Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

Oromia Irrigation Development Authority (OIDA)

Manual of GIS for ArcGIS

May, 2014

The Project for Capacity Building in Irrigaiton Development (CBID)

                       
                     

 
 
 Foreword

Oromia Irrigation Development Authority (OIDA) is established on June,

2013, as a responsible body for all irrigation development activities in the
Region, according to Oromia National Regional Government proclamation
No. 180/2005. The major purposes of the establishment are to accelerate
irrigation development in the Region, utilize limited resources efficiently,
coordinate all irrigation development activities under one institution with
more efficiency and effectiveness.

To improve irrigation development activities in the Region, the previous

Oromia Water Mineral and Energy Bureau entered into an agreement with
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for “The Project for Capacity
Building in Irrigation Development (CBID)” since June, 2009 until May,
2014. CBID put much effort to capacitate Irrigation experts in Oromia
Region through several activities and finally made fruitful results for
irrigation development. Accordingly, irrigation projects are constructed and
rehabilitated based on that several Guidelines & Manuals and texts
produced which can result in a radical change when implemented properly.

Herewith this massage, I emphasize that from Now on, OIDA to make efforts
to utilize all outputs of the project for all irrigation activities as a minimum
standard, especially for the enhancement of irrigation technical capacity.

I believe that all OIDA irrigation experts work very hard with their respective
disciplines using CBID outputs to improve the life standard of all people. In
addition, I encourage that all other Ethiopian regions to benefit from the
outputs.

Finally, I would like to thank the Japanese Government, JICA Ethiopia

Office, and all Japanese and Ethiopian experts who made great effort to
produce these outputs.

Feyisa Asefa Adugna

General Manager
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Oromia Irrigation Development
May, 2014
Authority
 Introductory Remarks
“Growth and Transformation Plan” (GTP) from 2011 to 2015 intensifies use of
the country’s water and other natural resources to promote multiple cropping,
better adaptation to climate variability and ensure food security. Expansion of
small scale irrigation schemes is given a priority, while attention is also given
to medium and large scale irrigation.
In Oromia Region, it is estimated that there exists more than 1.7 million ha of
land suitable for irrigation development. However, only 800,000 ha is under
irrigation through Traditional and Modern irrigation technology. To accelerate
speed of Irrigation Development, the Oromia National Regional State requested
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for support on capacity
building of Irrigation Experts under Irrigation Sector.
In response to the requests, JICA had conducted "Study on Meki Irrigation and
Rural Development" (from September 2000 to January 2002) and Project for
Irrigation Farming Improvement (IFI project) (from September 2005 to August
2008). After implementation of them there are needs to improve situation on
irrigation sector in Oromia Region.
JICA and the Government of Ethiopia agreed to implement a new project,
named “The project for Capacity Building in Irrigation Development” (CBID).
The period of CBID is five years since June, 2009 to May, 2014 and main
purpose is to enhance capacity of Irrigation Experts in Oromia Region focusing
on the following three areas, 1) Water resources planning, 2)
Study/Design/Construction management, 3) Scheme management through
Training, On the Job Training at site level, Workshops, Field Visit and so on
and to produce standard guidelines and manuals for Irrigaiton Development.
These guidelines and manuals (Total: fourteen (14) guidelines and manuals)
are one of the most important outputs of CBID. They are produced as
standards of Irrigation Development in Oromia Region through collecting
different experiences and implementation of activities by CBID together with
Oromia Irrigation Experts and Japanese Experts.
These guidelines and manuals are very useful to improve the Capacity of OIDA
Experts to work more effectively and efficiently and also can accelerate
Irrigation Development specially in Oromia Region and generally in the country.
Finally, I strongly demand all Irrigaiton Experts in the region to follow the
guidelines and manuals for all steps of Irrigation Development for sustainable
development of irrigation.

