NEBOSH Certificate Unit-1 IGC

Element 1: Foundations in Health and

Safety

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 Introduction

Trainees

Trainer

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Safety Arrangements
in this Building

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Course Schedule

• Start Time
• Breaks
• Lunch Break
• Review
• End time

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Outcome
On the completion of the element the delegate will be able
to understand the content through:
•‹‹Outline the scope and nature of occupational health and safety.

•‹‹Explain the moral, social and economic

reasons for maintaining and promoting
good standards of health and safety in the workplace.
•‹‹Explain the role of national governments and international
bodies in formulating a framework for the regulation of
health and safety.

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Key Definition
Key definitions are:
• Health - the absence of disease or ill-health.
• Safety - the absence of risk of serious personal
injury.
• Welfare - access to basic facilities.

• Environmental protection - the prevention of damage to the

air, land, water and living creatures in the wider environment.

• Accident - an unplanned, unwanted event which leads to

injury, damage or loss.
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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Key Definition
Key definitions are:
• Near miss - an unplanned, unwanted event that had the potential
to lead to injury, damage or loss (but did not, in fact, do so).
• Dangerous occurrence - a specified event that has to be reported
to the relevant authority by statute law (e.g.)

• Hazard - something with the potential to cause harm.

• Risk - the likelihood that a hazard will cause harm in

combination with the severity of injury, damage or loss that
might occur.
Note: www.oshad.ae

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 The Multi-Disciplinary Nature
of Health and Safety
The study of health & safety involves the study of
many different subjects including the sciences
(chemistry, physics and biology), engineering,
psychology, sociology and the law.

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 The differences between Safety and Health
The borderline between safety and health is the ill-
defined two words are used together to indicates
concerns for the physical and mental well-being of an
individual in the workplace
Safety Health
Slips, trips, falls Exposure to hazardous chemicals
Fall from height Exposure to asbestos, dusts, etc.
Struck by vehicles Repetitive strain injuries
Contact with electricity
Contact with moving parts
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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 The Multi-Disciplinary Nature
of Health and Safety
In order to fully understand a Health and Safety issue, you should need to be
familiar with the:
• Technical background to the issue and have the relevant
knowledge.
• Standards that may apply to the workplace and to the specific
health and safety issue under consideration.
• Possible strengths and weaknesses of the various options
available to solve the problem.

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Barriers to Good Standards of Health
and Safety
There are many barriers to good standards of health and safety in the workplace:
(Complexity, Conflicting Demands, Behavioral Issues)

Complexity
> workplaces can be a complicated areas

> coordination of many people performing different activities

> finding a solution to a specific H&S problem

> issue can be complex

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Barriers to Good Standards of Health
and Safety
Conflicting Demands
> there are often competing & conflicting demands placed upon
people and organization
> common conflict of interest is that between the need to supply a
product or service at an appropriate speed so as to make a profit
(the need to do safely without risk)
> need to comply with different types of standards at the same
time

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Barriers to Good Standards of Health
and Safety
Behavioral Issues
Behavioral safety interventions tend to focus on behaviors
relating to personal health and safety; such as the wearing of
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), positioning of the
body in relation to hazardous equipment, and issues relating
to working at height (e.g. wearing of harnesses, proper use of
ladders)

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Reasons for Maintaining and Promoting
Good Standards of Health and Safety

• Moral
• Social (or Legal)
• Economic (Financial)

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Reasons for Maintaining and Promoting
Good Standards of Health and Safety
Moral – (Ethical, Humanitarian)
Description Every Year
Occupational accidents 270 million
Occupational diseases 160 million
People die every year from occupational accidents Around 2
and occupational diseases million

Gross Domestic Product (GDP.) is lost through the

4%
cost of injury, death, absence
Work-related fatal accidents 355,000

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Reasons for Maintaining and Promoting Good
Standards of Health and Safety
Moral – (Ethical, Humanitarian)
• Moral reasons are based on the concept of an
employer owing a duty of reasonable care to his
employees

• Employer has a moral obligation to protect other

people whose health and safety may be affected
by his undertaking

• Moral duty that one person has to another

• Protect people form injury and ill health

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Reasons for Maintaining and Promoting
Good Standards of Health and Safety
Social (or Legal)
The legal responsibility for health and safety at work rests primarily on the
employer. The employer has to provide he following:

