The Effectiveness of Pulverized Chicken Eggshells and Clamshells on

Tomato Plant
(Solanum Lycopersicum) Growth

A Research Paper
Presented to the Faculty of Senior High Department
University of Cebu – Banilad
Cebu City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

SH - 3Is and SH – Work Immersion

By:
Khaycez Servilla
Alanjohn A. Codera
Ma. Febreit Isabel C. Basijan
Ciahana Mae A. Cañete
Heart U. Cruz

15 April 2021
 RESEARCH ABSTRACT
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PULVERIZED CHICKEN
EGGSHELLS AND CLAMSHELLS ON TOMATO PLANT
(SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM) GROWTH

KHAYCEZ SERVILLA
ALANJOHN A. CODERA
MA. FEBREIT ISABEL C. BASIJAN
CIAHANA MAE A. CAÑETE
HEART U. CRUZ

(Researchers)
University of Cebu – Banilad Campus

DIANNE MARITHER G. TABANAO, LPT

Adviser, University of Cebu

Keywords: Hyperglycemia, Hyperglycemic Lab Mice, Momordica

charantia, Ipomoea batatas, Psidium guajava, Mus musculus

The study determined the antihyperglycemic effects of Momordica

charantia, Ipomoea batatas, and Psidium guajava in laboratory mice (Mus
musculus). Not all hyperglycemic patients are satisfied with the available
treatments of hyperglycemia in the present such as insulin therapy, thus the
researchers aimed to create a mixture to lower high blood sugar.

The study aimed to determine the antihyperglycemic effects of the

mixture in both male and female lab mice, and as well as its difference of
effectivity to metformin and distilled water. The results show that there was
no significant difference between the BSL lowering by the AmpBayKam
Mixture in male and female laboratory mice and between the BSL lowering
by the AmpBayKam Mixture and the distilled water. On the other hand, the
was a significant difference between the BSL by the AmpBayKam Mixture
Before Treatment (Pre-Treatment) and After Treatment (Post-Treatment) and
between the BSL lowering by the AmpBayKam Mixture and the metformin.

Department : Senior High School

Program :Science,Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Research Started :
Research Completed :
 UNIVERSITY OF CEBU
PROGRAM RESEARCH OFFICE

APPROVAL SHEET

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT of the requirements for SH-3Is and SH

OJT/STEM, this research paper entitled, “The Effectiveness of
Pulverized Chicken Eggshells and Clamshells on Tomato Plant
(Solanum Lycopersicum) Growth submitted by the following
researchers: Khaycez Servilla, Alanjohn Codera, Ma. Febreit Isabel
Basijan, Ciahana Mae Cañete and Heart Cruz has been duly examined
and approved for ORAL DEFENSE EXAMINATION.

DIANNE MARITHER G. TABANAO, LPT

Adviser

ACCEPTED AS Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the SH – Is and

OJT/STEM

BEE JAY D. OLITRES, LPT MALEEN GRAFILO – ORDIZ, LPT, MAT

Program Research Coordinator Principal, Senior High School

Approved by tribunal at the ORAL DEFENSE EXAMINATION with the

grade of .

ERLRINO JOSE C. VILLARBA, RN

Chairman

DIANNE MARITHER G. TABANAO, LPT SARAH JANE GINOO, LPT

Member/Censor Member/Censor

JUNREL A. CAPUNO, LPT, M.Ed.

Statistician

Date of Oral Defense:

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to express their sincerest gratitude to all the

people who made their research paper complete and possible:

First and foremost, to the God Almighty, who in heaven never left the

researchers in accomplishing things all throughout their study and giving the

wisdom, strength and endurance to carry on.

To Mrs. Dianne Marither G. Tabanao, Res II Adviser, Mr Erlrino Jose

C. Villarba, Res I Adviser, for their advice and guidance in giving their proper

direction for this study; for their patience in accommodating consultations to

help make this research paper as accurate and possible.

The researchers would also like to thank the people with a generous

heart which help the researchers in their research expenses and in making this

research possible and to their families who had been giving the endless

support both financially and morally; for their inspiration and endless

dedication.
 DEDICATION

For the academe of the Republic of the

Philippines,

For all our sacrifices, academic

breakdowns, and sleepless nights

For our most providing and

considerate Alma Mater, and

to our Creator, The Loving

Father

Researchers
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Rationale of the Study:

Eggshells and clamshells are waste materials from our home, fast food

chains, factories, and hatcheries. Millions of people tolerate improper waste

disposal that leads to environmental problems that can harm humans and different

organisms. Environmental pollutions that result in numerous flies and abrasiveness

that imparts from waste disposal (Gaonkar & Chakraborty, 2016). There are

approximately 1.8 billion tons of food waste being produced in a year (Wijaya &

Teo, 2019; FAO, 2015). Eggshells and clamshells remain poorly discarded and

stay unutilized. To sustain a healthy environment, wastes must be recycled, reused,

and reduce its quantity by manufacturing a value-added product.

According to United States Department of Agriculture, healthy plants are

vital to sustainable and productive crop production and to the quality and

cost of the nation’s supply of food, fuel, and fiber. Health is additionally

basic to plants utilized for ornamentals, common resources, and animal

feed. Soils make it possible for plants to develop by intervening the organic,

chemical, and physical processes that supply plants with nutrients, water, and other

components. Microorganisms in soils change nutrients into forms that can be

utilized by developing plants. Soils are the storehouses for water and nutrients.

Most plant infections around 85 % are caused by parasitic or fungal-like

organisms. Infectious plant diseases are caused by living agents, or pathogens.

These pathogens can be spread from a contaminated plant or plant debris to a

healthy plant.

It is thought that iron limitation is a problem for plants on as much as 30%

of soils worldwide. Iron-deficient plants often display interveinal chlorosis, in

which the veins of the leaf remain green while the areas between the veins are

yellow. Due to the limited solubility of iron in many soils, plants often must first

mobilize iron in the rhizosphere (a region of the soil that surrounds, and is

influenced by, the roots) before transporting it into the plant. (J.B. Morgan, et al.,

2013). There are a few diseases which are affected by soil pH. Clubroot, a disease

of crucifers, can be controlled by increasing the soil pH, while common scab, a

disease of potatoes, is more likely to cause problems in alkaline soils. (2014).

One of the nutrients that the plants need in order to survive is Nitrogen. The

critical level of Nitrogen in many plants is around 3%. For several crops, when the

Nitrogen level in leaves drops below 2.75%, Nitrogen deficiency symptoms appear

and yield and quality decline. Small changes in N content for some crops can result

in large effects on yield, plant growth, and the quality of forage and fruit. (UGA,

2020).
 In the Philippines, a majority of the soils have multiple macronutrient and

micronutrient deficiencies. A saline soil is generally defined as one in which the

electrical conductivity (EC) of the saturation extract (ECe) in the root zone exceeds

4 dS m−1 (approximately 40 mM NaCl) at 25 °C and has an exchangeable sodium

of 15%. The problem of soil salinization is a scourge for agricultural productivity

worldwide. Crops grown on saline soils suffer on an account of high osmotic

stress, nutritional disorders and toxicities, poor soil physical conditions and

reduced crop productivity. (R. Kumar., et al. 2015). In the Philippines, the National

Action Plan (NAP) for 2004 to 2010 identified soil degredation as a major threat to

food security. It has reported that about 5.2 million hectares are seriously degraded

resulting to 30 to 50% reduction in soil productivity and water retention capacity

(NAP, 2004). When this happen, the capacity of the soil to function and give

proper nutrients for plant growth, habitat of soil flora and fauna has been affected.

Soil acidity is a major environmental and economic concern. Approximately 50 %

of Australian agricultural land or 50 million ha have surface pH values less than or

equal to 5.5 which is below the optimal level to prevent subsoil acidification. If

untreated, acidity will become a problem in the subsurface soils, which are more

difficult and expensive to ameliorate. (P. Gazey, 2020).

 Acid soils are vulnerable to erosion because of the characteristic low

electrolyte levels in the soil solution. Acidity also depletes fertility through the

development of toxic levels of iron and by lowering the amount of most essential

nutrients in the soil. In addition, soil microbia, which are partly responsible for

nutrient release, are adversely affected. Study showed that the widespread use of

pesticides by farmers in Central Luzon was followed by a 27% increase in deaths

among them from causes other than physical injury. An average of 503 cases of

pesticide poisoning, of which 15% died every year, had been reported from 1980 to

1988. (N.D. Briones. 1996).

The study area is geographically situated in three barangays of Biga,

Bagakay and Lu-ay. The soil is extremely acidic (pH 2.55±0.05 in H2O), with low

organic matter (0.40±0.05%) and cation exchange capacity (7.70±0.30 meq/100 g

soil)Cu levels in all sampling plots are high ranging from 154 – 638 mg kg-1 dry

soil which are beyond the maximum allowable limit for Cu (36 mg kg-1 soil)On

the other hand, cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) levels are below the

maximum allowable limit of 0.8, 85, and 140 mg kg-1 soil, respectively. (N.S.

Aggangan., et al. 2015).

Therefore, Soil health is the foundation of productive farming practices.