Adugna Jabessa Shuba

D/General Manager & Head, Study,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Design, Contract Administration &
May, 2014 Construction Supervision
Oromia Irrigation Development
Authority
 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

Oromia Irrigation Development Authority (OIDA)

Manual of GIS for ArcGIS

~Basic Section~

May, 2014

The Project for Capacity Building in Irrigation Development (CBID)

 Table of Contents

1. Basic Knowledge of GIS .................................................................... 1-1

1.1 What is ArcGIS? ......................................................................... 1-1
1.2 GIS Data .................................................................................... 1-14
1.3 Data Type ................................................................................... 1-16
1.4 GIS Data for Irrigation Projects ................................................... 1-17

2. Basic Operation ............................................................................... 1-18

2.1 For Vector .................................................................................. 1-18
2.1.1 Clip.................................................................................... 1-18
2.1.2 Intersect ............................................................................ 1-19
2.1.3 Append .............................................................................. 1-20
2.1.4 Merge................................................................................. 1-21
2.1.5 Union ................................................................................ 1-22
2.1.6 Dissolve ............................................................................. 1-23
2.2 For Raster .................................................................................. 1-24

3. Basic Search & Analysis ................................................................... 1-27

3.1 Create Feature from XY table ...................................................... 1-27
3.2 Spatial Join ................................................................................ 1-30
3.3 Geometry Calculation ................................................................. 1-32
3.4 Field Calculation ........................................................................ 1-34
3.5 Attribute Search ......................................................................... 1-36
3.6 Spatial Search ............................................................................ 1-38

4. Display data ..................................................................................... 1-41

4.1 Data View ................................................................................... 1-41
4.1.1 Display Data ...................................................................... 1-41
4.1.2 Data Frame Properties ....................................................... 1-41
4.1.3 Layer Properties ................................................................. 1-43
4.2 Layout View................................................................................ 1-44
4.2.1 Legends ............................................................................. 1-45
4.2.2 North Arrow ....................................................................... 1-46
4.2.3 Scale Bar ........................................................................... 1-46
4.2.4 Scale Text .......................................................................... 1-47
4.3 Save Project ................................................................................ 1-48
4.4 Export Map ................................................................................ 1-48
 Manual of GIS for ArcGIS ~Basic Section~

1. Basic knowledge of GIS

1.1 What is ArcGIS?
ArcGIS is mainly composed of ArcCatalog, ArcMap and ArcToolbox.
ArcCatalog is a component which is made for the purpose of management for
spatial data like Microsoft Explorer. We should handle this component when
we copy, move and delete spatial data.
ArcMap is a component which is made for the purpose of display for spatial
data. We can use this component to display and add data with a layer model.
ArcToolbox is used to analyze GIS data.

ArcGIS for Desktop is licensed under three functionality levels:

ArcGIS for Desktop Basic (formerly known as ArcView), which allows one to
view spatial data, create layered maps, and perform basic spatial analysis.
ArcGIS for Desktop Standard (formerly known as ArcEditor), which in
addition to the functionality of ArcView, includes more advanced tools for
manipulation of shapefiles and geodatabases. ArcGIS for Desktop Advanced
(formerly known as ArcInfo), which includes capabilities for data
manipulation, editing, and analysis.

ArcReader (freeware, viewer) is a basic data viewer for maps and GIS data
published in the proprietary Esri format using ArcGIS Publisher. There are
other components like ArcSceneto display 3D scene (if you have 3D analyst
extension,) and ArcGlobe to display the earth from the space.

ArcReader

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 Manual of GIS for ArcGIS ~Basic Section~

ArcScene(left) and ArcGlobe (right)

<ArcCatalog>
First, we introduce ArcCatalog software to manage GIS data adequately. Note
that we display and use CatalogTree, ArcToolbox and Results function in the
ArcCatalog because it’s very effective and easy for us to handle GIS data with
this software when we create, move and remove GIS data.
“Catalog Tree” is a window which displays GIS data such as raster, vector and
table data. We can easily act basic operations such as move, copy and paste of
GIS data as with Explorer on Microsoft Windows.

