STEADY-FLOW SYSTEMS &

ENGINEERING DEVICES

Dr Anis
OF STEADY-FLOW
CONTEN PROCESS
01
TS NOZZLES AND
02 DIFFUSERS
TURBINES AND
03 COMPRESSORS
THROTTLING
04 VALVES
OF MIXING
CONTEN
05 CHAMBERS
TS HEAT
06 EXCHANGERS
PIPE AND DUCT
07 FLOW

08 SUMMARY
STEADY-FLOW
PROCESS

Steady-flow process:
A process during
which a fluid flows
through a control
volume steadily.
 Mass in
Under steady-flow
conditions, the mass &
energy contents of a
Mass out control volume remain
constant

STEADY-FLOW
PROCESS
ṁ1 ṁ2
h1 h2 Under steady-flow
conditions, fluid properties
ṁ3 at an inlet or exit remain
h3 constant (do not change
with time).
STEADY-FLOW
PROCESS Energy Balance
0
Ein  Eout  Esystem (kW)
 
 
Mass Balance
Rate of net energy transfer Rate change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc., energies

�= � or
�� ���         ���            = ����
Rate of net energy transfer Rate of net energy
by heat, work, and mass transfer by heat, work,
into the system and mass from the system

Considering that energy can be transferred by heat, work and mass;

�2 �2
        ��� + ��� + � ℎ+ + ��   =  ���� + ���� + � ℎ+ + ��
2 2
�� ���
 STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES
Many engineering devices operate essentially under the same conditions for
long periods of time. The components of a steam power plant (turbines,
compressors, heat exchangers, and pumps), for example, operate nonstop for
months before the system is shut down for maintenance.

These devices can be conveniently analyzed as steady-flow devices.

A modern land-based
gas turbine used for
electric power
production. This is a
General Electric
LM5000 turbine. It has
a length of 6.2 m, it
weighs 12.5 tons, and
produces 55.2 MW at
3600 rpm with steam
injection.
NOZZLES & DIFFUSERS
Nozzles and diffusers are commonly utilized in jet
engines, rockets, spacecraft, and even garden
hoses.

A nozzle is a device that increases the velocity of a

fluid at the expense of pressure.

A diffuser is a device that increases the pressure

of a fluid by slowing it down.

The cross-sectional area of a nozzle decreases in

the flow direction for subsonic flows and increases
for supersonic flows. The reverse is true for
diffusers.
 Energy Balance:

NOZZLE
        ���       = ����
�21 �22
�  ℎ1 + =  ���� + �  ℎ2 +
2 2

DIFFUSER
        ���       = ����
�21 �22
�  ℎ1 + =� ℎ2 +
2 2
�22 − �21
ℎ2 = ℎ1 −
2
EXAMPLE 5.4 Deceleration of Air in a Diffuser

Air at 10⁰C and 80 kPa enters the

diffuser of a jet engine steadily with a
velocity 0f 200 m/s. The inlet area of
the diffuser is 0.4 m 2 . The air leaves
the diffuser with a velocity that is very
small compared with the inlet velocity.

Determine Fig. 5–26.

(a) the mass flow rate of the air

(b) the temperature of the air leaving the diffuser.
 1. This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time at any point and thus ΔmCV
EXAMPLE 5.4 -SOLUTION = 0 and ΔECV = 0

2. Air is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical-
point values

3. The potential energy change is zero, Δpe = 0.

4. Heat transfer is negligible

5. Kinetic energy at the diffuser exit is negligible

6. There are no work interactions.

. 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 �2 �2
        ��� + ��� + � ℎ+ + ��   =  ���� + ���� + � ℎ+ + ��
2 2
�� ���
EXAMPLE 5.4 -SOLUTION
Fig. 5–26.