Fertile soil provides essential nutrients to plants. Important physical characteristics

of soil-like structures and aggregation allow water and air to infiltrate, roots to
explore, and to thrive. In able for plants and crops to grow well and healthy. The

purpose is to (1) sustain good quality crops, (2) prevent plants from diseases and

(3) to sustain a good pH level, 6.0 to 7.0 desirable soil pH for optimum crop

production pH Range of the soil for better growth and development (Boeckmann,

2019). For less problems when it comes to plant care, essential nutrients should be

provided for much more healthy produced crops. Moreover, for the following

reasons laid out, the researchers intended to propose this study.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the evidences of the effectiveness of

pulverized chicken eggshells and clamshells on tomato plant growth in

terms of number leaves, stem diameter and height. This section confers the

general and specific problems that the undertaken study would address and

be directive towards the study’s goal.

This study is entitled as well to answer the specific questions as follows:

1. Is there a significant difference on the height of the plant between

the before and after treatment?

1.1. 100% eggshells

1.2. 100% clamshells

1.3. 70% eggshells , 30% clamshells

 1.4. 30% eggshells, 70% clamshells

1.5. 50% of the eggshells , 50% of clamshells

1.6. Negative control

2. Is there a significant difference on the stem diameter of the plant

between the before and after treatment?

2.1. 100% eggshells

2.2. 100% clamshells

2.3. 70% eggshells , 30% clamshells

2.4. 30% eggshells, 70% clamshells

2.5. 50% of the eggshells , 50% of clamshells

2.6. Negative control

3. Is there a significant difference on the leaf count of the plant

between the before and after treatment?

3.1. 100% eggshells

3.2. 100% clamshells

3.3. 70% eggshells , 30% clamshells

 3.4. 30% eggshells, 70% clamshells

3.5. 50% of the eggshells , 50% of clamshells

3.6. Negative control

4. Is there a significant difference on the soil pH level of the plant

between the before and after treatment?

4.1. 100% eggshells

4.2. 100% clamshells

4.3. 70% eggshells , 30% clamshells

4.4. 30% eggshells, 70% clamshells

4.5. 50% of the eggshells , 50% of clamshells

4.6. Negative control

Statement of the Hypothesis:

This section explicates the hypotheses correspondingly per each

specific problem.

Ho1: There is no significant difference on the height of the plant between the

before and after treatment.

 a. 100% eggshells

b. 100% clamshells

c. 70% eggshells , 30% clamshells

d. 30% eggshells, 70% clamshells

e. 50% of the eggshells , 50% of clamshells

f. Negative control

Ho2: There is no significant difference on the stem diameter of the plant

between the before and after treatment.

a. 100% eggshells

b. 100% clamshells

c. 70% eggshells , 30% clamshells

d. 30% eggshells, 70% clamshells

e. 50% of the eggshells , 50% of clamshells

f. Negative control

Ho3: There is no significant difference on the leaf count of the plant between

the before and after treatment.

 a. 100% eggshells

b. 100% clamshells

c. 70% eggshells , 30% clamshells

d. 30% eggshells, 70% clamshells

e. 50% of the eggshells , 50% of clamshells

f. Negative control

Ho4: There is no significant difference on the soil pH level of the plant

between the before and after treatment.

a. 100% eggshells

b. 100% clamshells

c. 70% eggshells , 30% clamshells

d. 30% eggshells, 70% clamshells

e. 50% of the eggshells , 50% of clamshells

f. Negative control

Significance of the Study

This study aimed to test the effectiveness of pulverized eggshells and

powdered clamshells on tomato plant. The result of this study will benefit the
following:

The students will benefit in such a way that the result of the study would

give them enough knowledge and awareness about the benefits of eggshell and

clam shell and identify which of the two has higher nutrients content that is best to

use as a fertilizer;

The household will benefit in such a way that it can lessen waste materials

at home and can be used as a cheap alternative fertilizer for their plants;

The community will benefit them in such a way that fertilizers will be more

accessible. Using it as fertilizers will minimize the effect of eggshells and clam

shells in environmental pollution and reduce disposal expenses in factories that

uses these resources;

The local farmers who plants tomato will be benefited since this could be a

cheaper alternative of a fertilizer. It will cost them less and will lower the chance

of harming the natural biotic environment, the soil structure and its consumer

because it does not contain any amount of chemicals; and

The future researchers who are interested in developing another study

about eggshell and clamshell could improve the present study in a lot of different

angles, just like changing the variables which would be applicable for future

studies.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study is to determine the effectiveness of pulverized chicken eggshells

and powdered clamshells on tomato plant. This investigation utilized nature

materials, distilled water, and sunlight as the controlled variables and tomato seed

as the subject. Eggshells and clamshells will be bought in the grocery store and the

tomato seed will be bought online. According to Charles Mitchell (2015) tested

crushed eggshells in soil did not change the soil pH, and they did not increase the

level of calcium in the soil this means that eggshells may not be helpful and

effective as a fertilizer. Considering this, the researchers noted down the limited

factors of crushed eggshells that most likely have various effects on tomato plants.

The study presents the range of undertaken investigatory project particularly

regarding the duration of it being conducted and experimented. This study will be

conducted on the researchers’ respective homes within the areas of Barangay

Talamban and Banilad Cebu, City.

Definition of Terms

For the purpose of this study and to facilitate the comprehension of this

work, the terms below are hereby defined.

Clamshells

it is used as an alternative medium for sustainable plant growth.

Eggshells

it is used as an alternative medium for sustainable plant growth.

Soil pH Level

it is used to determine the acidity of the soil that may affect the plant growth.

Tomato plant

it is the subject of the study to determine the changes

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and related studies that

would help the current study to come up with comprehensive supporting

studies. There have been studies that focus on the main components of

study which are the pulverized eggshells and clamshells as an alternative

fertilizer.

Related Literature
 Tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum, L.) as defined by Melomey

(2017) belongs to the Solanaceae family also known as Nightshades that has more

than 3000 species. Tomato originated from the Andean region, which is modern

day Chile, Bolivia, Educator, Colombia and Peru. However, the original site of

domestication is unclear. Tomato is one of the most important vegetable in the

world due to increasing commercial and dietary value, widespread production as

well as model plant for research. Tomato plant contains a rich source of vitamins A

and C, minerals like iron, phosphorus, lycopene, Beta-carotene, high amount of

water and low calories. Despite the importance of tomato in the whole word,

tomato-breeding proframmes over the year have not been systematic and therefore

had not led to the development of new varieties as well as biotic and abiotic stress.

The major goals of tomato breeding worldwide are increasing yield, tolerance to

biotic and abiotic stresses and improvement in sensory and nutritional value of the

crop.

According to Lannoti (2019), corroborated that unhealthy plant is suffering

from a nutrient deficiency or nutrients overloading, therefore it means too much of

any one nutrient. Plant nutrient deficiencies often manifest as discoloration or

distortion of the leaves and stems. Many problems have similar symptoms and

sometimes it is a combination of problems, so managing the problem can be a bit of

trial and error. Plants required a mix of nutrients to remain healthy. Nutrients that
are needed in relatively large amounts are called the macronutrients. Plant

macronutrients include nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sulfur and

magnesium. (Korob, 2020) There are handful of additional nutrients that are

required for plant growth called micronutrients include many kinds of nutrients,

boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc. Nutrients uptake by roots

is shared by all young root parts and especially by a zone of root hairs which up to

hundreds of times increases the surface area of a root. Nitrogen is needed at early

stages of development to encourage good strong seedling and plant development.

Peak requirement is just before flowering. Most phosphorus is required early on in

the plant’s development to ensure good root growth and flowering. Potassium is

needed in greater quantities than nitrogen. Calcium is also needed in relatively

large quantities, mostly from flowering through fruit development.

According to Dordas (2008), plant diseases continue to play a major

limiting role in agricultural production. The control of plant diseases using

classical pesticides raises serious concerns about food safety, environmental

quality and pesticide resistance, which have dictated the need for alternative pest

management techniques. In particular, nutrients could affect the disease tolerance

or resistance of plants to pathogens.

Eggshells are mainly composed of 94% of calcium carbonate, 1% of

magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate, and 4% organic matter.

Clamshells also contribute in supporting the plant’s nutrient condition

compromising the richness of calcium carbonate. And mostly consist of calcium

carbonate stones. According to International Journal of Poultry Science

(2011), disposed eggshells are usually utilized as a plant fertilizer and are known

for its effective liming agent. This is due to the fact that eggshells contain calcium

that stabilizes the pH level of excessively acidic soil. Thereby, it can be used as

an alternative soil neutralizer as eggshells displays well balanced calcium amounts

of other minerals and is presumably the greatest standard source of calcium. For

two weeks the soil acidity and growth in plants with the application of eggshells

was observed, showing significant changes in both pH level of the soil and growth

of plants. Specifically on its height measurement and number of leaves (De la

Rosa, 2020). Hence, this study certified that nutrients found in eggshells, calcium

in particular is highly essential for plants growth. Unlike synthetic fertilizers, using

eggshells in gardening grounds do not have any specific amount application.

