployment of smart weather
equipment was specified stations. The information gathered will be used by smallholder
• It assumes up to 10 years of operation depending on traffic farmers to better adapt to climate change in rural areas. (23)
pattern and coverage needs and supports the massive
by 3GPP in Release 13
deployment of terminals, in the order of thousand per cell. to work with EC-GSM-IoT
networks
• EC-GSM is backwards-compatible to previous releases
allowing the introduction of the technology into existing GSM
networks as simple software upgrades.(19)
• EC-GSM adopts security and privacy features from mobile
networks, including mutual authentication, confidentiality and
Commercially unavailable
data integrity. (20)

19 IoT Cellular Networks

04. Technology landscape: LTE-M, Cat M1
Overview
Recent Activities

• January 2016 - KT and Nokia conduct world's first LTE-M field trial on
Data Rate Range Battery Life Licensed Open Available LTE network to address medium data-rate Internet of Things (IoT)
Confident.
<1Mbps < 11 Km >10 Years spectrum Standard Now connectivity use cases. (25)
EEAx
• December 2016 - Verizon became the first carrier in the world to
Description deploy commercially the LTE-M technology for IoT applications in
specific U.S. markets. (26)
• eMTC (enhanced Machine-type communication) is a Release 13 LTE
evolution for IoT communications enabling a wide range of services. • January 2017 - Gemalto launched LTE Cat M1 wireless module to
enable IoT solutions requiring network longevity and improved
• LTE-M is the popular name for which eMTC is best known . indoor coverage such as asset trackers, healthcare solutions, smart
meters or industrial sensors.(27)
• LTE-M enables increased coverage, reduced complexity, lower cost and
battery life of more than 10 years for a broad range of uses cases. • February 2017 - Orange announced its commitment to deploy LTE-M
technology in Spain and Belgium, with rest of Europe to follow, to
• LTE-M technology supports mobility, seamless handovers and low Cat M1 terminal develop an IoT ecosystem, with the launch of Europe’s first LTE-M
latency time intervals.
was specified in Open IoT Lab. (28)
• It operates with a maximum channel bandwidth of 1.4 MHz within the Release 13 for
• May 2017 – AT&T has completed deployment of its nationwide LTE-
4G bands. eMTC systems M network to enable a new generation of Internet of Things (IoT)
• To support LTE-M features, the existing LTE base stations only need a devices and applications.(29)
software update, keeping the hardware component unchanged.

Operators implementing technology (24)

20 IoT Cellular Networks

04. Technology landscape: LTE, Cat NB-IoT
Overview Recent Activities

• February 2015 – Vodadone announced the launch of Cellular

Internet of Things, that will operate in its licensed spectrum and will
Data Rate Range Confident. Battery Life Licensed Open Available be proposed as an open industry standard by 3GPP. (30)
<250kbps < 15 Km EEAx >10 Years spectrum Standard Now
• September 2015 – Nokia, Ericsson and Intel are going to collaborate
on Narrow band LTE, an optimized variant of LTE well-suited for the
Description IoT market segment. (22) (31)
• NB-IoT (Narrowband Internet of Things) is a new LTE solution,
standardized in Release 13, to support ultra-low bit rate • June 2016 - Standardization of NB-IoT completed as part of LTE
applications under licensed spectrum. Release 13. (32)
• February 2017 – Ericsson, Telefónica and TELIT have successfully
• NB-IoT aims to reduce terminal costs, being optimized for tested the first end-to-end data call on NB-IoT over the air on
cheaper wireless modules, to enable very long battery life and Telefónica's network in Spain.(33)
to extend the radio coverage to support long range and deep
indoor communications. Cat NB-IoT user • March 2017 - Altice Group and Huawei intend to develop IoT
equipment solutions in partnership in order to speed up the creation of new
• NB-IoT may be deployed in a standalone mode by replacing a was specified by 3GPP in services that will benefit their customers around the world. (34)
GSM carrier, it can be installed in the bandwidth reserved for Release 13
LTE guard bands or may be deployed on LTE carriers of existing • June 2017 - Deutsche Telekom launched in Germany its first NB-IoT
for NB-IoT networks. service packages following the rapid growth of NB-IoT ecosystem.
4G networks.
(35)

Operators implementing technology (24)