We take the diffuser as the system (Fig. 5–26). This is a control volume since
mass crosses the system boundary during the process. We observe that there
is only one inlet and one exit and thus �1 = �2 = �

a) To determine the mass flow rate, we need to find the specific volume of the
air first. This is determined from the ideal-gas relation at the inlet
conditions:
 Then
EXAMPLE 5.4 -SOLUTION

Since the flow is steady, the mass flow rate through the entire diffuser remains
constant at this value.
 b) Under stated assumptions and observations, the energy balance for this
steady flow system can be expressed in the rate form as
EXAMPLE 5.4 -SOLUTION

0 0 0 0 0 0
�2 �2
        ��� + ��� + � ℎ+ + ��   =  ���� + ���� + � ℎ+ + ��
2 2
�� ���

The exit velocity of a diffuser is usually small compared with the inlet velocity
(V2 << V1); thus, the kinetic energy at the exit can be neglected.
�21
Thus �  ℎ1 + =�ℎ2
2
EXAMPLE 5.4 Deceleration of Air in a Diffuser

The enthalpy of air at the diffuser inlet is determined from the air table (Table
A–17: ideal gas properties of air) to be

Substituting, we get
�21
�  ℎ1 + =�ℎ2
2
200 � � 2 1�� ��
ℎ2 = 283.14��/�� + 1000�2 �2
2
= 303.14 ��/��
From Table A–17, the temperature corresponding to this enthalpy value is
EXAMPLE 5.4 Deceleration of Air in a Diffuser

This result shows that the temperature of the air increases by about 20°C
as it is slowed down in the diffuser. The temperature rise of the air is mainly
due to the conversion of kinetic energy to internal energy.

�1 = 10⁰c

�2 =30⁰c
EXAMPLE 5.5 Acceleration of Steam in a Nozzle
Steam at 1.8 MPa and 400°C steadily
enters a nozzle whose inlet area is 0.02
m2. The mass flow rate of steam
through the nozzle is 5 kg/s. Steam
leaves the nozzle at 1.4 MPa with a
velocity of 275 m/s. Heat losses from
the nozzle per unit mass of the steam
are estimated to be 2.8 kJ/kg.
Determine

(a) the inlet velocity and

(b) the exit temperature of the steam.

 1. This is a steady-flow process since there is no
EXAMPLE 5.5 -SOLUTION
change with time at any point and thus ΔmCV = 0
and ΔECV = 0

2. There are no work interactions.

Fig. 5–27
3. The potential energy change is zero, Δpe = 0.

0 0 0 0 0
�2 �2
        ��� + ��� + � ℎ+ + ��   =  ���� + ���� + � ℎ+ + ��
2 2
�� ���
 We take the nozzle as the system (Fig. 5–27).
This is a control volume since mass crosses the system
EXAMPLE 5.5 -SOLUTION
boundary during the process. We observe that there is Fig. 5–27.
only one inlet and one exit and thus �1 = �2 = �

a) The specific volume and enthalpy of steam at the nozzle inlet are

[SUPERHEATED WATER]

Thus
 b) Under stated assumptions and observations, the energy balance for this
steady flow system can be expressed in the rate form as
EXAMPLE 5.5 -SOLUTION

0 0 0 0 0
�2 �2
        ��� + ��� + � ℎ+ + ��   =  ���� + ���� + � ℎ+ + ��
2 2
�� ���

Thus
�21 �22
�  ℎ1 + =   =  ���� + �  ℎ2 +
2 2
 �21 �22
�  ℎ1 + =   ���� + �  ℎ2 +
2 2

EXAMPLE 5.5 -SOLUTION b) Dividing by the mass flow rate ṁ and substituting, h2 is
determined to be

Then;
EXAMPLE 5.5 Acceleration of Steam in a Nozzle

Note that the temperature of steam drops by 21.4°C as it flows through the
nozzle. This drop in temperature is mainly due to the conversion of internal
energy to kinetic energy. (The heat loss is too small to cause any significant
effect in this case.)