Clam shells are the hard exoskeleton of a diversity of mollusks within

the family Mytilidae and Unionidae. Majority of these bivalve mollusks exist in

saltwater environments. These shells contains high levels of calcium carbonate

about 91% to 96% (Carlos, 2012). Once ground into fine particles, high-quality

soil added substance due to their calcium and

micronutrient substance. Including pulverized shells to the soil produces a

stable distribution of nutrients. This induce in balancing the soil's pH levels as well

as increasing the fertilizer quantity intake for the plants (Trevisan, 2019).

Pulverized shells also offer assistance to form environment spaces for

soil organisms in compost stacks which helps in breaking fertilized soil down a lot

quicker. However, despite of its benefits being stated, using crushed or pulverized

clamshells as fertilizer is such a rare case. Clam shells’ calcium content helps

in improving the plant's nitrate take-up,

restore enzyme arrangement and fortifies plant cell dividers. The coarse surface of

clam shells also makes a difference in decreasing compaction within the soil. As

it helps prohibiting trimmed plants from getting soaked by allowing water to run

through the soil without getting caught along the way. One of the most important

benefits of utilizing pulverized shell as a natural fertilizer is the calcium it

contributes to the neighboring plants. The calcium that is contained inside the

pulverized shells run through the soil after each shell breaks down. With that, more

nutrients are given specifically to each plant inside the garden area (Bradley, 1980).

Therefore, adding powdered clam shells to your soil will make an enormous

contrast in your plants’ in general development rates and buoyancy. A few

developed soils and preparing composed soils undergo from a need of nutrient

substance, driving to deficiency side effects inside the plants creating in them.

Lack of nutrient causes indications such as leaf yellowing or browning, or can be

in unusual structure. This possibly caused by hindered development and poor

flowering or fruiting. It constantly happens when a fundamental nutrient is

unobtainable in adequate amount to match the requirements of growing plants or

crops. In able to develop, create, and produce at their best, plants must have

particular components or compounds called plant essential nutrients.

According to Jim Isleib (2012), around 85% of plant diseases are mostly

caused by parasitic or fungal like living creatures. Along with that, other serious

diseases of food and feed crops are caused by viral and plant living bacteria.

Various types of nematodes causes plant disease as well. Such diseases primarily

caused by three fundamental pathogenic bodies: fungus, bacteria and virus in

particular. Fungi are related with plants as saprotrophs and decomposers. These

fungi break down organic matter of all sorts together with wood and other kinds of

plant material. Fungi can directly destroy plant tissue by way of producing strong

toxins. Plant pathogenic microbe creates countless types of plant infection

symptoms as well as fungi like beings. They cause leaf spots and blights, soft rots

of fruits, roots, and storage organs, wilts, overgrowths, scabs, and cankers (Agrios,

2005). Lastly, Viruses are infectious pathogens that cannot be seen by the naked

eye, light microscope is needed in able to visualize those. But despite their small

size they can cause serious disruption and can totally damage plants and crops.

Majority of plant viruses are transmitted by insect vectors that cause damage to the
plant and create an entry point for pathogens, or that tap into the phloem to feed.

This destroys and slows down the nutrient intake of plants making it unable to

grow and survive. However, all of this can be prevented with the presence of

organic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers work by providing essential nutrients to

growing plants and feeding the soil at the same time. A balanced blend of organic

fertilizer provides nutrient sources for important microorganisms living in the soil.
 In addition, the major nutrients required for plant growth are nitrogen,

phosphorus and potassium provided by fertilizers. Organic fertilizer compound

produces balanced amounts of macronutrients, but solitary soil needs and its

desired effects requires definite adaptation. On the off chance, the point is to boost

sprouting and root development, using a phosphorus-rich natural product, such as

bone meal or rock phosphate. To produce quality sprouting and help prevent plant

disease, apply a natural potassium item like kelp meal or greensand (Hemera,

2013). To sum up everything, organic fertilizers do play a major part in growing

various plants and crops. Because it gives the foremost vital nutrients and

components that plants needed in able to grow healthy and strong, it also helps

plants to create much better flowerings and fruits.

The role of organic fertilizers in a plant is that organic materials and

fertilizers improve the soil texture, allowing it to hold water longer, and increase

the bacterial and fungal activity in the soil. It supplies the lacking nutrients that

normal soil cannot produce to certain crops and plants. Tomatoes, like numerous

annuals, are heavy feeders and do better when provided with plenty of nutrients to

grow through the season. Organic fertilizers can offer assistance to give the

additional nutrients that tomatoes need to develop rapidly. Hence, various shells as

an organic fertilizer replacement can help crops and plants in so many ways

especially on its growth. Shells can also be extremely beneficial on land. This
comes about in controlling pH levels and expanding the admissions levels of

fertilizer for your plant plants. As some shells are contains an almost pure calcium

carbonate that most plants needed especially tomato plants. Shells of all kinds

make excellent calcium enhancement for soil. Adding egg shells or crushed oyster

shells to compost improves the growth of many vegetables, and helps avoid brown

rotten spots on the bottom of tomatoes (Padro, 2020). Utilizing seashells as a

fertilizer is an excellent garden hack for adding calcium and phosphates to the soil

as well as for deterring snails and other insects that do not like the sharp shell

edges (Coronado, 2019). In preparing the eggshells or any kind of seashells, use a

mixer, grinder or mortar and pestle to crush it into fine pieces then till them into the

soil. Because it takes several months for eggshells to break down and be absorbed

by a plant’s roots, it is recommended that they be tilled into the soil in fall (Hand,

2019). And by applying those pulverized shells, it will reduce the acidity of your

soil and help to oxygenize it and also help plants to grow healthier. In conclusion,

various shells can really improve and supply a lot of lacking nutrients to certain

plants that will help it grow faster and well.

There can be no doubt that organic fertilizer play such an important role in

growing plants as it provides lacking nutrients in them, it also improves the quality

of the soil producing much better and stronger plant stems. The researchers

pursued the study indeed more to discover the crevices in our study. Nutrients are
the main essentials to helps plants to sprout, develop, battle off infections and bugs

and to reproduce. Reasons have been proven to be found about the effectiveness of

both the eggshells and clamshells in the related literature.

Related Studies

Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are the most important nutrients for

healthy growth, calcium is also necessary for the formation of plant's cell walls.

Eggshells, which are made up of calcium carbonate, are a great way to get this

mineral into the soil.

In the study of M. Gaonkar et al., (2016). Eggshell powder was used as a

fertilizer and a calcium supplement for females in a tomato plant. Extracted

calcium from various eggshells was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared

(FTIR) spectroscopy, based on the results of the FTIR test, It had been concluded

that different bird's eggshells contain varying percentages of calcium carbonate.

The calcium carbonate content of chicken eggshells is high. According to their

observations, 10% eggshell powder is better suited for tomato plant growth than

15%. It improved the pH and calcium content of the soil when used as a fertilizer.

This enrichment is extremely beneficial to plants that are afflicted with blossom

end root diseases. Tomato plants, berry plants, and so on are some of the examples.

Soil testing was also used to determine the pH level of the soil as well as the
percentage of calcium in the soil. The best natural source of calcium is most likely

eggshell. In another application, the chicken eggshell powder was used to make

tablets that were compared to CIPCAL-500 calcium supplement tablets for

equivalency. As a result, it can be concluded that chicken eggshell can be useful in

a variety of applications. Recent research has also highlighted the effectiveness of

eggshell as an organic fertilizer for the growth of Phaseolus Vulgaris or Cowpea

Seeds.

In the study of T. Radha & G. Karthikeyan, (2019). Eggshells were

collected, cleaned, and powdered. For the growth of cowpea plants, eggshell

powder was used as a fertilizer. The experiment was also conducted to determine

the effects of eggshell on plant growth. Each pot was filled with the same amount

of soil and 25 seeds were planted in each of the five groups of six pots. Each group

received varying amounts of eggshell in their soil: no eggshell (control), 2g, 4g, 6g,

8g, and 10g. The plants were watered with the same amount of water as they grew,

and the experiment was carried out over a 20-day period. Plant growth, including

shoot and root length, was measured after a 20-day period. The weight of the plant

leaves was measured, and biochemical constituents such as chlorophyll, free amino

acids, total protein, and total phenols were analyzed. Study shows that as the

concentration of hen eggshell increases, so does the percentage of germination.

The study's findings show that biochemical constituents increased from A1 to A5

pots compared to the control pot. As a result, They have concluded that a small

amount of eggshell helps cow pea plants grow faster. It has also boosts the nutrient

content of plants.

Soil is an important source of nutrients for plant growth. Along with the

nutrients it brings to the plant harmful substances such as lead cannot be avoided.

Plant photosynthetic rate is reduced by lead, which distorts chloroplast

ultrastructure, reduces chlorophyll synthesis, obstructs electron transport, and

inhibits Calvin cycle enzyme activity (R. S. Sengar et al., 2008).