We should click “Connect To Folder” button and set our environment to move

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 Manual of GIS for ArcGIS ~Basic Section~

on to our workspace easily.

On the other hand, we can also remove the folders which we can’t use recently
by click “Disconnect From Folder” button after we select the folder which we
want to disconnect.

In CatalogTree, we can see database structure below. And we can see

Contents, Preview and Description in the window and check information of
every feature.

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We recommend to add ArcToolbox and Results from the menu in the

ArcCatalog window below.

“ArcToolbox” is a component which store many functions to handle GIS data.

ArcToolbox enables us to launch using system tools, scripts, and models. We
can organize the contents of this window and add our own toolboxes, toolsets,
system tools, scripts and models.
Finally, “Results” is a window which indicates the results after we use the
function in ArcToolbox.

<ArcMap>
ArcMap represents geographic information as a collection of layers and other
elements in a map view. The geographic information that is loaded into
ArcMap can be viewed in two ways, “data view” and “layout view.”
In “data view”, the map is data frame and the data frame is presented as the
geographic window that map layers are displayed and used. In the data frame,
we can operate the geographic information displayed on map layers using
geographic coordinate.

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Table of Contents

Name of Data frame

List of map layers and

their drawing order
on data frame

Data frame
Data view Layout view

In “layout view”, we can prepare the layout of the map. The layout is used for
printing or exporting to format such as PDF. We can add and edit the map
elements include data frames with map layers, scale bars, north arrows,
symbol legends, map titles, text, and other graphic elements.

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North arrow, Legend,

Scale bar, etc

Page Layout

We introduce “Table of Contents” to be able to display GIS data of every layer

below.

We call the area which is surrounded by a square of red “Data frame”. “Layers”
has some layers and has some information about Coordinate System and so
on. We call the area which is surrounded by a square of blue “Group Layer”.
We can make Group Layer to group some features based on character of
features such as roads, rivers, and towns. This has some information about
Group, Display and so on.

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We call the area which is surrounded by a square of orange “Features”. Layer

is referring to data source of the features, so this has some information about
Source, Symbology, Fields, Labels and so on. We can see the information of
each layer when we right-click on the layer and select “Properties”.

Note that we often miss “Table Of Contents” window on ArcMap. At that time,
we select “Table Of Contents” item from the Window menu below.

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“Table of Contents”
is missed.

Click “Table of
Contents”.

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“Table of Contents”
window appear.

ArcMap has some styles on “Table Of Contents” which can display GIS data.
We often use 1st and 2nd mode.

When we use the 1st button: “List By Drawing Order”, we can author the
contents of our map, such as to change the display order of layers on the map,
rename or remove layers, and create or manage group layers. All the data
frames in our map are listed when the table of contents is sorted by drawing
order. However, only the active data frame—indicated by a bold data frame
name—is shown in the map in data view.

When we use the 2nd button: “List By Source”, we can show the layers in each
data frame with the layers organized by the folders or databases in which the
data sources referenced by the layers can be found. This view will also list
tables that have been added to the map document as data. This view is very
useful for managing and repairing each layer's path reference to its data
source in your map document.

When we use the 3rd button: “List By Visibility”, we can see a dynamic listing
of the layers currently displayed in the active data frame. The way layers are
listed updates automatically as we pan and zoom, interact with the map,

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select features, and turn layers on and off.

Listing layers by visibility helps us visually simplify and organize a detailed or
complicated map with many layers. Since the organization of the table of
contents visibility list is controlled automatically, we cannot change the order
or groupings of layers manually. Layers within a group layer are listed
individually, since each layer can have its own visibility and selection
properties. We can choose to display the group layer's name beside the layer's
entry on “Table Of Contents Options” dialog box.

When we use the 4thbutton: “List By Selection”, we can group layers

automatically by whether or not they are selectable and have selected features.
A selectable layer means that features in the layer can be selected using the
interactive selection tools, such as those on “Tools” toolbar or “Edit” tool,
when in an edit session.