21 IoT Cellular Networks

5. Technology Comparative
05. Technology Comparative: Traditional Celular vs LPWAN

100
4G
Mbit/s

10
3G
Mbit/s

100
2G LTE-M
kbit/s

NB-IoT
10 EC-GSM
kbit/s LORA
SIGFOX

Bit rate/
Days Weeks Month Years Decades
Battery life

(Qualitative Perspective Analysys)

23 IoT Cellular Networks

05. Technology Comparative: LPWAN (I)
Parameter LoRa SigFox EC-GSM LTE-M NB-IoT
Range (36) <15Km <50Km <15Km <11Km <15Km
Maximum coupling loss (37) 157dB 153dB 164dB 160dB 164dB
Max peak data rate (37) 50kbps 100bps 74kbps 1Mbps 250Kbps
Spectrum Unlicensed Unlicensed GSM bands LTE bands LTE in-band, guard
EU 868, 433MHz EU 868-869MHz bands, stand-alone
US 915MHz (41) US 902-928MHz (42)

Bandwidth <500KHz (36) 100KHz (36) 200KHz per ch.(38) 1.08MHz (38) 180KHz (38)

Radio Tecnhology Spread Spectrum Ultra Narrow Band (39) TDMA/FDMA OFDM OFDM
(36)
Bidirectional modes (37) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Voice (Ericsson) No No No Yes No
Device max transmitted power 14dBm 20dBm 23,33dBm (38) 20, 23dBm (38) 23dBm (38)
Autonomy (36) >10years >10years >10years >10years >10years

24 IoT Cellular Networks

05. Technology Comparative: LPWAN (II)
Parameter LoRa SigFox EC-GSM LTE-M NB-IoT
Re-use existing cellular networks No No yes yes yes

Link adaption Yes No Yes Yes yes

Device categories yes No yes yes yes

Operational mode Public or private Public Public Public Public

Handover No No Not seamless yes Not seamless

Data confidentiality (37) Yes (AppSKey) No Partial (GEA4/5) Yes (EEAx) Yes (EEAx)

Network authentication (37) Optional No UMTS AKA LTE AKA LTE AKA

Typical module cost (37) Low Very low Low Medium Low

Technology availability Now Now On trial Now Now

25 IoT Cellular Networks

05. Technology Comparative: 3GPP Solutions

• NB-IoT is answer for application requiring only limited Parameter EC-GSM LTE-M NB-IoT
data connections at low cost.
Range <15Km <11Km <15Km
• LTE-M targets more advanced services allowing higher
bandwidths, mobility and voice calls. Max peak data 74kbps 1Mbps 250Kbps
rate
• EC-GSM and NB-IoT modules are less expensive than
Spectrum GSM bands LTE bands LTE in-band,
LTE-M ones. guard bands,
stand-alone
• NB-IoT is the most flexible technology in terms of
spectrum usage and can be deployed on LTE, GSM Voice No Yes No
UMTS bands. Typical module Low Medium Low
cost
• EC-GSM can be deployed on existing GSM networks
being a suitable option in the absence of 4G systems. Technology On trial Now Now
availability
• EC-GSM is the system with lower traction and is not
being adopted by the market.

26 IoT Cellular Networks

6. Towards 5G
06. Towards 5G

5G key capabilities in different usage scenarios 5G scenarios for IMT 2020 and beyond are
centred on three core cases:
1.Enhanced Mobile Broadband – Focused on
human-centric requirements for accessing
multimedia content, services and data.
2.Ultra-reliable and low latency
communications – Addresses mission-critical
communications scenarios.
3.Massive machine type communications –
Targets enormous deployments of low-cost
devices typically with constrained
capabilities.
(40)

28 IoT Cellular Networks

06. Towards 5G
Low cost, low
energy, Small data Massive IoT
volumes, Massive
numbers

• 3GPP is evolving its current standards to enable the

Internet of Things market. The set of possible IoT use
Smart Smart
building metering

cases requires different connectivity characteristics and

therefore different approaches are being taken.
Logistics,
tracking
and fleet Smart
Capillary
management networks agriculture

• The first responses for massive IoT communications are

already being defined on top of the existing cellular
Critical IoT
networks (EC-GSM, LTE-M, NB-IoT).