In the study of O. I. Maxwell et al. (2020) Acid Modified Eggshell (AMES)

adsorbents were used to study the adsorption of lead (II) ions from fertilizer

wastewater. On the adsorption of Lead (II) ions from fertilizer industrial waste

water, the effects of process parameters such as temperature, contact time, pH, and

adsorbent dosage were investigated. The functional groups present in the egg shell

before and after modification were investigated using the FTIR spectrum. The

surface morphology of the egg shell before and after modification was studied

using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Using established models, the kinetic

and isotherm model of the best fit for the data was investigated. FITR

characterization revealed that some of its functional group disappeared while new

ones showed up, indicating that the modification is effective. The microporous
space increased after modification, according to SEM analysis. The rate of lead ion

adsorption was greatly affected by the process factors considered. Batch adsorption

studies showed that at a dosage of 40 mg of adsorbent per 100 ml of effluent for 60

minutes at a pH of 5, with an optimum temperature of 45°C, the highest percentage

of 94.6 percent of lead ion was removed. With an R2 value of 0.998, the adsorption

isotherm suggested that the experimental data fit well into Temkin models. The

adsorption data were found to be best fit by a second order kinetic model. The

adsorption of lead ion onto activated egg shells is endothermic, according to

thermodynamic studies, with entropy and enthalpy values of 0.025 kJ/mol and

15.96 kJ/mol, respectively. The results revealed that acid modified egg shells are

an effective adsorbent for removing lead ions from wastewater.

While, in the study of L. Y. Zurbano (2018). Vermicompost and Eggshell

was used to evaluate the response of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) on saline soil.

Vermicompost is the product of decomposition made from the various species of

worms. Eggshells on the other hand is also considered as an organic fertilizer

because it is known to be rich in calcium carbonate. It was grown in the following

treatments: T1 (Control) - 100 percent garden soil (GS); T2 - 100 percent strongly

saline soil (SS); and T3 – strongly saline soil amended with vermicompost and

pulverized eggshell in a 2:1:0.25 ratio (SVE). The results revealed that saline soil

amended with 50% vermicompost and 22.5 percent pulverized eggshell grew
lettuce and reduced salinity by about 77 percent, suggesting that organic fertilizers

like vermicompost and eggshell could help mitigate the effects of salt on

germination, growth, and yield.

Furthermore, In the study of Shell M. Lee et al. (2020). Shell waste is a

beneficial waste product that is high in calcium carbonate that can be used

primarily as a limestone or lime in a variety of applications. Using a life cycle

assessment (LCA) approach, this study assessed the environmental risks and

downsides correlated with eggshell waste recycling, treatment, and utilization for

land application, as well as a comparative assessment with oyster shell waste

systems. Our study proved that recycling and reusing eggshells can have a better

effect on the environment than standard end-of-life disposal. It was claimed that

recycling and reusing an average eggshell content of 60 g accounted for roughly

0.187 kg CO2 eq of climate change effect, as well as some other prominent

environmental impacts such as coastal ecotoxicity, freshwater ecotoxicity,

freshwater eutrophication, and human toxicity. This discrepancy may be due to the

inclusion of energy-intensive conversion processes in the treatment process, such

as calcination at 800 °C. Similar findings in effect effects were observed in the

oyster shell setting, but to a greater level. Furthermore, our researchers confirmed

that processing efficiency and energy sources were the major considerations

determining the total impacts of shell waste processing and reuse. As a response, it
is urged that sustainable attempts to mitigate the related impacts reflect on

technological innovation and the development of environmentally sustainable

energy sources, with the goal of enhancing both economic and environmental

sustainability.

Clams are shellfish that serve as filter feeders and food for a variety of

animals, making them an important part of the web of life that keeps the seas

running. We also consume clams and other varieties of mollusk as food but, It’s

shells are usually used in Agriculture, construction, sterilization, heavy metal

adsorption, calcium products and chemical materials. (Zang, 2018). Its shell has

been known for containing a good amount of Calcium Carbonate. It had been

found that the application of various shells to agricultural land greatly improved

the quality of crop productivity. According to the study of Jingyu Zang et al.

(2018), China produces more than half of the world's shells. Shells with a calcium

carbonate content of about 95% have a high application value. It is primarily used

in sterilization, heavy metal adsorption, calcium products, and chemical materials

at the moment. Some crops will produce a lot of chaff or grow slowly if the soil or

medium is calcium deficient. Calcium carbonate is the main ingredient in shell

powder, with a content of around 95%. It also contains phosphorus, manganese,

zinc, iron, potassium, magnesium, and other minerals, and it is a low-cost calcium

fertilizer. It has also a great mitigation effect for the lack of calcium in plants and
animals. Apart from its good benefits in agriculture, when not dispose properly

clamshells can also be harmful in the environment.

In the study of C.A. Ewane et al. (2019). Clam shells are common waste

products found along riverbanks that, when accumulated for a long time, become

pollutants for the environment. Because they have excellent biological properties,

including antimicrobial properties, using fishing by-products in agriculture could

be a solution for cleaning the river and promoting green agriculture. In fact, chitin

(15 percent to 40 percent), protein (20 percent to 40 percent), calcium and

magnesium carbonate (20 percent to 50 percent), as well as other minor

constituents like astaxanthin, lipids, and other minerals, make up the majority of

crustacean shells. Furthermore, it is a natural-source renewable material that is

biodegradable, nontoxic, and insoluble in water and many organic solvents. A plant

biostimulant, regardless of its nutrient content, is any substance or microorganism

applied to plants with the goal of improving nutrition efficiency, abiotic stress

tolerance, and/or crop quality traits. As a result of their properties, clam shells are a

good candidate for PIF plantain seedling biostimulation. The use of clam shells'

biostimulant potential in the production of PIF seedlings could be a novel way to

improve the quality and quantity of plantain seedlings.

It was hypothesized that treating plantain PIF seedlings with clam shells
would biostimulant their growth and reduce their susceptibility to black Sigatoka

disease. Our findings supported this hypothesis, demonstrating significant

differences in germination rate, growth characteristics (number of shoots, height of

shoots, diameter of pseudo-stems, area of leaves, length of roots), susceptibility to

BSD, and accumulation of total proteins and polyphenols before and after

inoculation for the treated plantain PIF seedlings, as previously reported.

These positive effects of clam shell treatment were observed in both the

sterile and non-sterile conditions, with little difference between the two. As a

result, the treatment could be effective in both sterile and non-sterile conditions,

making it suitable for poor smallholder farmers. However, more research is needed

to determine the impact of clam shell treatment on the biomass and dry matter of

plantain PIF seedlings' shoots and roots.

Other pathosystems have reported similar effects of shells or chitin-source

treatments on growth promotion and/or host resistance, including cocoa/snail

shells/Phytophthora megakarya, tobacco/nanochitin/Fusarium spp.,

chilli/chitosan/Colletotrichum capsici, millet/chitosan derivatives/Pyricola grisea,

tomato/crab shells/Fusarium oxysporum and cocoa/oyster shells/P. megakarya

through the possible cause of biochemical pathways associated with growth

promotion and disease resistance.

 It also has been found that Composted and Pulverized shells (like clamshell)

are more effective than fresh mollusk shells. The calcium that crushed shell

provides to the surrounding plants is one of the major advantages of using it as a

natural fertilizer. After each shell is broken down, the calcium contained within it is

released into the soil. More nutrients are delivered directly to each plant in the

garden as they do so.

According to the study of Young Han Lee et al. (2010). Composted oyster

shell is likely to be more suitable for use as lime fertilizer. Fresh oyster shell has a

high amount of Sodium chloride that can harm the soil. Excessive amounts of

sodium in soil will disperse the clay particles leading to clogging of soil.

Physio-chemical changes in oyster shells were examined, and fresh and

composted oyster shell meals were compared as lime fertilizers in soybean

cultivation. Structural changes in oyster shells were observed by AFM and FE-

SEM. We found that grains of the oyster shell surface became smoother and

smaller over time. FT-IR analysis indicated the degradation of a chitin-like

compound of oyster shell. In chemical analysis, pH (12.3±0.24), electrical

conductivity (4.1±0.24 dS m−1), and alkaline powder (53.3±1.12%) were highest

in commercial lime. Besides, pH was higher in composted oyster shell meal

(9.9±0.53) than in fresh oyster shell meal (8.4±0.32). The highest organic matter
(1.1±0.08%), NaCl (0.54±0.03%), and moisture (15.1±1.95%) contents were found

in fresh oyster shell meal. A significant higher yield of soybean (1.33 t ha−1) was

obtained by applying composted oyster shell meal (a 21% higher yield than with

fresh oyster shell meal). Thus composting of oyster shells increases the utility of

oyster shells as a liming material for crop cultivation.

Recent research had also highlighted the improvement of the plantain vivo

plants responses to different clam shells and Tithonia diversifolia treatments in

terms of growth promotion and induced resistance against Mycosphaerella

fijiensis.