“List By Selection”

“List By Visibility”

“List By Source”

“List By Drawing Order”

<ArcToolbox>
ArcToolbox stores various functions to edit, analyze and handle GIS data. In
any ArcGIS Desktop application, we open the ArcToolbox window with the
Show/Hide ArcToolbox Window button found on the standard toolbar (left) or
by clicking Geoprocessing>ArcToolbox (right).

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Besides, we can create the new toolbox storing the tools we often use. The way
for customizing of the toolbox is as following.
- How to Customize ArcToolbox
To find our necessary functions easily, we can create our own toolbox and
put them in the toolbox in advance below.

Two methods to put the functions in advance are shown below.

The 1st method is to select a function on the box in “Add Tool” window.

The 2nd method is to copy a function and paste it on our Toolbox.

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Note that we recommend to “Save Settings” below because we can keep

the settings work when we often close and restart ArcCatalog.

This description comes from ESRI’s ArcGIS Help:

Geoprocessing environment settings are additional parameters that affect
a tool's results. They differ from normal tool parameters in that they don't
appear on a tool's dialog box (with certain exceptions). Rather, they are
values you set once using a separate dialog box and are interrogated and
used by tools when they are run.
Changing the environment settings is often a prerequisite to performing
geoprocessing tasks. For example, you may already be familiar with the
Current and Scratch workspace environment settings, which allow you to
set workspaces for inputs and outputs. Another example is the Extent
environment setting, which allows your analysis to be limited to a specific
geographic area, or the Output Coordinate System environment setting,
which defines the coordinate system (map projection) for new data.
Only certain environments will be used by an individual tool, but tools
use the environments in the same way. For example, all tools that use the
output extent environment use it in the same way—they only process
features in the output extent. To determine the environments that a tool
will use, consult the tool's reference page.

- Settings of Environments
To assure that our analysis results will be correct about geometry, we

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recommend you to set the environment of workplace and output

coordinates below.
 Workspace
 Current Workspace: (Anywhere is OK)
 Output Coordinates
 Output Coordinate System:
As Specified Below/Adindan_UTM_Zone37N_
 Geographic Transformation: Adindan_To_WGS_1984_4

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1.2 GIS Data

When we express an actual world with a digital map, we have two methods
below.
One is Vector data which expresses with an individual figure (right) and the
other is Raster data which expresses with a group of pixels (left). The
difference is a resolution when we zoom in the target. It is easy to see that
vector data is clear and raster data is unclear.

ArcGIS usually uses 3 data models like Vector, Raster and TIN to express
targets in real world.

Vector is the data which express the geographic information in the figure
consisted of X/Y coordinate. Vector data is suitable for representing the
features which have location and boundary such as buildings, roads or
administrative districts.. This type has 3 shapes like a polygon, a line and a
point.

Point Line Polygon

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Raster data has continuous figures on the XY mesh, such as a color value for
an imagery and map and a height value for Digital Elevation Model (DEM).

Raster

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1.3 Data Type

ArcGIS can store Numbers, Text and Dates.
With regard to numbers, we can store them in one of four numeric data types.
 Short integer
 Long integer
 Float (single-precision floating-point number)
 Double (double-precision floating-point number

In choosing the data type, first consider the need for whole numbers versus
fractional numbers. If you just need to store whole numbers, such as 12 or
12,345,678, specify a short or long integer. If you need to store fractional
numbers that have decimal places, such as 0.23 or 1234.5678, specify a float
or a double.

Secondly, when choosing short integer, long integer, float or double, choose
the data type that takes up the least storage space required. This does not
only minimize the amount of storage required but also improve performance.
If you need to store integers between -32,768 and 32,767 only, specify the
short integer data type, because it takes up only 2 bytes, whereas the long
integer data type takes up 4.

