1.

(a)

(i)

Correct answer (0.5%) awarded two marks;; 2

answer involving decimal point in wrong place but derived correctly / correct working only awarded 1 mark (ii) Some fails to encounter chloroplasts/chlorophyll in producers (e.g. some absorbed by water); reflection; inappropriate wavelength;

max. 2 2

(b) (c)

Only a certain amount of light energy available / not enough energy left; respiratory loss between each trophic level / loss in faeces; Incorporated in tissues of decomposers; passed on to other organisms in decomposer food chain; lost in respiration by decomposers; (i) Excites/raises energy level of electrons; which pass to carriers/leave chlorophyll; (ii) Fall in production of triose phosphate/no more triose phosphate produced; triose phosphate production requires ATP/reduced NADP; produced during passage of electrons along electron transport chain;

max. 2 2

(d)

(e)

Energy is available more rapidly because released in single reaction / does not go through as many processes; ATP releases its energy in small/manageable quantities; (i) Activity / needs of cell linked to level of ATP / ADP ; link made between high level of one and low level of the other; level of ADP linked to electron transport and ATP production; (ii) Energy released as heat; because not used to produce ATP;

(f)

3 2
[20]

2.

(a) (i) Stage A B

Name of stage Glycolysis Krebs cycle / citric acid cycle / TCA cycle 2 1 2 1 1

Location in cell Cytoplasm Mitochondrion (ignore named part)

1 mark per row;; (ii) (iii) (b) (ii) 3; To oxygen; Produce water; (i) 34; 4;

(c)

(i) OR

[answer from ( b)(i) + (ii)] x 31] 100; 2880 Correct calculation -

Answer correct from calculation; Correct answer from (b) / 41% (no working) = 2 marks;; 2

Sir George Monoux Sixth Form College

(ii) (iii) (iv)

Lost as heat;

1 2

Energy available (more) rapidly / released in a single reaction; Energy released in small quantities / manageable quantities; Any three from: Active transport; Phagocytosis; Synthesis of glycogen; Protein / enzyme; DNA / RNA; Lipid / cholesterol; Urea in glycolysis; Bile production; Cell division; Any other valid suggestion;

3 max
[15]

3.

(a)

(Energy release) only involves a single reaction/one-step/ 1

(energy released) in ATP ADP (+Pi)/ energy transfer direct to reaction requiring energy; [Ignore: reference to speed] [Reject: not many steps] (b) Any two from: Need more ATP (than can be produced in photosynthesis)/not enough; Photosynthesis cannot produce ATP in dark; Cannot be produced in cells lacking chlorophyll/chloroplasts/ ATP cannot be transported; Glycolysis/anaerobic respiration/fermentation; Does not occur in mitochondria/takes place in cytoplasm;

max 2 2
[5]

(c)

4. (ii)

(a)

(i)

2 (molecules)

Cannot pass out of cell; Quickly/easily broken down (hydrolysed) / broken down in a on-step reaction / immediate source of energy; Stores / releases small amounts of energy; Do not credit producing energy

max 2 1

(b)

Formed when reduced NAD used to reduce / donate H ions to pyruvate / convert pyruvate to ethanol;

(c)

amount CO 2 produced amount O 2 used R.Q. = ; Anaerobic respiration occurring; Produces CO2 but doesnt use O2 / more CO2 produced than O 2 used;

max 2
[6]

5. (b)

(a)

(Absorption of) light;

1 1

Inner membrane/cristae/stalked particles of mitochondria;

Sir George Monoux Sixth Form College

(c)

Plantae (plants) / Protoctista / prokaryotes; Processes are photosynthesis and respiration / plants/algae/(some) protoctistans/prokaryotes photosynthesise/have chlorophyll;

2
[4]

6. (ii) (iii)

(a) (i) P = 3; Q = acetylcoenzyme A;

2 2

36 ATP, however derived = 2 marks 30 ATP, however derived = 1 mark Correct statement in the context of aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration concerning: Oxygen as terminal hydrogen/electron acceptor; Operation of electron transport chain/ oxidative phosphorylation; Fate of pyruvate; Krebs cycle; Significance of ATP formed in glycolysis; (i) Thick walls exclude oxygen; Produced by photosynthetic cells (of fern and Anabaena); Contain no chlorophyll so do not photosynthesise; Do not produce oxygen; Oxygen would inhibit nitrogen fixation process;

max. 3

(b)

max. 3

(ii)

Decomposers/ bacteria/fungi/saprobionts (in fields); Convert protein/organic nitrogen (in cells of fern) into ammonium ions (allow ammonia); Ammonium ions (ammonia) converted to nitrite; Nitrite converted to nitrate; Allow 1 mark for NH3/NH 4
+

NO3 3

By nitrifying bacteria / correctly named; Nitrate used to form protein / amino acids in rice; Link between application of fern and protein/cells of rice; Decomposers respire (suitable substrate) and release CO2; Used in photosynthesis by rice; max. 5
[15]

7. (b) (c)

(a)

pyruvate;

Krebs cycle; 1 ATP formed as electrons pass along transport chain; oxygen is terminal electron acceptor / accepts electrons from electron transport chain; electrons cannot be passed along electron transport chain if no O2 to accept them; + forms H2O / accepts H from reduced NAD/FAD / oxidises reduced NAD/FAD; 3 max
[5]

Sir George Monoux Sixth Form College

8.

(a) X X

3 X X

Mark down Hybrids between ticks and crosses are ambiguous and not acceptable (b) Flowering plants use water as a source of hydrogen: Flowering plants have chloroplasts/membrane-bound organelles: Plants release oxygen as a waste product:

max 2
[5]

9.

(i) Acetylcoenzyme A linked to Krebs cycle: Krebs cycle takes place in mitochondria: or Glucose linked to glycolysis; Glycolysis takes place in cytoplasm; (ii) Electron transport system; ADP required to generate ATP; Oxygen is a hydrogen acceptor/converted to water;

max 2
[4]

10. (ii) (b) (ii)

(a) (i) 29.47(29.5); (2 marks for correct answer) 40%/0.4 of 2800 / 38; released as heat; (i) 1 1 glucose only partly broken down / only broken down to lactate;

lactate/lactic acid has built up/been produced; oxygen used to break down lactate; convert it back to pyruvate/glucose/glycogen;

2 max
[6]

11.

(a) (more cristae / larger surface area) for electron transport chain / more enzymes for ATP production/oxidative phosphorylation; muscle cells use more ATP (than skin cells)(not just more respiration); (b) (ii) (i) pyruvate; carbon dioxide formed / decarboxylation; hydrogen released / reduced NAD formed; acetyl coenzyme A produced;

2 1

2 max

(c)

NAD/FAD reduced / hydrogen attached to NAD/FAD; + H ions/electrons transferred from coenzyme to coenzyme/carrier to carrier / series of redox reactions; energy made available as electrons passed on; energy used to synthesise ATP from ADP and phosphate / using ATPase; + H / protons passed into intermembrane space; + H / protons flow back through stalked particles/enzyme;

3 max
[8]

Sir George Monoux Sixth Form College

Sir George Monoux Sixth Form College