In the study of C.A. Ewané et al., (2020). Plantain vivo plants were

subjected to various treatments in the nursery; plant responses were examined and

compared to determine the best treatment influencing growth development and

actuate resistance to Mycosphaerella fijiensis. Plantain explants and vivoplants

were given five treatments: clam shell powder (T1), clam shells and Tithonia

diversifolia powder (T2), Tithonia diversifolia flakes (T3), Tithonia diversifolia

mulch (T4), and Tithonia diversifolia liquid extract (T5) (T5). The treatments were

applied either by incorporating them into the substrate (T1, T2, T3, and T4) or by

watering the entire plant (T5). At the germination and pre-emergence stages, the

germination rate was assessed and collected in the greenhouse, followed by agro
morphological measurements on the vivo plants and Mycosphaerella fijiensis

inoculation in the shade at the vegetative growth stage. The biochemical analysis

was executed on the leaves of the vivoplants. The vivoplants respond positively to

all treatments with rapid germination and emergence, as well as the accumulation

of an important biomarker (total proteins and phenolics). T5 (T. diversifolia liquid

extract) was found to be the most effective treatment, followed by T4 (T.

diversifolia mulch). All of these treatments, however, have proven to be effective

depending on the expected response in vivo plants. As a result, a combination of

Tithonia diversifolia liquid extract (T5) and clam shells (T1) could be useful to

boost the production of large amounts of improved vigorous (clean and less

susceptible) planting material at low cost and without chemical inputs, thereby

impacting food security and poverty alleviation.

The aforementioned reviewed literature and studies gave the researchers a

good background which provides ideas about the effectiveness of eggshell and

pulverized clamshell as an organic fertilizer. The related studies aid the researchers

to understand more about the study.

Conceptual Framework

 Trofobiose Theory According to Dufrénoy

 Nitrogen Productivity Concept Theory
 Basic Principles Theory

Studies Studies

Clamshells Chicken Eggshells

Alternative Organic Fertilizer

 100% eggshells
 100% clamshells
 70% eggshells, 30%
clamshells
 30% eggshells, 70%
clamshells
 50% eggshells, 50%

Dilluted in distilled

Effectivity of
the mixtures/ Tomato Plants
concentrations ( Solanum
on plant growth Lycopersicum)

Negative Control
Commercial
Fertilizer

Data
Analysis

Conclusion

Recommendation
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study utilizes experimental design as it deals with the manipulation or

control of the different variables present in this study, such as independent variable

and dependent variable. In this study, true experimental research design is utilized

because there is a control group and random distribution. Also, it supports the

capacity in the study to restrict alternative explanations and infer direct causal

relationships. And it fits in a way that it addresses various variables and control

groups in the study. This study has two variables: independent variables, Eggshell

and the clam shell and dependent variable which is the result of adding egg shell

and clamshell to the tomato plant. The researchers also included control groups in

the study which are the 150grams soil and 25 ml water as the positive and negative

control group respectively.

Research Locale

The study was conducted at their respective homes and was selected for

knowing the effectiveness of eggshell and clamshell as a fertilizer. The research

study was implemented inside the premises of the household as the variables that

are needed are present. The basic resources a plant needs such as water and

sunlight can be provided as the water is just inside the premises no need to go out
to fetch some water and as for the sunlight can be directed towards the plants. In

any case the supplies runs out the selected place are just near to the market which

is efficient for the researcher.

Figure 2: Satellite Image of Nasipit Talamban Cebu City

To get down the specific area and location of the locale, the area has

latitude of 10.3693°N, while the longitude was 123.9168°E.

Figure 3: Satellite Image of Codera Comp. Banilad Cebu City

To get down the specific area and location of the locale, the area has
latitude of 10.3439°N, while the longitude was 123.9076°E.

Figure 4: Satellite Image of A.S Fortuna St. Banilad Cebu City

To get down the specific area and location of the locale, the area has latitude

of 10.339335°N, while the longitude was 123.925217°E.

Figure 5: Satellite Image of DA-MES St. Maguikay, Mandaue City

To get down the specific area and location of the locale, the area has latitude
of 10.3396°N, while the longitude was 123.9374°E.

Figure 6: Satellite Image of Minoza Street Talamban, Cebu City

To get down the specific area and location of the locale, the area has latitude

of 10.3742°N, while the longitude was 123.9190°E.

Research Subject

The subjects of this study are the tomato plants. The tomato plants were used

to assess the properties and effectiveness of the variables. The fertilizers used in

this study are pulverized eggshells and clam shells that are known for its high

calcium rate and minerals that provides structural support to plants in order to for it

to grow sturdy and strong, they also moderates the soil acidity.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), flowering plant of the nightshade family

(Solanaceae), cultivated extensively for its edible fruits. Labelled as a vegetable for
nutritional purposes, tomatoes are a good source of vitamin C and the

phytochemical lycopene. Tomatoes are also the major dietary source of the

antioxidant lycopene, which has been linked to many health benefits, including

reduced risk of heart disease and cancer. They are also a great source of vitamin C,

potassium, folate, and vitamin K. But in order for tomatoes to grow and produce

fruit, they need a variety of nutrients including nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium,

calcium, sulfur, magnesium and several micronutrients (Malone, 2020).

Research Material and Equipment

Quantity Materials Image Description and usage

The hard outer part covering of

egg that is made of calcium
50g Pulverized Eggshells carbonate (CaCo3)

Eggshells are rich in calcium

and other minerals that help
you garden thrive, which is why
they make a great fertilizer.
Used as Organic fertilizer.

The shell of a clam, formed of

two roughly equal valves with a
hinge.
50g Pulverized Clamshells
Clamshells are made of
calcium, in the mineral form of
calcite or aragonite, which is
why they are perfect for
gardening. This was used as
Organic fertilizer.

The seeds of a tomato that is

alive but dormant. Labeled as a
vegetable for nutritional
1 Pack Tomato Seed purposes
 This was used as the main
subject or indicators.

A material composed of
minerals, living
organisms, soil organic matter,
2kg Soil gas, and water.

This provides plants with the

vital nutrients, water and air
that they require for healthy
growth and development.

A manufactured chemical
mixture prepared for use
as fertilizer as distinguished
from such natural substances as
1kg Commercial Fertilizer farm manures.

This helps the plant to grow

healthier because it contains the
three basic plant nutrient,
nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium.

Carbonized rice hull is made

from incomplete or partial
1kg Rice Hull Fertilizer burning of rice hull. Carbonized
Rice hull contains phosphorous,
Potassium, Calcium,
Magnesium, and micronutrient

This was used as fertilizer to

help the plant grow healthy.
 Distilled water is steam from
boiling water that's been cooled
and returned to its liquid state

100 ml Distilled Water This was used to provide

impurity free source of
irrigation on the plant that may
help to prevent toxicity build
up.

Eco friendly, Non-toxic, Soft

sided, Durable and not easy to
20 pieces Plastic Seedling Bags deformation.

Used for packing soils of the

plant. This is where we will
plant the tomato plants.

Gardening
gloves are gloves worn for the
1 Garden Gloves protection of your hands when
doing garden and yard work

This was used by the researcher

for safety in planting the seeds

A hand tool with a pointed,

scoop-shaped metal blade and
1 Garden Trowel wooden, metal, or plastic
handle.

This was used for safety and to

speed up the experiment.
 A tool or device used to
measure length and draw
1 Ruler straight lines.

This was used to measure the

height of the plant.
Research Procedure

Safety Measures to Undertake

Upon conducting the experiment, the researchers observed proper hand

gloves for protection and proper hand washing hygiene before and after

conducting, and clothed with required laboratory coats and masks inside the house.

Preparation of Plant Seeds

The researchers prepared the following: plant seedling bag; soil; and tomato

seeds. Beforehand, to ensure safety the researchers used garden trowel to maneuver

the soil towards the seedling bag with garden gloves to ensure safety. The soil is

weighed at 150g on a weighing scale. After which, a 1 – inched deep hole will be

drilled below the soil surface for the seeds to germinate. The seedling has free

access of 25 mL of water every day, sunlight and humidity. The seeds are

germinated for 2 weeks. Additionally, the seedlings will be considered as the

subject of this experiment if it reaches 1 inch or more in height.

Preparation of Organic Fertilizer

The egg shells and clam shells are weighed 100g, 70g, 50g, and 30g using a

weighing scale for each treatment and were crushed into small pieces. Later then,

the crushed eggshells and clamshells were pulverized using a home blender until

the shells are powdered at high speed. The pulverized eggshells and clamshells

were diluted according to the treatment description with distilled water depending
on the amount of water needed (50mL; and 75mL) on a 150mL beaker. After

which, the solution were mixed until blended equitably using a stirring rod. Then,

the researchers filtered the solution using a filter paper and a 150mL beaker to

eliminate the shell remnants.

Induction of Organic Fertilizer

Plants were given a specified amount of organic fertilizer made by the

researchers based on the given treatment description (100% eggshells, 100%

clamshells, and 50% distilled water; 70% eggshells , 30% clamshells and 50%

distilled water; and 30% eggshells, 70% clamshells and 50% distilled water and

50% eggshells, 50% clamshells and 25% distilled water. The solution were

coursed directly into the plant then were observed after 2 weeks with free access to

water, sunlight and humid. For the controlled group, a 150g of commercial

fertilizer were inducted on the plant.

Measurement of pH level

Litmus paper was utilized to measure the pH level of the soil to indicate the

acidity of the soil before and after the treatment. The prepared 5g of sample soil

from 3 inches depth below the soil surface were placed on a beaker with the same

level of water as the soil sample. Then, the solution was set for 30 minutes after

stirring with stirring rod. Later then, the solution is filtered with filter paper to

remove the soil remnants and to obtain the pure solvent. The litmus paper was
dipped on the liquid to determine the pH level of soil.