Data type Storable range Size

Short integer -32768 to 32767 2 bytes/16 bits
Long integer -2,147,483,648 to 4 bytes/32 bits
2,147,483,648
Float (single-precision Approximately 4 bytes/32 bits
floating-point number) -3.4E38 to 1.2E38
Double (double-precision Approximately 8 bytes/64 bits
floating-point number -2.2E308 to 1.8E308

For example, when we express DEM in Ethiopia, we have to use short integer
because the elevation of the highest mountain is about 5000meters.

A text field represents a series of alphanumeric symbols. This can include

street names, attribute properties, or other textual descriptions. An
alternative to using repeating textual attributes is to establish a coded value.
A textual description would be coded with a numeric value.

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The date data type can store dates, times, or dates and times. The default
format in which the information is presented is mm/dd/yyyyhh:mm:ss and a
specification of AM or PM. When we enter date fields in the table, they are
converted to this format.

1.4 GIS Data for Irrigation Projects

The table which includes representative data for irrigation project is shown
below. You can see data raster and vector types for each category.
And then, there are 5 types of feature data in irrigation.
1. GIS data
2. Climate data
3. Hydrology data
4. Map data
5. Remote sensing data

Table. Data contents used in the irrigation project

No Category Type Data name
1 GIS data Vector Polyline roads
rivers
contour
Polygon towns
Woreda boundaries
Zone boundaries
2 Climate data Vector Point rain gauge stations
3 Hydrological data Vector Point location of water gauge stations
intake (or headwork) points
irrigation scheme/domestic
water supply
Polygon basin boundaries
Raster - Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
(1 band)
4 Map data Vector Polygon soil data
Raster - land cover/land use data
topographical map (50K)
-
(RGB: 3 bands)
5 Remote sensing Raster - satellite imagery (RGB: 3 bands)
data

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2. Basic Operation
The operation in case of vector data is pretty different from one in case of
raster data. Some basic operations of GIS data regarding with vector and
raster are introduced here.

2.1 For Vector

“Clip”, “Intersect”, “Merge”, “Append”, “Union” and “Dissolve” are introduced
as basic functions.

2.1.1 Clip
Extracts input features that overlay the clip features. We use this tool to cut
out a piece of one feature class using one or more of the features in another
feature class as a "cookie cutter".

We can select this function from the menu in ArcCatalog or from the
ArcToolbox.

And we set some information in the “Clip” dialog box below.

We can use this function according to
the right window. And then, we should
put necessary information below.
 Input Features
Target Vector data (*.shp)
 Clip Features
Feature area which we want to
extract (*.shp)
 Output Feature Class
Output file name (*.shp)

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2.1.2 Intersect
This function computes a geometric intersection of the input features.
Features or portions of features which overlap in all layers and/or feature
classes are written to the output feature class.

We can select this function from the menu in ArcCatalog or from the
ArcToolbox.

And we set some information in the “Intersect” dialog box below.

We can use this function

according to the right window.
And then, we should put
necessary information below.
Note that we have to select
plural features as Input
information.
 Input Features
Target Vector data (*.shp)
 Output Feature Class
Output file name (*.shp)

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2.1.3 Append
This function appends multiple input datasets into an existing target dataset.
Input datasets can be point, line, or polygon feature classes, tables, rasters,
raster catalogs, annotation feature classes, or dimensions feature classes.
To combine input datasets into a new output dataset, use the “Merge” tool.

We can select this function from the ArcToolbox.

And we set some information in the “Append” dialog box below.

We can use this function

according to the right window.
And then, we should put
necessary information below.
Note that we have to select plural
datasets as Input information.
 Input Datasets
Target Vector data (*.shp)
 Target Dataset
Output file name (*.shp)

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2.1.4 Merge
This function combines multiple input datasets of the same data type into a
single, new output dataset. This tool can combine point, line, or polygon
feature classes or tables. We use the “Append” tool to combine input datasets
with an existing dataset.

We can select this function from the menu in ArcCatalog or from the
ArcToolbox.

And we set some information in the “Merge” dialog box below.

