The Discovery of Gravity

A popular story says that Newton came up with the theory of gravity instantly, when an apple fell from a
tree and hit him on the head. Actually, Newton saw an apple falling from a tree, and it got him to
thinking about the mysterious force that pulls objects to the ground. He compared the straight path of
the apple to the curved path of a fired cannonball. He wondered what would happen if the cannonball
went faster and faster, and realized it would eventually “fall” around the curve of the Earth forever, and
never hit the ground. This “forever falling” motion describes the movement of the Moon around the
Earth, and the Earth around the Sun.

The invention of the telescope

Historians are not absolutely sure who invented the telescope, but it is known that in 1608 a Dutch
spectacle maker, Hans Lipperhey, announced a new lens-based seeing instrument that made distant
objects appear much closer. This is the first evidence we have of the invention of the telescope, the first
scientific instrument to extend one of the human senses.

Butchering, fermenting, sun drying, salt preservation, and other cooking procedures are all examples of
food processing that date back to prehistoric times (such as roasting, smoking, steaming, and oven
baking). Salt preservation was notably common for items that made up the meals of soldiers and sailors
before the introduction of canning technology. The presence of these methods is supported by writings
from the ancient Greek, Chaldean, Egyptian, and Roman civilizations, as well as archaeological evidence
from Europe, North and South America, and Asia. These tried-and-true processing processes remained
practically unaltered until the Industrial Revolution. There are several instances of pre-Industrial
Revolution ready-meals.

First Microscope

vintage microscope

Grinding glass to use for spectacles and magnifying glasses was commonplace during the 13th century.
In the late 16th century several Dutch lens makers designed devices that magnified objects, but in 1609
Galileo Galilei perfected the first device known as a microscope. Dutch spectacle makers Zaccharias
Janssen and Hans Lipperhey are noted as the first men to develop the concept of the compound
microscope. By placing different types and sizes of lenses in opposite ends of tubes, they discovered that
small objects were enlarged.

Guglielmo Marconi

The first edition of radio was patented in 1896 by Guglielmo Marconi. Marconi was a pioneer of wireless
telegraphy. Born in Italy in 1874, he began experimenting with his inventions at the age of 20 after
becoming aware of the work of Hertz in electromagnetic waves, also known as radio waves. Marconi
identified this area was not popularly pursued by other inventors at the time.

In July 1986 Marconi made the first demonstration of his invention, the radio transmitter and receiver,
for the British government. In December 1901, Marconi successfully transmitted the first wireless
telegraphy signals across the Atlantic Ocean. He was awarded the Nobel prize in physics in 1909.
The BBC used the fourth generation of Marconi's "Type A" microphones widely from the 1930s forward.
The BBC became synonymous with the Type A..

Discovery of benzene

Michael Faraday, an English physicist, discovered benzene in an illuminating gas in 1825. In 1834,
German chemist Eilhardt Mitscherlich produced benzene by heating benzoic acid with lime. In 1845, a
German chemist named A.W. von Hofmann isolated benzene from coal tar.

Since its discovery, the structure of benzene has piqued researchers' attention. Joseph Loschmidt and
August Kekule von Stradonitz, both German chemists, suggested a cyclic structure of six carbons with
alternating single and double bonds in 1861 and 1866, respectively. Kekule later changed his structural
formula to one in which double bond oscillation resulted in two equivalent structures in fast equilibrium.
Linus Pauling, an American scientist, proposed that benzene had a single structure that was a resonance
hybrid of the two Kekule structures in 1931.

The Large Hadron Collider is the world's most powerful particle accelerator. The LHC was built in the
same 27-kilometer tunnel that housed the Large Electron-Positron Collider by the European
Organization for Nuclear Research. The circular tunnel, which runs between France and Switzerland, is
50–175 meters below ground. The LHC performed its first test operation on September 10, 2008. On
September 18, an electrical problem in a cooling system produced a temperature increase in the
magnets of over 100 degrees Celsius, despite the fact that they are meant to work at temperatures close
to absolute zero. Early expectations that the LHC will be fixed quickly turned out to be overly optimistic.
It was revived on November 20, 2009. On November 30, it eclipsed the Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory's Tevatron as the most powerful particle accelerator when it boosted protons to energies of
1.18 teraelectron volts.

The first workable prototype of the Internet came in the late 1960s with the creation of ARPANET, or the
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. Originally funded by the U.S. Department of Defense,
ARPANET used packet switching to allow multiple computers to communicate on a single network.

On October 29, 1969, ARPAnet delivered its first message: a “node-to-node” communication from one
computer to another. (The first computer was located in a research lab at UCLA and the second was at
Stanford; each one was the size of a small house.) The message—“LOGIN”—was short and simple, but it
crashed the fledgling ARPA network anyway: The Stanford computer only received the note’s first two
letters.

The technology continued to grow in the 1970s after scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed
Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol, or TCP/IP, a communications model that set
standards for how data could be transmitted between multiple networks.

HOW WERE MOBILE PHONES INVENTED?

These base stations would send and receive messages from mobile phones over radio frequencies. Any
two adjacent cells would operate at different frequencies, so there was no danger of interference.

The stations would connect the radio signals with the main telecommunications network, and the
phones would seamlessly switch frequencies as they moved between one cell and another.

By the end of the 1970s the Bell Labs Advance Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was up and running on a
small scale.

Meanwhile, Martin Cooper, an engineer at the Motorola company in the US, was developing something
that came close to the Star Trek communicator that had fascinated him since he first saw it on TV.

Martin Cooper, the engineer from Motorola, developed the first hand-held phone that could connect
over Bell’s AMPS.

Motorola launched the DynaTAC in 1984. It weighed over a kilogram and was affectionately known as
The Brick, but it quickly became a must-have accessory for wealthy financiers and entrepreneurs.