�1 = 400⁰C

�2 =378.6⁰C
 TURBINES AND COMPRESSORS
Turbine drives the electric generator in steam, gas, or
hydroelectric power plants.
As the fluid passes through the turbine, work is done
against the blades, which are attached to the shaft. As a
result, the shaft rotates, and the turbine produces work.

Compressors, as well as pumps and fans, are devices

used to increase the pressure of a fluid. Work is
supplied to these devices from an external source
through a rotating shaft.

A fan increases the pressure of a gas slightly and is mainly

used to mobilize a gas.
A compressor is capable of compressing the gas to very
high pressures.
Pumps work very much like compressors except that they
handle liquids instead of gases.
 COMPRESSOR

Energy Balance:
EXAMPLE 5.6 Compressing Air by a Compressor

Air at 100 kPa and 280 K is compressed

steadily to 600 kPa and 400 K. The
mass flow rate of the air is 0.02 kg/s,
and a heat loss of 16 kJ/kg occurs
during the process.

Assuming the changes in kinetic and

potential energies are negligible,
determine the necessary power input to
the compressor.
 1. This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time at
EXAMPLE 5.6 -SOLUTION
any point and thus ΔmCV = 0 and ΔECV = 0

2. Air is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low

pressure relative to its critical-point values.
Fig. 5–29

3. The kinetic and potential energy changes are zero, Δke = Δpe = 0.

0 0 0 0 0 0
�2 �2
        ��� + ��� + � ℎ+ + ��   =  ���� + ���� + � ℎ+ + ��
2 2
�� ���
 We take the compressor as the system (Fig. 5–29).This is a control volume since
mass crosses the system boundary during the process. We observe that there is
only one inlet and one exit and thus �1 = �2 = �
EXAMPLE 5.6 -SOLUTION

Also, heat is lost from the system and work is supplied to the system.

Under stated assumptions and observations, the energy balance for this steady-flow
system can be expressed in the rate form as:

Fig. 5–29.
 The enthalpy of an ideal gas depends on temperature only,
EXAMPLE 5.6 -SOLUTION

and the enthalpies of the air at the specified temperatures are

determined from the air table (Table A–17: ideal gas properties
of air) to be Fig. 5–29.

Substituting, the power input to the compressor is determined to be

EXAMPLE 5.6 Compressing Air by a Compressor

Note that the mechanical energy input to the compressor manifests

itself as .

ℎ2 = 400.98 kJ/kg

ℎ1 = 280.13 kJ/kg
 TURBINE

Energy Balance:
EXAMPLE 5.7 Power Generation by a Steam Turbine

The power output of an adiabatic steam

turbine is 5 MW, and the inlet and the exit
conditions of the steam are as indicated in Fig.
5–30.

(a) Compare the magnitudes of Δh, Δke, and

Δpe.

(b) Determine the work done per unit mass of

the steam flowing through the turbine.

(c) Calculate the mass flow rate of the steam.

Fig. 5–30.
 1. This is a steady-flow process since there is no
EXAMPLE 5.7 -SOLUTION

change with time at any point and thus Δm CV = 0

and ΔECV = 0

2. The system is adiabatic and thus there is no heat Fig. 5–39

transfer.

0 0 0
�2 �2
        ��� + ��� + � ℎ+ + ��   =  ���� + ���� + � ℎ+ + ��
2 2
�� ���
 We take the turbine as the system. This is a control volume
EXAMPLE 5.7 -SOLUTION
since mass crosses the system boundary during the process.
We observe that there is only one inlet and one exit and thus
�1 = �2 = �

Also, work is done by the system. The inlet and exit velocities Fig. 5–30.
and elevations are given, and thus the kinetic and potential
energies are to be considered.