Remote Traffic safety

Health care and control • 5G will be the answer for the majority of critical IoT
communications requiring ultra-reliable and low
Ultra reliable, Very
low latency,
Smart grid
Industrial
application
Remote
manufacturing,
latency features.
Very high training, surgery
automation and control
availability

29 IoT Cellular Networks

06. Towards 5G: Vehicular Technology

Cellular V2X (“Vehicle to Everything” ) is the 3GPP umbrella term for 3GPP-based
vehicular technologies consisting of 4 types of connectivity:

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) •V2V communication resort to broadcast capabilities between vehicles or between
vehicles to make available information about location, velocity or direction to avoid
accidents.
Vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) •V2P encompasses the communication between a vehicle and a device carried by a
person, for instance a terminal carried by a pedestrian, cyclist, driver or passenger.
•V2I transmissions are done between transportation infrastructure entities, which
collects roads and traffic information, and vehicles to recommend new driving
Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) behaviors.
•V2N communications occurs between a vehicle and a application server in the
Internet via 4G or 5G network.
(41)
Vehicle-to-network(V2N)

30 IoT Cellular Networks

06. Towards 5G: Vehicular Technology

5G is considering more challenging use cases to derive

service requirements: (41)
V2N

•Vehicle platooning
V2P V2L
•Sensor and state map sharing
•Remote driving of vehicles
V2V
•Collective perception of the environment
•Information sharing for full/automated
driving/platooning
•Dynamic ride sharing
•Intersection safety information provisioning for
Vehicle platooning urban driving

31 IoT Cellular Networks

7. Conclusions
07. Conclusions

• Sigfox and LoRa are two LPWAN proprietary technologies using unlicensed spectrum to provide connectivity.
They already have a strong presence in the market and have by now been successfully installed in different
countries.
• EC-GSM, LTE-M and NB-IoT are 3GPP-based cellular LPWAN technologies supporting massive deployment and
they are perfectly integrated in the LTE and GSM systems that encompass a broad variety of applications and
usages scenarios addressing the most relevant IoT needs.
• 3GPP IoT solutions reuse the existing mobile infrastructure being easily deployed over the existing 2G and 4G
mobile networks.
• Operators need to have a strategy to deal with network deployment: licensed vs unlicensed; proprietary or
open standards; partnership or moving alone.
• Chipset and Equipment Vendors will have a primordial role in the selection of these technologies; Sigfox
modules tend to be cheaper than standardized ones.

36 IoT Cellular Networks

07. Conclusions
• IoT is not anymore a trend, it is a reality that demands connectivity for billions of devices. The connectivity
requirements of IoT are significantly different from traditional approaches. In the next years the IoT
connectivity will grow faster than mobile broadband connections.
• Different wireless technologies support different IoT scenarios, the business aspects guide the definition of
requirements impacting the access type selection.
• LPWAN enables cost effective communications while ensuring long range and extended batteries life,
facilitating the deployment of specific new services that become viable through a reduced CAPEX and OPEX.
• Different LPWAN connectivity technologies – proprietary and standardized - are emerging, competing for the
IoT connectivity business. In the mid-long term, the market needs consolidation.

37 IoT Cellular Networks

9. References
09. References
(1) Report: “Market Trends: LoRa Offers Low-Risk, High-Reward LPWA Opportunity” GARTNER, May 2017
(2) http://file.scirp.org/Html/1-4000110_65802.htm, April 2016
(3) https://machinaresearch.com/news/press-release-global-internet-of-things-market-to-grow-to-27-billion-devices-generating-usd3-trillion-revenue-in-
2025/ , August 2016.
(4) https://www.gsmaintelligence.com/research/?file=a892b75a3a1199a07637708e422bf24a&download, June 2016
(5) https://www.lora-alliance.org
(6) www.sigfox.com/
(7) http://www.scoop.it/t/the-french-wireless-connection/p/4038666933/2015/03/07/successful-launch-of-lora-alliance
(8) http://www.bouygues.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/0326_CP_reseau_LoRa_IoT_ENG.pdf
(9) https://www.lora-alliance.org/kbdetail/Contenttype/ArticleDet/moduleId/583/Aid/23/PR/PR
(10) http://telecoms.com/426011/consortium-including-orange-and-foxconn-backs-lora-iot-startup-actility/
(11) https://www.semtech.com/Press-Releases/2015/Senet-Deploys-First-Low-Power-Wide-Area-Network--in-North-America-for-IoT-Applications-Based-on-
Semtech-LoRaT-RF-Platform.html
(12) http://www.orange.com/en/Press-and-medias/press-releases-2015/Orange-deploys-a-network-for-the-Internet-of-Things
(13) http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20151001005413/en/LoRa%C2%AE-enabled-IoT-Network-Russia-Covering-30-Million#.VhGN_flViko