We can use this function according to

the right window. And then, we should
put necessary information below. Note
that we have to select plural features
as Input Datasets.
 Input Datasets
Target Vector data
 Output Dataset
Output file name (*.shp)

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2.1.5 Union
This function computes a geometric union of the Input Features. All features
are written to the Output Feature Class with the attributes from the Input
Features, which it overlaps.

We can select this function from the menu in ArcCatalog or from the
ArcToolbox.

And we set some information in the “Union” dialog box below.

We can use this function

according to the right window.
And then, we should put
necessary information below.
Note that we have to select
plural features as Input
information.
 Input Features
Target Vector features
 Output Feature Class
Output file name (*.shp)

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2.1.6 Dissolve
This function creates a new coverage by merging adjacent polygons, lines, or
regions that have the same value for a specified item.

We can use this function

according to the right window.
And then, we should put
necessary information below.
Note that we have to select
plural features as Input
information.
 Input Features
Target Vector features
 Output Feature Class
Output file name (*.shp)
 Dissolve_Field(s) (optional)
Tick field we want to
dissolve.

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2.2 For Raster

Some types of extraction which we use for analysis and data management are
introduced. The location of these functions is indicated on below.

1. “Extraction by Attributes” is similar to the “Select” function in that we can

set Select sentence in the window. We can use when we want to know how
much extent the value has.
 Input raster
Target raster data (*.tif)
 Where clause
Condition figure with values
and codes
 Output raster
Output file name (*.tif)

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2. “Extraction by Circle” is a function which we can set an arbitrary circle

with center and radius. We can get X/Y coordinate information with
“Identify” function on the Toolbar on ArcMap.
 Input raster
Raster data with UTM
projection (*.tif)
 Center point
X Coordinate/Y Coordinate
value with meters acquired
from the Identify function
 Radius
A Figure with meters unit
 Output raster
Output file name (*.tif)
 Extraction area (optional)
INSIDE

3. “Extraction by Rectangle” is a function which we can set a rectangle with

top, left, bottom and right.

 Input raster
Target raster data (*.tif)
 Extent
Four figures with meters unit
(Top/Bottom: Max/Min Y
coordinate, Left/Right:
Min/Max X coordinate)
 Output raster
Output file name (*.tif)
 Extraction area (optional)
INSIDE

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4. “Extraction by Mask” is a function which we can use with raster or feature

class.

 Input raster
Target raster data (*.tif)
 Input raster or feature mask
data
Raster data (*.tif) or vector
mask data (*.shp)
 Output raster
Output file name (*.tif)

5. “Extraction by Points” is a function that we can get a value on the point.

 Input raster
Target raster data (*.tif)
 Input points
X/Y Coordinate value acquired
from the Identify function
 Output raster
Output file name (*.tif)
 Extraction area (optional)
INSIDE

6. “Extraction by Polygon” is a function that we can get values on the area

covered with some points.
 Input raster
Target raster data (*.tif)
 Input points
X/Y Coordinate value
acquired from the Identify
function
 Output raster
Output file name (*.tif)
 Extraction area (optional
INSIDE

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3. Basic Search & Analysis

3.1 Create Feature from XY table
When we have an Excel data which has Latitude/Longitude or X/Y coordinate,
we can use “Create Feature Class from XY table” function. For example, we
can see the rain gauge station Excel data which has Lat/Lon information
below. We can check Lat/Lon information and the Sheet name, “oromia.”

The sheet name, “oromia” is shown under the Excel file in ArcCatalog below.

When we click on the target sheet, we can see the dialogue below. X/Y Fields
are set with Lon/Lat fields automatically. And then, we have to set the
Coordinate System of Input Coordinates and the Output file with Shape file
format.

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When we import data which has Lat/Lon data with datum, “Adindan”, we
need to select this operation from Geographic Coordinate Systems (GCS)
below.

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After this operation, we need to convert Geographic Coordinate System into

Projected Coordinate system, UTM Zone 37N with Project function below.

After this operation, we can see the converted file with UTM projection.