(a) At the inlet, steam is in a superheated vapor state, and its enthalpy is
 At the turbine exit, we obviously have a saturated liquid–vapor
EXAMPLE 5.7 -SOLUTION

mixture at 15-kPa pressure. The enthalpy at this state is

Fig. 5–30.
 b) The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form
as
EXAMPLE 5.7 -SOLUTION

Dividing by the mass flow rate ṁ and substituting, the work done by the turbine
per unit mass of the steam is determined to be
 b) The required mass flow rate for a 5-MW power output is
EXAMPLE 5.7 -SOLUTION
 Power Generation by a Steam
∆PE= -0.04 kJ/kg
Turbine- EXAMPLE 5-7
∆KE = 14.95 kJ/kg
∆h= -887.39 kJ/kg
THROTTLING VALVES

Throttling valves are any

kind of flow-restricting devices
that cause a significant
pressure drop in the fluid.

Reduce pressure with no shaft

work, little heat transfer, &
relatively small changes in
kinetic energy.

The pressure drop in the fluid

is often accompanied by a
large drop in temperature, and
for that reason throttling
devices are commonly used in
refrigeration and air-
conditioning applications.
THROTTLING VALVES

0 0 0 0 0
�2 0 �20 0
        ��� + ��� + � ℎ+ + ��   =  ���� + ���� + � ℎ+ + ��
2 2
�� ���

Energy
balance
EXAMPLE 5.8 Expansion of Refrigerant-134a in a
Refrigerator

Refrigerant-134a enters the capillary tube of a refrigerator as saturated

liquid at 0.8 MPa and is throttled to a pressure of 0.12 MPa. Determine the
quality of the refrigerant at the final state and the temperature drop during
this process.
 1. Heat transfer from the tube is negligible
EXAMPLE 5.7 -SOLUTION

1. Kinetic energy change of the refrigerant is negligible.

 A capillary tube is a simple flow-restricting device that is commonly used in
EXAMPLE 5.8 -SOLUTION
refrigeration applications to cause a large pressure drop in the refrigerant. Flow
through a capillary tube is a throttling process; thus, the enthalpy of the
refrigerant remains constant.
EXAMPLE 5.8 -SOLUTION

Obviously hf < h2 < hg; thus, the refrigerant exists as a saturated mixture at the exit
state. The quality at this state is
 T1 = 31.31 ⁰C T2 = -22.32. ⁰C
EXAMPLE 5.8 -SOLUTION

Since the exit state is a saturated mixture at 0.12 MPa, the exit temperature
must be the saturation temperature at this pressure, which is –22.32°C. Then
the temperature change for this process becomes
 Expansion of Refrigerant-134a
in a Refrigerator

temperature of the refrigerant drops by 53.63°C

34.0% of the refrigerant vaporizes

T1 = 31.31 ⁰C T2 = -22.32. ⁰C
MIXING CHAMBERS

In engineering applications, the section where

the mixing process takes place is commonly
referred to as a mixing chamber.

The mixing chamber does not have to be a

distinct “chamber.” An ordinary T-elbow or a Y-
elbow in a shower, for example, serves as the
mixing chamber for the cold- and hot-water
streams.

The conservation of mass principle for a mixing

chamber requires that the sum of the incoming
mass flow rates equal the mass flow rate of the
outgoing mixture.

The conservation of energy equation is

analogous to the conservation of mass equation.
 MIXING CHAMBERS

Mass Balance:

Energy Balance:
EXAMPLE 5.9 Mixing of Hot and Cold Waters in a Shower

Consider an ordinary shower where hot water at

60°C is mixed with cold water at 10°C. If it is desired
that a steady stream of warm water at 45°C be
supplied, determine the ratio of the mass flow rates
of the hot to cold water. Assume the heat losses
from the mixing chamber to be negligible and the
mixing to take place at a pressure of 150 kPa.
 1. This is a steady-flow process since
EXAMPLE 5.9 -SOLUTION

there is no change with time at any

point and thus ΔmCV = 0 and ΔECV = 0.
2. The kinetic and potential energies are
negligible, ke ≌ pe ≌ 0.
3. Heat losses from the sy s t em ar e
negligible and thus Q˙ ≌ 0.
4. There is no work interaction involved.