Measurement of Plant Morphology

Ruler is used to take an accurate measurement reading using mechanical

interpolation and from this description, the researchers decided to utilize the said

measurement device on measuring the stem diameter and height of the plant. For

leaf count, the researchers manually counted the amount of leaf produced by the

plant.

Statistical Treatment

Hereof explicated is the best appropriate statistical treatment that was

correspondingly employed on the study due to its alignment to the cause of the

investigation.

The researchers decided to utilize one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)

for sub-problems one (1) and two (2), which is described as to compare and

determine any statistically significant differences between the means of three or

more groups, as the statistical treatment. Since the experimental study is composed

of four groups with one controlled group, the statistical tool is adequate to

calculate the effectiveness of the alternative organic fertilizer. The researchers

conducted manual measurements of the data and used reliable software (e.g.,

Microsoft Excel) in calculating the data using ANOVA and t-test with an alpha

level of 0.05 as the perimeter for the statistical margin of error. Furthermore, if the
p-value is lesser than the alpha level, then, the researchers will reject the null

hypothesis as a significant difference exists. Otherwise, the researchers will not

reject the null hypothesis.

To find the degrees of freedom:

𝑑�� = � − 1,

𝑑�� = � − �,

where:

dfb = degree of freedom between,

dfw = degree of freedom within,

k = number of groups, and

N = number of samples.

To compute for the sum of squares of group variance:

( Σ x)
𝑆𝑆� = Σ x 2− ,
N

2 2 2
T1 T 2 T ¿ (Σ x )2
𝑆𝑆� = ( + + …+ m −
n1 n2 nm N )
𝑆𝑆� = 𝑆𝑆� − 𝑆𝑆� ,

where:

SST = total sum of squares,

SSb = sum of squares of between group,

SSw = sum of squares of within group,

 x = each of the item value,

N = total number of samples,

T1 = total values in group one,

T2 = total values in group two,

Tm = total values in group “m”,

n1 = number of samples in group one,

n2 = number of samples in group two,

nm = number of samples in group “m”

2
= “square of”, and

Σ = “the sum of”.

To find the mean squares of group variance:

SS b
𝑀𝑆� = df b
,

SS w
𝑀𝑆� = df w
,

where:

MSb = mean squares of between group,

MSw = mean squares of within group,

SSb = sum of squares of between group,

SSw = sum of squares of within group,

dfb = degree of freedom between, and

 dfw = degree of freedom within.

To compute the value of the F – statistic:

MS b
�𝑐� = MS w
,

where:

Fcv = F – statistic ratio value

MSb = mean squares of between group,

MSw = mean squares of within group

 CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter outlines and presents the analysis and interpretation of data in

regards of the problem of the study.

Difference on the Height of the Plant between the Before and After Treatment

Graph 1 shows the differences on the height of the plant in centimetres between the

before and after inducting the alternative fertilizer

Graph 1. Graph of the Height of the Plant between the Before and After

Treatment in Centimetres

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
centimeters

10
Before Treatment
0 After Treatment
er
lls
lls

ls

lls

lls
el

iz
e
e

e
sh

sh

sh

sh

sh

l
rti
am

m
g

Fe
Eg
Eg

Eg

a
Cl

Cl

ed
0%

%
0%

iz
70

30
10

50

al
10

ci
an

an

er
an

m
ls
lls

ll s

m
el
e

Co
sh

sh

e
sh
am
am

g
Eg
Cl
Cl
%

%
70
30

50
 Graph 1 presented the following results: (1) Initially, 30% clamshells and

70% eggshells as resulted the most tallest plant before treatment; (2) 70%

clamshells and 30% eggshells exhibited a higher height among the treatments after

the treatment; (3) 100% clamshells was testified as the least height before the

induction of the alternative fertilizer; and (4) 30% eggshells and 70% clamshells

treatment exhibited as the shortest plant.

Table 1 shows the difference of height of the plant between the before and after

inducting the alternative fertilizer.

Table 1. Difference of Height of the Plant between the Before and After

Inducting the Alternative Fertilizer

Specifics Mean SD N
100% Eggshells 58.83333333 4.792612628
100% Clamshells 54.16666667 9.506657836
30% Clamshells and 70%
Eggshells 66.94444444 14.53497272
70% Clamshells and 30% 2
Eggshells 71.72222222 4.164073267
50% Eggshells and 50%
Clamshells 58.33333333 7.856742013
Commercialized Fertilizer 63.33333333 9.585225256

Table 2 shows variance analysis on the height of the plant between the

before and after inducting the alternative fertilizer.

Table 2. Variance Analysis on the Height of the Plant between the Before and

After Inducting the Alternative Fertilizer

Source of Degrees of Sum of Computed

p - value
Variation Freedom Squares F
Between Groups 5 410.5679012
0.9942003 0.492023054
Within Groups 6 495.5555556

A one-way between subjects ANOVA was conducted to compare the height

differences of the treatments that have been undertaken with the usage of

clamshells and eggshells as the alternative fertilizer for tomato plants relating to its

growth. Table 2 shows that there was no significant difference regarding the

effectiveness of the alternative fertilizer in distinctive concentrations of eggshells

and clamshells [F(5,6) = 0.9942003], p-value = 0.492023054 is more than α =

0.05. Therefore, Ho1 was unsuccessful in being rejected.

Table 2 thereof clearly presented there was no significant difference on

tomato plant growth in utilizing the different mixtures of clamshells and eggshells

and the negative control set-up.

Difference on the Stem Diameter of the Plant between the Before and After

Treatment

Graph 2 shows the differences on the stem diameter of the plant in millimetres

between the before and after inducting the alternative fertilizer.

Graph 2. Graph of the Stem Diameter of the Plant between the Before and

After Treatment in Millimetres

2.5

1.5

1
millimeters

0.5
Before Treatment
After Treatment
0
lls ll s l ls l ls ls r
el ze
he sh
e he he sh li
gs m g s g s rti
Eg la Eg Eg am Fe
C Cl d
0% 0% 0% ze
10 0% 7 3 50
%
al
i
10 nd nd ci
sa sa a nd er
ll ll ls m
e e l m
sh sh he Co
a m a m gs
Cl Cl Eg
3 0% 7 0% 5 0%

As shown in the graph above, on the treatments 100% eggshells, 100%

clamshells, 70% clamshells and 30% eggshells, and commercialized fertilizer

exhibited as the thickest stem diameter at 2 millimetres on plants after the

treatment. The 30% clamshell and 70% eggshell mixture demonstrated as the

thinnest stem diameter in an average basis of 1.33 millimetres due to expired plants

during the process. Additionally, before the treatment all of the foresaid treatments

have the same stem diameter at 1 millimetre.

Table 3 shows difference of the stem diameter of the plant between the

before and after inducting the alternative fertilizer.

Table 3. Difference of the Stem Diameter of the Plant between the Before and

After Inducting the Alternative Fertilizer

Specifics Mean SD N
100% Eggshells 1.5 0.707106781
100% Clamshells 1.5 0.707106781
30% Clamshells and 70%
Eggshells 1.5 0.707106781
70% Clamshells and 30% 2
Eggshells 1.5 0.707106781
50% Eggshells and 50%
Clamshells 1.388888889 0.549971941
Commercialized Fertilizer 1.5 0.707106781

Table 4 shows variance analysis on the stem diameter of the plant between

the before and after inducting the alternative fertilizer.

Table 4. Variance Analysis on the Stem Diameter of the Plant between the

Before and After Inducting the Alternative Fertilizer

Source of Degrees of Sum of Computed

p - value
Variation Freedom Squares F
Between Groups 5 0.181069959
0.09214659 0.990364595
Within Groups 6 2.358024691

A one-way between subjects ANOVA was conducted to compare the height

differences of the treatments that have been undertaken with the usage of

clamshells and eggshells as the alternative fertilizer for tomato plants relating to its

growth. Table 4 shows that there was no significant difference regarding the

effectiveness of the alternative fertilizer in distinctive concentrations of eggshells

and clamshells [F(5,6) = 0.181069959], p-value = 0.990364595 is more than α =

0.05.

As this was insignificant, Ho2 was rejected.

Table 4 thereof clearly presented there was no significant difference on

tomato plant growth in utilizing the different mixtures of clamshells and eggshells

and the negative control set-up.

Difference on the Leaf Count of the Plant between the Before and After

Treatment

Graph 3 shows the differences on the leaf count of the plant between the before

and after inducting the alternative fertilizer

Graph 3. Graph of the Plant Leaf Count between the Before and After

Treatment

12

10

4
number of leaves

2
Before Treatment
0 After Treatment
er
lls

ls

lls

ls

ls
el

el

el

iz
e

e
sh

sh

sh

sh

sh

l
rti
am

am
g

Fe
Eg

Eg

Eg
Cl

Cl

ed
0%

%
0%

iz
70

30
10

50

al
10

ci
an

an

er
an

m
lls

lls

ll s

m
e

Co
sh

sh

e
sh
am

am

g
Eg
Cl

Cl
%

%
30

70

50

Graph 3 presented the following results: (1) 70% clamshell and 30%

eggshell mixture exhibited as the highest leaf count among the treatments at an

average of 9.78, (2) the least counted leaves is on the treatment 50% eggshells and

50% clamshells at an average of 2.33, and (3) before the experimentation all of the
treatment’s leaf count is constant at two number of leaves.