39 IoT Cellular Networks

09. References
(14) https://www.lora-alliance.org/alliance-press-releases
(15) http://telecoms.com/397992/telefonica-sk-telecom-ntt-docomo-invest-in-french-iot-firm-sigfox/
(16) https://www.sigfox.com/en/news/sigfoxs-ecosystem-delivers-worlds-first-ultra-low-cost-modules-fuel-internet-things-mass
(17) https://www.sigfox.com/en/news/sigfox-achieves-record-growth-us-confirms-network-coverage-100-us-cities
(18) https://www.sigfox.com/en/news/bosch-partners-sigfox-produce-sigfox-access-station
(19) https://www.gsma.com/iot/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/3GPP-Low-Power-Wide-Area-Technologies-GSMA-White-Paper.pdf
(20) https://fhcouk.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/lpwa-technology-security-comparison.pdf
(21) http://www.gsma.com/newsroom/press-release/gsma-launches-low-power-wide-area-network-initiative-accelerate-growth-internet-of-things/
(22) https://www.ericsson.com/en/press-releases/2016/2/ericsson-and-orange-in-internet-of-things-trial-with-ec-gsm-iot
(23) http://www.groundtruthdata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Groundtruth-MWC-2017-Press-Release.pdf
(24) https://www.gsma.com/iot/mobile-iot-commercial-launches/
(25) http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/2016/01/26/kt-nokia-conduct-worlds-first-emtc-field-trial-on-lte-network
(26) https://www.orange.com/en/Press-Room/press-releases/press-releases-2017/AT-T-KDDI-KPN-NTT-DOCOMO-Orange-Telefonica-Telstra-TELUS-and-
Verizon-Back-Deployment-of-LTE-M-for-Internet-of-Things
(27) http://www.gemalto.com/press/Pages/Gemalto-launches-LTE-Cat-M1-wireless-module-to-enable-new-IoT-use-cases.aspx

40 IoT Cellular Networks

09. References
(28) https://www.orange.com/en/Press-Room/press-releases/press-releases-2017/Orange-accelerates-towards-the-Mobile-Internet-of-Things
(29) http://about.att.com/story/att_launches_lte_m_network_a_step_forward_to_5g.html
(30) http://www.vodafone.com/content/index/about/what/technology-blog/2015/02/vodafone_extendsits.html
(31) http://www.fiercewireless.com/story/nokia-ericsson-intel-back-nb-lte-yet-another-wireless-technology-iot/2015-09-14
(32) http://www.3gpp.org/news-events/3gpp-news/1785-nb_iot_complete
(33) https://www.ericsson.com/en/press-releases/2017/2/ericsson-telefonica-and-telit-successfully-test-first-end-to-end-nb-iot-data-call-in-spain
(34) https://www.telecom.pt/en-us/media/noticias/Pages/2017/marco/Altice-e-Huawei-promovem-desenvolvimento-de-servicos-IoT.aspx
(35) )https://www.telekom.com/en/media/media-information/archive/first-narrowband-iot-service-packages-launched-in-germany-497494
(36) https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Regional-Presence/AsiaPacific/SiteAssets/Pages/Events/2016/Dec-2016-
IoT/IoTtraining/IoT%20network%20planning%20ST%2015122016.pdf
(37) https://fhcouk.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/lpwa-technology-security-comparison.pdf
(38) http://www.3gpp.org/images/articleimages/iot_summary_large.jpg
(39) https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Regional-Presence/AsiaPacific/SiteAssets/Pages/Events/2016/Dec-2016-
IoT/IoTtraining/IoT%20network%20planning%20ST%2015122016.pdf
(40) https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.2083-0-201509-I!!PDF-E.pdf
(41) http://www.5gamericas.org/files/2914/7769/1296/5GA_V2X_Report_FINAL_for_upload.pdf
(42) http://www.analysysmason.com/Research/Content/Reports/M2M-and-Internet-of-Things-IoT-opportunities-for-telecoms-operators/

(28) www.3gpp.org/s-events/3gpp-news/1798-v2x_r14

41 IoT Cellular Networks

IoT- Cellular Networks