WHAT IS THE AIPPM?

The All-India Political Party Meet (AIPPM), often known as the IPP, is a non-technical yet
influential committee. It is a gathering of all of the country's political parties. This committee
is usually convened before a Parliamentary session or the submission of a bill, with the goal
of reaching an agreement before the sessions begin.
The meetings were originally intended to provide a venue for unrestricted political debate
that would not be permitted in Parliament owing to time limits, but these bodies today assist
in offering a deeper understanding of national concerns. They contribute to the creation of
a diversified opinion prior to the legislative process.
In India, there are around 2000 registered political parties. The nation's politics have been
in perpetual flux. Because the parliament lacks legislative authority, the forum's intended goal
was to enable free political debate, discussion, and deliberation, which may not be possible
in parliament owing to time limits, but it now helps to provide a deeper understanding of
national concerns. The AIPPM committee at MUN aspires to replicate this reality by
recreating the phases of policy and jurisdiction, with delegates representing individuals from
a diverse range of Indian political parties. The AIPPM committee expects its representatives
to be well-versed in their political party's ideology, manifesto, and beliefs when stepping into
the shoes of an assigned politician. This helps the representatives grasp the multi-layered
processes that go behind policy-making and governance in India, giving them explicit
experience with the hitches and hurdles that political parties face in modern times. Unlike
other traditional MUN committees, which are characterised by passionate discussions, cross-
talk, high levels of negotiation, and political democracy, the AIPPM committee reflects hopes
for change and evolution!
 PURPOSE OF OUR COMMITTEE:
Preventive detention laws in India date back to the colonial era, when the Bengal Regulation
III of 1818 was passed, allowing the government to detain anybody for the purpose of
defending or maintaining public order without having to go through the legal system. The
Rowlatt Acts of 1919, implemented by the British government a century later, provided for
the detention of a suspect without trial. The Preventive Detention Act of 1950, established
by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet after India's independence, was the country's
first preventive detention law. The NSA was essentially a re-enactment of the 1950 Act.
Following the expiration of the Preventive Detention Act on December 31, 1969, then-Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi introduced the contentious Maintenance of Internal Security Act
(MISA) in 1971, which gave the government comparable powers.
Our committee will take you back in time to confront numerous difficulties and rules related
to the MISA Act and its drear consequences in the future through passionate discussions and
contentious themes.
 POLITICAL CONFIGURATION OF INDIA
DURING THE 1970s.
During those times, there existed many well-known political parties including:

INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (REQUISITIONISTS)

The Indian National Congress, INC(R), sometimes known as the Congress Party or just
Congress, is an Indian political party with a long history. It was the first modern nationalist
movement to develop throughout the British Empire in Asia and Africa, having been
founded in 1885. Under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, Congress became the primary
leader of the Indian independence struggle in the late nineteenth century, particularly after
1920. The Congress-led India to independence from the United Kingdom and had a
significant impact on subsequent anti-colonial nationalist movements around the British
Empire. The Congress is known as the "great old party" because of its long history.
When Indira Gandhi and the Indian National Congress proclaimed a national emergency in
1975, MISA's preventative detention powers were reimposed under a new name and
subsequently reinforced. MISA is notorious for its abuses during the state of emergency when
it was used indiscriminately against political opponents, labour unions, and civil society
organisations that posed a threat to the government.

INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (ORGANISATION)

A political party in India called the Indian National Congress (Organisation), also
known as Congress (O) and Congress (Organisation), was created when the Congress
party broke apart after Indira Gandhi was expelled.
Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India, was kicked out of the Congress party on
November 12, 1969, for breaking party rules. The party eventually broke up, and
Indira Gandhi founded a competing group that became known as Congress (R). 446
of the 705 members of the All India Congress Committee made their way over to
Indira's side. Informally, "Indicate" has been referred to the Indian National Congress
(Organisation) as the Syndicate and the Indira faction. The INC was led by K Kamaraj
and then by Morarji Desai (O).
Bihar's Bhola Paswan Shastri, Karnataka's Veerendra Patil, and Gujarat's Hitendra K.
Desai all served as leaders of the INC(O). It was also a component of the Janata
Morcha, which ruled Gujarat from 1975 to 1976 while there was an emergency.
In some aspects, the split might be viewed as a left-right split. Indira intended to garner
support for the party from the general public by pursuing a populist agenda. The
INC(O) was founded by regional party elites who supported a more right-wing agenda
and disregarded Soviet assistance.
In contrast to Indira's Congress, which received 44 percent of the vote and 352 seats
in the 1971 general election, the INC(O) garnered about 10 percent of the vote and
16 Lok Sabha seats. The party ran as the Janata Party in the post-Emergency election
in March 1977.
The Congress Party of Indira suffered a catastrophic defeat at the hands of the Janata
Party alliance. Nevertheless, Congress (O) lost three seats and saw an almost halving
of its overall vote percentage from 1971 to 1977. Later that year, the Janata Party was
legally formed when INC(O) joined forces with the Bharatiya Lok Dal, Bharatiya Jan
Sangh, Socialist Party of India, Swatantra Party, and other parties. From 1977 to 1979,
Morarji Desai, the leader of Congress (O), was India's fourth Prime Minister and the
country's first non-Congress government.

COMMUNIST PARTY OF INDIA

At the first Party Conference in Kanpur, then known as Cawnpore, on December 26, 1925,
the Communist Party of India was established. The first General Secretary of the CPI was
S.V. Ghate. Numerous communist organisations were started by Indians with the assistance
of foreigners throughout the world, including the Tashkent group of contacts with the
Anushilan and Jugantar groups in Bengal, as well as smaller organisations in Bombay,
Madras, the United Provinces, Punjab, Sindh, and Bengal, led by S.A. Dange, Singaravelu
Chettiar, and Ghulam Hussain (led by Muzaffar Ahmed).
However, throughout Indira Gandhi's tenure as prime minister, the CPI favoured the
Congress. The CPI broke ranks when Indira Gandhi declared the Emergency.
 AGENDA: Discussing the effects and reviewing The
Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA) of 1971.
Freeze date: 1st March 1975

WHAT IS THE MISA-ACT?