Table 5 presents the difference on the leaf count of the plant between the

before and after inducting the alternative fertilizer.

Table 5. Difference on the Leaf Count of the Plant between the Before and

After Inducting the Alternative Fertilizer

Specifics Mean SD N
100% Eggshells 3.111111111 1.571348403
100% Clamshells 3.611111111 2.278455184
30% Clamshells and 70%
Eggshells 2.222222222 0.314269681
70% Clamshells and 30% 2
Eggshells 5.888888889 5.499719409
50% Eggshells and 50%
Clamshells 2.166666667 0.23570226
Commercialized Fertilizer 3.444444444 2.042752923

Table 6 presents the variance analysis on the leaf count of the plant between

the before and after inducting the alternative fertilizer

Table 6. Variance Analysis on the Leaf Count of the Plant between the Before

and After Inducting the Alternative Fertilizer

Source of Degrees of Sum of Computed

p - value
Variation Freedom Squares F
Between Groups 5 18.46502058
0.52464191 0.752069781
Within Groups 6 42.2345679
 A one-way between subjects ANOVA was conducted to compare the height

differences of the treatments that have been undertaken with the usage of

clamshells and eggshells as the alternative fertilizer for tomato plants relating to its

growth. Table 4 shows that there was no significant difference regarding the

effectiveness of the alternative fertilizer in distinctive concentrations of eggshells

and clamshells [F(5,6) = 0.52464191], p-value = 0.752069781 is more than α =

0.05.

Difference on the Soil pH Level of the Plant between the Before and After

Treatment

Graph 4 shows the differences on the leaf count of the plant between the before

and after inducting the alternative fertilizer

Graph 4. Graph on the Soil pH Level of the Plant between the Before and

After Treatment
 12

10

4
pH level

2
Before Treatment
0 After Treatment

er
lls

ls

lls
ls

ls
el

el

el

iz
e

e
sh

sh

sh

sh

sh

l
rti
am

am
g

Fe
Eg

Eg

Eg
Cl

Cl

ed
0%

%
0%

iz
70

30
10

50

al
10

ci
an

an

er
an

m
lls
lls

ll s

m
e
e

Co
sh

sh

e
sh
am
am

g
Eg
Cl
Cl
%

%
70
30

50

Graph 4 presented the following results: (1) on the 100% clamshell mixture

exhibited as the most alkaline among the other treatments at pH level of 10; (2) at

100% eggshells, 50% eggshells and 50% clamshells, and commercialized fertilizer

showed a decreased pH level average at 8, 8, and 8.78 respectively which implies

acidity of the soil; (3) and on the mixtures 30% clamshells and 70% eggshells, and

70% clamshells and 30% eggshells shows no differences.

Table 7 shows the difference on the soil pH level of the plant between the

before and after inducting the alternative fertilizer.

Table 7. Difference on the Soil pH Level of the Plant between the Before and

After Inducting the Alternative Fertilizer

Specifics Mean SD N
100% Eggshells 8.5 0.707106781
100% Clamshells 9.5 0.707106781186548
30% Clamshells and 70%
Eggshells 9 0
70% Clamshells and 30% 2
Eggshells 9 0
50% Eggshells and 50%
Clamshells 8.5 0.707106781
Commercialized Fertilizer 8.888888889 0.15713484

Table 8 shows the variance analysis on the soil pH level of the plant

between the before and after inducting the alternative fertilizer.

Table 8. Variance Analysis on the Soil pH Level of the Plant between the

Before and After Inducting the Alternative Fertilizer

Source of Degrees of Sum of Computed

p - value
Variation Freedom Squares F
Between Groups 5 1.400205761
1.10202429 0.446291014
Within Groups 6 1.524691358

A one-way between subjects ANOVA was conducted to compare the

height differences of the treatments that have been undertaken with the usage of

clamshells and eggshells as the alternative fertilizer for tomato plants relating to its

growth. Table 8 shows that there was no significant difference regarding the
effectiveness of the alternative fertilizer in distinctive concentrations of eggshells

and clamshells [F(5,6) = 1.10202429], p-value = 0.446291014 is more than α =

0.05.
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary, findings from the data, conclusions, and

recommendations.

Summary

This study was a quantitative approach with an experimental design that

aimed to test the effectiveness of pulverized chicken eggshells and clamshells on

tomato plant growth in terms of height, leaf count, stem diameter, and soil pH

level. Specifically, this research addressed the following problems:

This study is entitled as well to answer the specific questions as follows:

1. Is there a significant difference on the height of the plant between

the before and after treatment?

1.1. 100% eggshells

1.2. 100% clamshells

1.3. 70% eggshells , 30% clamshells

1.4. 30% eggshells, 70% clamshells

1.5. 50% of the eggshells , 50% of clamshells

 1.6. Negative control

2. Is there a significant difference on the stem diameter of the plant

between the before and after treatment?

2.1. 100% eggshells

2.2. 100% clamshells

2.3. 70% eggshells , 30% clamshells

2.4. 30% eggshells, 70% clamshells

2.5. 50% of the eggshells , 50% of clamshells

2.6. Negative control

3. Is there a significant difference on the leaf count of the plant

between the before and after treatment?

3.1. 100% eggshells

3.2. 100% clamshells

3.3. 70% eggshells , 30% clamshells

3.4. 30% eggshells, 70% clamshells

3.5. 50% of the eggshells , 50% of clamshells

 3.6. Negative control

4. Is there a significant difference on the soil pH level of the plant

between the before and after treatment?

4.1. 100% eggshells

4.2. 100% clamshells

4.3. 70% eggshells , 30% clamshells

4.4. 30% eggshells, 70% clamshells

4.5. 50% of the eggshells , 50% of clamshells

4.6. Negative control

Findings of the study

Based on data analysis, the research findings are as follows:

Difference on the Height of the Plant between the Before and After Treatment

1. There is no significant difference on the height of the plant between

the before and after treatment.

a. 100% eggshells
 b. 100% clamshells

c. 70% eggshells , 30% clamshells

d. 30% eggshells, 70% clamshells

e. 50% of the eggshells , 50% of clamshells

f. Negative control

Difference on the Stem Diameter of the Plant between the Before and After

Treatment

2. There is no significant difference on the stem diameter of the plant

between the before and after treatment.

g. 100% eggshells

h. 100% clamshells

i. 70% eggshells , 30% clamshells

j. 30% eggshells, 70% clamshells

k. 50% of the eggshells , 50% of clamshells

l. Negative control
Difference on the Leaf Count of the Plant between the Before and After

Treatment

3. There is no significant difference on the leaf count of the plant between

the before and after treatment.

g. 100% eggshells

h. 100% clamshells

i. 70% eggshells , 30% clamshells

j. 30% eggshells, 70% clamshells

k. 50% of the eggshells , 50% of clamshells

l. Negative control

Difference on the Soil pH Level of the Plant between the Before and After

Treatment

4. There is no significant difference on the soil pH level of the plant

between the before and after treatment.

g. 100% eggshells

h. 100% clamshells
 i. 70% eggshells , 30% clamshells

j. 30% eggshells, 70% clamshells

k. 50% of the eggshells , 50% of clamshells

l. Negative control

Conclusion

In this section, the researchers comprehensively scrutinized the findings.

Consequently, the results of the study arrived at the following conclusions:

Recommendations

In the obtainment of the findings of the study, the researchers recommended

that:
 APPENDIX A

Tabulation of Raw Data

 APPENDIX B

Documentation

Preparation of Plant Seeds

Preparation of Organic Fertilizer

 Induction
of Organic Fertilizer
Measurement of pH Level

Measurement of Plant Morphology

 Khaycez Servilla
803-E1 Nasipit Talamban Cebu City
khaycezabiaa@gmail.com
+63 927 126 8234

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
 Present Education: University of Cebu- Banilad Campus
Senior High School STEM Student
6000, Gov. M. Cuenco Ave, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu
S.Y. 2020 - 2021
 Secondary Education: Talamban National High School
1256, J. Bontuyan St., Talamban Cebu City, Philippines
2015 – 2019

 Primary Education: Banilad Elementary School

Gov. M. Cuenco Ave, Cebu City, 6000 Banilad, Cebu City, Philippines M. J
2009 – 2015
PERSONAL DATA
 Age: 18 years old
 Sex: Female
 Degree: Senior High School Student
 Civil Status: Single
 Religion: Roman Catholic
 Citizenship: Filipino
 Date of Birth: November 27, 2002
 Place of Birth: Cebu City
 Desired Job: Civil Engineering
 Language Spoken: English, Tagalog, Cebuano

ACHIEVEMENTS AND AWARDS

 Leadership Award in Carmel Youth Organization – San Alberto Carmelite Church
 held at Nasipit Talamban Cebu City (2021)

 Consistent Academic Awardee in Secondary Education. (2019)

 3rd Placer Research Contest (Division Level) held at Mabolo Elementary School
(2018)

 4th Placer in Volleyball (Girls) Grade 8 at Talamban National High School (2017)

 Consistent Academic Awardee in Primary Education. (2015)

 Volleyball Champion Intramurals Grade 6 held at Banilad Elementary School

(2015)

RESEARCH EXPERIENCE
 Antifungal Ability of Bacillus subtilis Against Colletotrichum capsici in Bell Pepper

(Capsicum annum L.)