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3.2 Spatial Join

We take the closest feature from a random feature and add the attribute
information to the table of a random point by “Join” function.

For example, we can see attribute information in a rain gauge station below.

We set a random point on the map. And then open the table and we can see
below.

And then we right-click on the random point and select “Join” in the menu.

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If we can see the dialog about “Join Data”, we should set the information
below.
“What do you want to join to this layer?”:
Join data from another layer based on spatial location
“1. Choose the layer to join to this layer, or …”: rain gauge stations data
“2. You are joining”: Points to Points:
Each point will be given all the attributes of the point in the layer …
“3. The result of the join will be saved into a new layer”: Output file name
(*.shp)

After this operation, we can get an updated random point which has some
attributes (including Distance) from the closest rain gauge station below the
figure.

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3.3 Geometry Calculation

Geometry Calculation function in the Attribute Table is introduced. Geometry
Calculation is the function which calculate the area or length of line in the
table.
As example, the way of calculating the area is explained here. First, we open
the feature data file we want to calculate the area and open the Attribute table
of the feature. And then, we create the Area field by“Add Field” function of
“Table Option”.

After the “Add Field” window opens, we set “Area” as “Name” and “Float” as
“Type”. We can see the “Area” field on the “Table” window.

And then, we right-click on the ”Area” and select “Calculate Geometry”

function to calculate the area. If we see the “Calculate Geometry” window
below, we click “Yes” button.

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When we see “Calculate Geometry” dialogue box, we set below and click the
“OK” button.
 Property: Area
 Coordinate System: Use coordinate system of the data source
 Units: Square Kilometers [sq km] or Hectare [ha]

If this operation finishes successfully, we can see the Area figures in “Table”
below.

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3.4 Field Calculation

“Field Calculation” is the function which calculates values of the field of
feature class, feature layer or raster catalog. As example, calculate population
density by this function is explained below. Density is acquired with the figure
which divides Population field by Area field.

We add Density field by “Add Field” function and we set Density as Name and
Float type as Type.

After that, we select Field Calculator function to calculate population density.

When Field Calculator window opens, we should set “COUNT= [Population] /

[Area]” in the “Field Calculation” window. And we click the “OK” button to

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calculate. After clicking “OK” button, we can see the density value with
Floating type.

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3.5 Attribute Search

We can search the information of attributes we want to know. We select
“Select By Attributes” function from the menu in ArcMap. We put some
figures of fields and symbols in “SELECT * FROM “Target shape file” WHERE”
box of “Select By Attributes”.

The result is shown below the figure which is highlighted with blue boundary.

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If we want to export above the result, we can use this operation.

We set some information in the “Export Data” below.
 “Export”: Selected features
 “Use the same coordinate system as”: this layer’s source data
 “Output feature class”:AttributeSearch.shp

On the other hand, we can use “Select” function.

This function is to extract features from an input feature class or input
feature layer, typically using a select or Structured Query Language [SQL]
expression and stores them in an output feature class. We should put some
information below.

 Input Features
Zone boundary in Oromia
 Output Feature Class
Output file name (*.shp)
 Expression (optional)
The figure which we want to
extract

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3.6 Spatial Search

We can search the spatial information such as location of some rain gauge
stations. We select “Select By Location” function from the menu in ArcMap

For example, we indicate the Zone (West Arsi) and search rain gauge stations
within 100km from that Zone. We should put some information below.
 “Selection method”: select features from
 “Target layer(s)”: rain gauge station point data
 “Source layer”: Zone boundary in the Oromia Region
 “Use selected features”: ON
 “Spatial selection method”: Target layer(s) features are within a distance
of the Source layer feature
 “Apply search distance”: ON, 100 kilometers

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When we export output file, we can use this operation.