Energy0Balance: 0
0 0 0 0
�2 0 �20
        ��� + ��� + � ℎ+ + ��   =  ���� + ���� + � ℎ+ + ��
2 2
�� ���
 We take the mixing chamber as the system (Fig. 5–36).
This is a control volume since mass crosses the system
EXAMPLE 5.9 -SOLUTION
boundary during the process.

Fig. 5–36
We observe that there are two inlets and one exit.

Under the stated assumptions and observations, the mass and energy balances
for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as follows:
EXAMPLE 5.9 -SOLUTION

Combining the mass and energy balances,

Dividing this equation by ṁ2 yields

�ℎ1 + ℎ2 = � + 1 ℎ3 where y = ṁ1/ ṁ2 is the
desired mass flow rate ratio.
Fig. 5–36
 The saturation temperature of water at 150 kPa is 111.35°C. Since the
temperatures of all three streams are below this value (T < Tsat), the
EXAMPLE 5.9 -SOLUTION
water in all three streams exists as a compressed liquid (Fig. 5–37). A
compressed liquid can be approximated as a saturated liquid at the
given temperature. Thus,

A substance exists as a compressed

liquid at temperatures below the
saturation temperatures at the given
pressure.
Fig. 5–37 Fig. 5–36
EXAMPLE 5.9 -SOLUTION Solving for y and substituting yields
�ℎ1 + ℎ2 = � + 1 ℎ3

Fig. 5–36
RECALL THAT, y = ṁ1/ ṁ2

Note that the mass flow rate of the hot water (ṁ1) must be 2.33 times
the mass flow rate of the cold water (ṁ2) for the mixture (ṁ3) to leave at
45°C.
 HEAT EXCHANGERS

Heat exchangers are devices where two

moving fluid streams exchange heat without
mixing.

Heat exchangers are widely used in various

industries, and they come in various
designs.
 The heat transfer associated with a heat exchanger may be zero or
nonzero depending on how the control volume is selected.
HEAT EXCHANGERS
Cooling of Refrigerant-134a by
Water
 Example 5.10 Cooling of
Refrigerant-134a by Water
Refrigerant-134a is to be cooled by water in a
condenser. The refrigerant enters the condenser
with a mass flow rate of 6 kg/min at 1 MPa and
70°C and leaves at 35°C. The cooling water enters
at 300 kPa and 15°C and leaves at 25°C.
Neglecting any pressure drops,

determine

(a) the mass flow rate of the cooling water required

and

(b) the heat transfer rate from the refrigerant to

water.
EXAMPLE 5.10 -SOLUTION
1. This is a steady-flow process since
there is no change with time at any
point and thus ΔmCV = 0 and ΔECV = 0.
2. The kinetic and potential energies are
negligible, ke ≌ pe ≌ 0.
3. Heat losses from the sy s t em ar e
negligible and thus Q˙ ≌ 0.
4. There is no work interaction involved.

Energy0Balance: 0
0 0 0 0
�2 0 �20
        ��� + ��� + � ℎ+ + ��   =  ���� + ���� + � ℎ+ + ��
2 2
�� ���
 We take the entire heat exchanger as the system (Fig.
5–39).
EXAMPLE 5.10 -SOLUTION
This is a control volume since mass crosses the system
boundary during the process.