• Safe Place of Work

• Safe Plant and Equipment
• Safe Systems of Work
• Training, Supervision and Competent Staff
• Adequate supervisions & instructions
(Note: Refer to the book – Element 1 – Pages 1-4)
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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Reasons for Maintaining and Promoting
Good Standards of Health and Safety
Economic (Financial)
Accidents and ill-health are costly and the indirect costs
involved are often substantially more than the direct
costs.
 Direct Costs
The measurable costs arising directly from the accident.
 Indirect Costs
Those which arise indirectly as a consequence of the event

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Reasons for Maintaining and Promoting
Good Standards of Health and Safety

 Direct Costs

 Indirect Costs

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Reasons for Maintaining and Promoting
Good Standards of Health and Safety

Direct Costs
• Fines in the criminal courts • Lost or damaged product.
• Insurance premiums • Lost production time whilst
dealing with the injury
• First aid treatment
• Overtime to make up for lost
• Worker sick pay
time
• Repairs to, or replacement of,
• Costs associated with the
damaged equipment and
rehabilitation of the injured
buildings
worker and their return to work

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Reasons for Maintaining and Promoting
Good Standards of Health and Safety
Indirect Costs
• Loss of staff from productive • Goodwill of customers
duties • Late delivery
• Loss of staff morale • Reputation
• Cost of remedial action • Damage to industrial relations,
• Enforcement notice perhaps leading to industrial
• Training / replacement of action (e.g. strikes)
labour

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Reasons for Maintaining and Promoting Good
Standards of Health and Safety
Insured Cost (direct)
• Damage to plant, buildings and equipment
• Compensation paid to workers
• Medical Costs
• Legal costs (civil claims)

Uninsured Cost (indirect)

•Production delays or down time • Overtime to make up for lost
production
• loss of raw materials due to accidents • Hiring and training new
• Accident investigation time employees
• Loss of business reputation
• Criminal fines and legal costs
• Sick pay for injured workers
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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Role of National Governments and
International Bodies
International Labor Organization (ILO)
The prime mover in the area of international standards in health &
safety which is an agency of the United Nations (UN)
Two primary outputs of the ILO are

“Conventions” and “Recommendations”

These set international standards.

Countries that belong to the ILO have ratified C155 and R164 and have
then legislated to put their requirements into the national (or regional)
law.

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Role of National Governments and
International Bodies
• In 1981, the ILO adopted the Occupational Safety and Health
Convention (C155).
This describes a basic policy for health and safety at both the
national level and the level of the individual undertaking.

• The Occupational Safety and Health Recommendation 1981

(R164) supplements C155 and provides more detailed guidance on
how to comply with the policies of C155.

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Role of National Governments and
International Bodies

Employers’ Responsibilities
• Article 16 of C155 identifies some basic obligations placed on
employers (refer to the book)
• Article 10 of R164 puts the following obligations on employers
(refer to the book)

Workers’ Responsibilities and Rights

• Article 19 of C155 states the responsibilities of all workers and their
representatives. (refer to the book – 4 bulleted points)
• R164 provides more detail on this general duty of workers (refer to
the book)

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Role of National Governments and
International Bodies

The Role of Enforcement Agencies

• Each country or region has one (or more) enforcement agency
responsible for enforcing health and safety law.

Consequences of Non-Compliance
• Formal enforcement action
• Prosecution of the organization in the criminal courts
• Prosecution of individuals, such as directors, managers and workers

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Informal:
• Verbal and Written Advise
Formal:
• Issuing legal mandates to comply with the law
and put right the breach

• Issuing legal mandates to stop dangerous

activities immediately

• Prosecution with the intent of punishing the

company or individual which can lead to fines
and/or imprisonment

• Issuing a caution (warning), that can be

used in evidence at a later date, often
for minor repeat offences
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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Other International Standards
• ISO 9001:2008/2015
• OHSAS 18001:2007/2015
• ISO 14001:2004
• HSG 65
• ILO-OSH 2001Safety and Health Management System
• ISO 12100: Safety of Machinery

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Sources of Information
Internal Sources External Sources
• Risk assessments • Government organisations e.g. Enforcing

• Inspection reports Authorities

• Accident/incident • National safety organisations /

records Professional Institutions

• Medical reports • Various Standards Organisation such as

• Safety representatives ISO and British Standards Institute (BSI)

• Safety committee reports • Suppliers and manufacturers

• Company safety policy • Consultants and specialists

• Maintenance reports • Insurance Companies and workers unions

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 About NEBOSH
• NEBOSH International General Certificate aims to
provide those making day –to –day decisions at work
with a broad knowledge of health and safety to ensure
the implications on decision making.
• Since 1979
• First Revised in 2002 to reflect HSG 65
• For More Details log on to Web Site
www.nebosh.org.uk

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety
 Any Question

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Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety