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Irrigation Structures

The document summarizes various irrigation structures used in Egypt's irrigation system, including canals, drains, dams, barrages, bridges, culverts, syphons, aqueducts, escapes, weirs, pumping stations, and locks. It describes the purpose and functioning of these structures, such as culverts allowing roads to cross canals, syphons carrying water underneath another stream, and aqueducts transporting water above a lower stream. The document focuses on Egyptian irrigation infrastructure for transporting and regulating water from the Nile River throughout the country.

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2K views42 pages

Irrigation Structures

The document summarizes various irrigation structures used in Egypt's irrigation system, including canals, drains, dams, barrages, bridges, culverts, syphons, aqueducts, escapes, weirs, pumping stations, and locks. It describes the purpose and functioning of these structures, such as culverts allowing roads to cross canals, syphons carrying water underneath another stream, and aqueducts transporting water above a lower stream. The document focuses on Egyptian irrigation infrastructure for transporting and regulating water from the Nile River throughout the country.

Uploaded by

suonsovannaka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IRRIGATION

STRUCTURES

Dr. Ahmed Mohamed Tawfik


Irrigation:

It is an artificial mean of water application to


soil to ensure enough moisture essential for
plant life.

Drainage:

It is an artificial mean of removal of excess


groundwater from the root zone.
Water sources

 Rivers
 Wells
 Rain
Irrigation Water Delivery System in Egypt

Mesqa
Distributary
Nile River

Canal
Branch
canal

Main
Canal
1. Canals.

2. Drains.
Structures:
1.Dam and Reservoir
2.Barrages/regulators
3.Bridges and Culverts
4.Syphons and Aqueducts
5.Escapes
6. Weirs
7.Pumping Stations
8.Locks
Structures
Irrigation Crossing Structures
• Water way + Road way • Water way + water way

• Culvert • Syphon
• Bridge • Aqueduct

Open channel
Road
Tail escape
Open channel

8
Culver
t
It is a structure constructed at the point where
a road crosses a canal or a drain.
A culvert is an artificial water passage under a
road or rail way.

9
10
The common shapes of culvert include round,
square, rectangular, and arch shaped.
 The construction materials include masonry,
concrete, and steel.
The culvert may consist of one or several
vents.

13
Sectional Elevation

14
Bridge
It is a structure constructed at the point where a road crosses a
big waterway.
The Syphon
• In the case of streams crossing, the syphon may
be used to carry the water of one stream
underneath the other stream.

Open channel

Open channel

16
The Syphon
• It consists of an inlet and outlet transitions
connected by a closed conduit.

17
The Syphon
• The selection of which water way must pass
through a syphon is based on:
Channel B Channel B

Channel A

Channel A

• Navigation
• Size of the stream discharge
• Water levels in the two streams
• Suspended sediment loads 18
Sec A-A

A
19
If both streams are navigable, special arrangements
should be made using locks.

V2 SYPHON

V1 V
Navigable Drain 1

Q Q
Navigable
Canal

LOCK LOCK

20
V2 SYPHON

V1 V
Navigable Drain 1

Q Q

Navigable
Canal
LOCK
LOCK
• Screen should be provided for the syphon at the
upstream side to prevent debris clogging.
However, frequent maintenance of debris
removal is essential to prevent damage of roads
and upstream properties.

Screen
22
AQUEDUCTS

 In the case of stream crossings, the aqueduct may be


used as alternative to the syphon when the two streams
are not navigable and there is enough water level
difference between the two streams.

23
 The aqueduct usually carries the discharge of the higher
water level of a canal above the lower water level of a
drain.

24
 For this purpose pipes or reinforced concrete box
conduit can be used.
 The pipe aqueduct is used for small discharges while
the R.C. box section aqueduct is reasonable for large
discharges.

25
 The aqueduct usually consists of an inlet and outlet
transition structures connected by a flume (closed or
open conduit).

open conduit closed conduit


26
(+ve) M1 (Middle) = (-ve) M2 (support)

 ( L  2 x ) 2 x 2 x 2
 
8 2 2

Therefore:
X=0.21 L 27
Free Flow R.C. Box Aqueduct

Road Bridge

Footpath

28
29
Tail Escape
It is a structure constructed at the tail end of the
canal to dispose the excess water into the drain.

30
Inclined pipe
Cross & Head Regulators:

To control Down Stream Flow and


Water Levels.
35
Weir
It is an irrigation structure
constructed at the point
where a difference in land
levels (U.S & D.S.) is
found.
Fayoum weir

When U.S.-D.S. > 1.5m


Stepped weir
Lock ‫س‬
( ‫الهيوي‬ )
To allow for the movement
of boats across the
Barrages or Regulators
Pumping Stations
To lift water from lower water levels to higher levels.

P.S.
Dams
To raise the water level in the up stream in order to:
 Store water for irrigation purposes
 Protection from flood
 Electric power generation
U.S

Reservoir

D.S
Aswan Dam

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