In general, there are several possibilities for selecting

the control volume for multiplestream steady-flow
devices, and the proper choice depends on the situation
at hand.
Fig. 5–39

We observe that there are two fluid streams (and thus

two inlets and two exits) but NO MIXING.
 (a) Under the stated assumptions and observations, the
mass and energy balances for this steady-flow
EXAMPLE 5.10 -SOLUTION
system can be expressed in the rate form as follows:

Fig. 5–39
EXAMPLE 5.10 -SOLUTION
Combining the mass and energy balances and
rearranging give:

Fig. 5–39
Now we need to determine the enthalpies at all four states. Water exists as a
compressed liquid at both the inlet and the exit since the temperatures at both
locations are below the saturation temperature of water at 300 kPa (133.52°C).
Approximating the compressed liquid as a saturated liquid at the given temperatures,
we have
 combine mass &
energy equation

The refrigerant enters the condenser as a superheated

vapor and leaves as a compressed liquid at 35°C. From
EXAMPLE 5.10 -SOLUTION
refrigerant-134a tables,

Fig. 5–39

Substituting, we find
 To determine the heat transfer from the refrigerant to the
water, we have to choose A CONTROL VOLUME whose
EXAMPLE 5.10 -SOLUTION
boundary lies on the path of heat transfer. We can
choose the volume occupied by either fluid as our control
volume.
If we choose the volume occupied by the water, all the
assumptions stated earlier apply, except that the heat
transfer is no longer zero. Then assuming heat to be
transferred to water, the energy balance for this single- Fig. 5–39
stream steady-flow system reduces to
EXAMPLE 5.10 -SOLUTION
Rearranging and substituting,

Fig. 5–39

Had we chosen the volume occupied by the refrigerant

as the control volume (Fig. 5–40), we would have
obtained the same result for ��,��� since the heat
gained by the water is equal to the heat lost by the
refrigerant.
Fig. 5–40
 PIPE AND DUCT FLOW

Surroundings 20⁰C        ����

Heat losses from a hot fluid

flowing through an Pipe or duct flow may involve
uninsulated pipe or duct to more than one form of work at the
the cooler environment may same time
be very significant
 EXAMPLE 5.11- Electric Heating of Air in a
House

The electric heating systems used in many houses

consist of a simple duct with resistance heaters. Air
is heated as it flows over resistance wires.
Consider a 15-kW electric heating system. Air
enters the heating section at 100 kPa and 17°C
with a volume flow rate of 150 m3/min. If heat is
lost from the air in the duct to the surroundings at
a rate of 200 W, determine the exit temperature
of air.
 1. This is a steady-flow process since there is no
EXAMPLE 5.11 -SOLUTION
change with time at any point and thus Δm CV = 0
and ΔECV = 0.
2. Air is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature
and low pressure relative to its critical-point values.
3. The kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible, Δke ≌ Δpe ≌ 0.
4. Constant specific heats at room temperature can
be used for air.

Energy Balance:
0 0 0 0 0
�2 �20
        ��� + ��� + � ℎ+ + ��   =  ���� + ���� + � ℎ+ + ��
2 2
�� ���
 We take the the heating section portion of the duct
EXAMPLE 5.11 -SOLUTION as the system (Fig. 5–43).
This is a control volume since mass crosses the system
boundary during the process.

We observe that there is only one inlet and one exit and Fig. 5–43
thus �1 = �2 = �

Also, heat is lost from the system & electrical work is

supplied to the system.

At temperatures encountered in heating and air

conditioning applications, Δh can be replaced by cp ΔT
where cp = 1.005 kJ/kg·°C —the value at room
temperature— with negligible error (Fig. 5–45).
 The energy balance for this steady-flow system can
be expressed in the rate form as
EXAMPLE 5.11 -SOLUTION

Fig. 5–43

From the ideal-gas relation, the specific volume of air at the inlet of
the duct is
 The mass flow rate of the air through the duct is
determined from
EXAMPLE 5.11 -SOLUTION

Fig. 5–43

Substituting the known quantities, the exit temperature of the air is :

Note that heat loss from the duct reduces the exit
temperature of air.
 STEADY-FLOW PROCESS NOZZLES AND DIFFUSERS

TURBINES AND COMPRESSORS

SUMMARY
SUMMARY

THROTTLING VALVES MIXING CHAMBERS

HEAT EXCHANGERS
SUMMARY

PIPE AND DUCT FLOW