We set some information in the Export Data below.
 “Export”: Selected features
 “Use the same coordinate system as”: this layer’s source data
 “Output feature class”: SpatialSearch.shp

Besides, we can use “Buffer” function and “Clip” function for special search
like above. When we use “Buffer” function, we should put some information
below.
 “Input Features”: Target Zone boundary file (*.shp)
 “Output Feature Class”: buffered file name (*.shp)
 “Distance [value or field]”: 100 kilometers

After “Buffer” function, we can create the buffered area from the target Zone.
And then, we can extract point data covered with the buffered area by “Clip”
function. When we use “Clip” function, we should put some information
below.
 Input Features: rain gauge stations file (*.shp)

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 Clip Features: the buffered area file (*.shp)

 Output Feature Class: Clipped stations file name (*.shp)

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4. Display data
4.1 Data View
We usually use this mode, “Data View” unless we print a map and decorate a
map with legend, north arrow and grids.

4.1.1 Display Data

Before we add GIS data with ArcGIS, we have to create New Group Layers
because it is very tough to control display of on and off if we display all the
data without groups. That is why we should add some GIS data into the
groups after creation of groups.

4.1.2 Data Frame Properties

When we open the Data Frame Properties, we can see some tags in this menu
such as General, Data Frame, Coordinate System, Illumination, Grids and so
on. But we don’t need to change some settings specially as of now.
Note: ArcGIS set the projection of GIS data which we add first as Coordinate
System in the Data Frame Properties. Don’t forget that even if we can
see the projection on display, not all the data has the same projection
as one which this Properties has.

We introduce how to set the information of Grids.

We can set the Grid information in 4 steps. We can see the result with Layout
View.

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4.1.3 Layer Properties

We can change the setting of display style with Layer Properties below.
We can see some tag titles General, Source, Selection, Display, Symbology,
Fields, Definition Query, Labels, Joins & Relates and so on.
 General tag is mainly used to change scale range which control
whether data is visible or invisible depending on the scale.
 Source tag is used to check what kind of projection the data has.
 Selection tag is used to change the setting we select features.
 Display tag is used to change the transparency and display
expression.
 Symbology tag is used to change display style of which has the
attribute of figure.
– Features can change the color of the data layer.
– Categories can change the color with many Color Ramps
depending on the unique values with many fields.
– Quantities can change the display style with Graduated colors,
Graduated symbols, Proportional symbols depending on
continuous values.
– Charts are used to express statistical data with Pie, Bar/Column
and Stacked tools.
 Labels tag is used to express the attributes on the map and change
font, size and placement of the data layer.

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4.2 Layout View

We can’t see the contents in the Insert menu in case of Data View. On the
other hand, when we change the mode into Layout View, we can see them in
the Insert menu below.

(Left: Data View, Right: Layout View)

We put some information below with Title, Legend, North Arrow, Scale Bar,
Scale Text, and Grids.

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4.2.1 Legends
When we click the “Legend” button, we can see the window below.
We can set some information about a legend in 5 steps.

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4.2.2 North Arrow

When we click the “North Arrow” button, we can see the window below.
We can set a symbol as we like.

4.2.3 Scale Bar

When we click the “Scale Bar” button, we can see the window below.
We can set a symbol as we like.

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4.2.4 Scale Text

When we click the “Scale Text” button, we can see the window below.
We can set a symbol as we like.

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4.3 Save Project

When we handle and analyze with GIS data, don’t forget to save Project file.

When we set the name of project file, we should select the name as easy as
possible.
And then, we must not create many project files because creating project files
are not our final destinations.

4.4 Export Map

Finally, we can export displays with GIS data for printing and report and so
on.

We can select many file types which ArcGIS supports, but PDF and TIFF are
introduced here.

If we select PDF type in the window, we can see the display below.
It depends on computer spec, but we recommend to set the figure in the
General tag, Options window.
 Resolution: 300 dpi

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 Output Image Quality: Between Normal and Best

If we select TIFF type in the window, we can see the display below.
It depends on computer spec, but we recommend to set the figure in the
General tag, Options window.
 Resolution: 300 dpi
 Width & Height: (Automatically calculated after setup of
Resolution)

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