Talamban National High School

A. Y. 2018-2019

 Dream for an Angel: Backstory of a Quadragenarian Infertile’s Conception

University of Cebu – Banilad Campus
A. Y. 2018-2019 (2nd Semester)

 The Effectiveness of Pulverized Eggshells and Clamshells on Tomato Plant

(Solanum Lycopersicum) Growth
University of Cebu – Banilad Campus
S. Y. 2020 (1st Semester) Chpaters 1-3
SKILLS
 Willingness to learn

 Ability to Work Under Pressure

 Time Management
  Conflict-Resolution

 Good Leadership Skills and Optimistic

 Creative and observative

 Active Listening

 Computer programming or software development

 Communication

 Interpersonal skills

Alanjohn A. Codera
Codera Compound Sitiobas
Maria Luisa Park Banilad Cebu City
321aredoc@gmail.com
09271291950

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
  Present Education: University of Cebu- Banilad Campus
Senior High School STEM Student
6000, Gov. M. Cuenco Ave, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu
S.Y. 2020 - 2021
 Secondary Education: Abellana National Scholl
Osmena Blvd, Cebu City, Cebu, Philippines
2015-2019

 Primary Education: Banilad Elementary School

Gov. M. Cuenco Ave, Cebu City, 6000 Banilad, Cebu City, Philippines M. J
2013 – 2015
Tejero Elementary School
M. J Cuenco Ave 6000 Tejero, Cebu City, Philippines
2009 - 2013
PERSONAL DATA
 Age: 17 years old
 Sex: Male
 Degree: Senior High School Student
 Civil Status: Single
 Religion: Roman Catholic
 Citizenship: Filipino
 Date of Birth: April 22,2003
 Place of Birth: Cebu City
 Desired Job: Businessman, Civil Engineering, SPED Education, Information
Technology
 Language Spoken: English, , Tagalog, Cebuano

ACHIEVEMENTS AND AWARDS

  3rd Runner up Chess Tournament Milo – Banilad Campus (2015)

 Bronze Medalist Chess District Meet Tournament at Banilad Elemetary School

(2015)

 3rd Runner up Scrabble Chess Tournament Intramurals at Banilad Elementary

School (2014)

 Best in Production Number Youth organization – Mabolo Church held at Mabolo

Gym, Cuenco Avenue, Mabolo (2019)

 Leadership Award in Youth Organization Zone 1 – Mabolo Church held at Mabolo

(2018)

 Leadership Award in Youth Organization Zone 1 – Mabolo Church held at Mabolo

(2019)

 Jesus Merit Award in Evengilizer School – Mabolo Church held at Mabolo Cebu CIty
– (2018)

 Boys Scout of the Year, Banilad Elementary Schoo (2014)

 Boys Scout of the Year, Banilad Elementary Schoo (2015)

 Sipak Takraw Champion Intramurals Grade 5 at Banilad Elementary School (2015)

 Volleyball Champion Intramurals Grade 3 at Tejero School (2012)

RESEARCH EXPERIENCE
 Effectiveness of Vark learning theory in helping High School students in determining

way of learning (Proposal)

Abellana National School

A. Y. 2018 – 2019
  A Phenomenological Study: Discovering Challenges of Parents in Handing their
Children with Special Needs
University of Cebu – Banilad Campus
A. Y. 2019 – 2020 (2nd Semester)

 Effectivenes of Pulverized Eggshells and Pulveeized Clamshells on Tomato Plant

S. Y. 2020 (1st Semester) Chapter 1-3
SKILLS
 Computer Literate

 Fitness Freak

 Trust-worthy and Punctual

 Hardworking and dependable

 Good at entrepreneurship and communication skills

 Good Leadership Skills and Optimistic

 Assertiveness and Accurate Listening

 Goal Setting and planning

 Creative and observative

 Good Motivator and Positive thinker

 Can work under heavy pressure and Good at analyzing things

Ma. Febreit Isabel C. Basijan

18-C Floremer Subd.
A.S Fortuna St. Banilad Mandaue City
iyabasis.15@gmail.com
(032)346-9783

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
 Present Education: University of Cebu- Banilad Campus
Senior High School STEM Student
6000, Gov. M. Cuenco Ave, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu
 S.Y. 2020-2021
 Secondary Education: Talamban National High School
1256, J. Bontuyan St., Talamban Cebu City, Philippines
2015 – 2019

 Primary Education: Banilad Elementary School

Gov. M. Cuenco Ave, Cebu City, 6000 Banilad, Cebu City, Philippines M. J

2009 – 2015
PERSONAL DATA
 Age: 17 years old
 Sex: Female
 Degree: Senior High School Student
 Civil Status: Single
 Religion: Roman Catholic
 Citizenship: Filipino
 Date of Birth: June 17, 2003
 Place of Birth: Cebu City
 Desired Job: Nurse, Doctor, Lawyer
 Language Spoken: English, Tagalog, Cebuano

RESEARCH EXPERIENCE
 Phenomenological Study: Dissertation and Experiences of a Medical Doctor

University of Cebu - Banilad Campus

A. Y. 2019-2020 (2nd Semester)

SKILLS
 Empathy

 Organization
  Active Listening

 Adaptability

 Conflict Resolution

Ciahana Mae A. Cañete

2x2 piture
DA-MES Compound,
Maguikay, Mandaue City
ciahanacanete@gmail.com
0929 239 8987

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
 Present Education: University of Cebu- Banilad Campus
Senior High School STEM Student
6000, Gov. M. Cuenco Ave, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu
S.Y. 2020 - 2021
 Secondary Education: Talamban National High School
1256, J. Bontuyan St., Talamban Cebu City, Philippines
 2015 – 20189

 Primary Education: Saint Louis College-Cebu

M.D. Echavez St., Sudlon, Maguikay, Philippines
2009 – 2015
PERSONAL DATA
 Age: 18 years old
 Sex: Female
 Degree: Senior High School Student
 Civil Status: Single
 Religion: Roman Catholic
 Citizenship: Filipino
 Date of Birth: May 23, 2002
 Place of Birth: Cebu City
 Desired Job: Psychologist, Forensic Pathologist
 Language Spoken: English, Tagalog, Cebuano

ACHIEVEMENTS AND AWARDS

 Consistent Academic Awardee in Primary Education.

 Academic Awardee in Secondary Education.

 Completed Primary and Secondary Education.

RESEARCH EXPERIENCE
 A Narrative Study on the Experiences of a Civil Engineer on Running a Construction
Firm
University of Cebu – Banilad Campus
A. Y. 2019 – 2020 (2nd Semester)

SKILLS
 • Patient and Punctual

• Open-minded

• Easily adapts in new environment

• Has willingness and curiousity to learn new things.

• Empathetic

• Calm and Optimistic

• Dependable and Self-motivated

Heart U. Cruz
2x2 piture
#1322 Minoza Street, Talamban
Cebu City
uybenesheart@gmail.com
0939-5062-783

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
 Present Education: University of Cebu- Banilad Campus
Senior High School STEM Student
6000, Gov. M. Cuenco Ave, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu
S.Y. 2020 - 2021
 Secondary Education: Talamban National Highschool
Talamban Cebu City, Philippines
2014 – 2019

 Primary Education: Talamban Elementary School & St. Joseph Integrated School
Talamban Cebu City, Philippines
Sulucan, Angat Bulacan
 2009 – 2015
PERSONAL DATA
 Age: 17 years old
 Sex: Female
 Degree: Senior High School Student
 Civil Status: Single
 Religion: Christian
 Citizenship: Filipino
 Date of Birth: April 22, 2003
 Place of Birth: Cebu City
 Desired Job: Medical Technician, Veterinary Doctor
 Language Spoken: English, Tagalog, Cebuano

ACHIEVEMENTS AND AWARDS

 2nd placer in Malayang Pagbigkas (St. Joseph Integrated School Bulacan)

(2010)

 3rd placer poster making contest Buwan ng Wika (Talamban Elementary

School)(2014)

 1st placer nutrition month cooking contest (St. Joseph Integrated School
Bulacan)(2011)

 With honors (Grade 9) (Talamban National Highschool)(2017)

RESEARCH EXPERIENCE

 Garlic (Allium sativum) as an Alternative Insect Repellant (Proposal)

Talamban National Highschool
A. Y. 2018 (2nd semester)
 Phenomenological Study on Filipino nurses who end up different career in Cebu City
 University of Cebu – Banilad Campus
A. Y. 2019 – 2020 (1st and 2nd Semester)

SKILLS
 Trust-worthy and Punctual

 Hardworking and dependable

 Goal Setting and planning

 Can work under heavy pressure

 Creative and observative