Overview:
The Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA) was a highly contentious law passed by
the Indian parliament in 1971, giving Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's administration and
Indian law enforcement agencies broad powers in the fight against civil and political unrest
in India, as well as foreign-inspired sabotage, terrorism, subterfuge, and taming, including
indefinite preventive detention of individuals, search and seizure of property without
warrants, and wiretapping.
The Act was modified several times and was used to crush political dissent during the
subsequent declared national emergency (1975–1977). It was ultimately repealed when
Indira Gandhi lost the 1977 Indian general election and the Janata Party assumed power.
"On June 26, Democracy, adored husband of Truth, loving father of Liberty, brother of
Faith, Hope, and Justice, died away," according to a statement by the Times of India's
obituary section.

History:
● The Act was passed on July 2, 1971, and it superseded the previous ordinance, the
"Maintenance of Internal Security Ordinance," which had been issued by the
President of India on May 7, 1971. The Act was based on the Preventive Detention
Act of 1950 (PDA), which was originally established for a one-year period before
being extended until December 31, 1969.
● Thousands of innocent people were believed to have been arbitrarily arrested,
tortured, and in some cases, forcibly sterilised as a result of the legislation's disregard
for legal and constitutional safeguards of civil rights, especially when "going all the
way down" on the competition and during the period of national emergency (1975–
1977).
● Indira Gandhi's political opponents, including the leaders and workers of the
opposition Janata Party, were also arrested under the law. Approximately 100,000
individuals, including journalists, intellectuals, activists, and opposition politicians,
were held without charge for up to 18 months during the emergency period of
1975–1977. During this time, some people were even arrested for protesting forced
sterilisation campaigns or slum demolitions.
● MISA was included in the 9th Schedule to the Indian Constitution by the 39th
Amendment, rendering it completely immune from judicial scrutiny, even if it
violated the Constitution's Fundamental Rights or the Basic Structure.
● Following the election of a Janata Party-led government in 1977, the statute was
abolished, and MISA was similarly removed from the 9th Schedule by the 44th
Amendment Act of 1978.
● The National Security Act (1980), the Terrorism and Disruptive Activities
(Prevention) Act (TADA, 1985–1995), and the Prevention of Terrorism Act
(POTA, 2002) have all been criticised for authorising excessive powers in the name
of combating internal and cross-border terrorism and political violence while leaving
civil liberties unprotected.
WHAT IS THE EMERGENCY (1975)?

Overview:
The Indian Emergency was a 21-month period from 1975 to 1977 during which Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi imposed a state of emergency across the country. The Emergency,
which was declared by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed under Article 352 of the
Constitution in response to the prevalent "internal unrest," lasted from June 25, 1975, to
March 21, 1977. The order gave the Prime Minister the power to rule by decree, allowing
for the cancellation of elections and the suspension of civil freedoms.
Most of Indira Gandhi's political opponents were imprisoned during the Emergency, and the
press was restricted. Other human rights breaches were recorded at the time, including a
huge forced sterilisation programme led by the Prime Minister's son, Sanjay Gandhi. One of
the most controversial times in independent India's history is the Emergency.
Indira Gandhi suggested declaring an emergency, which was approved by the president of
India and then endorsed by the cabinet and parliament (from July to August 1975), based on
the reasoning that the Indian state was facing immediate internal and external dangers.

42nd Amendment of the Constitution of India:

The 42nd amendment, formally known as The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment)
Act, 1976, was passed by the Indian National Congress administration led by Indira Gandhi
during the Emergency (25 June 1975 – 21 March 1977).
The majority of the amendment's provisions took effect on January 3, 1977, while some took
effect on February 1, 1977, and Section 27 took effect on April 1, 1977. The 42nd
Amendment is regarded as the most controversial constitutional amendment in history. It
sought to limit the Supreme Court's and High Courts' authority to rule on the constitutionality
of laws. It established the Indian citizen's Fundamental Duties to the country. This
amendment was the most significant in the history of the Constitution. It's known as the Mini-
Constitution because of its small.
The 42nd Amendment altered several elements of the Constitution, including the Preamble
and the constitution amending clause itself, as well as adding new articles and sections. The
amendment's fifty-nine sections delegated much of the Supreme Court's powers to the
legislature, bringing the political system closer to parliamentary sovereignty. It limited the
country's democratic liberties and granted the Prime Minister's Office broad authority. The
amendment provided Parliament unrestricted power to modify the Constitution in any way
it saw fit, without recourse to the courts. More authority was shifted from state governments
to the central government, undermining India's federal framework.
The 42nd Amendment also updated the phrases "unity of the nation" to "unity and integrity
of the nation" in the Preamble, changing India's definition from "sovereign democratic
republic" to "sovereign, socialist secular democratic republic."
The Emergency period was highly reviled, with the 42nd Amendment being the most
controversial subject. The populace was outraged by the police crackdown on civil freedoms
and numerous violations of human rights. The Janata Party, which vowed to "return the
Constitution to its pre-Emergency status," won the 1977 general elections. The Janata
administration responded by enacting the 43rd and 44th Amendments in 1977 and 1978,
respectively, to partially restore the pre-1976 situation. The Janata Party, on the other hand,
was unable to completely realise its goals.
Political Unrest:
As a result, some members of Congress have called for a presidential emergency
declaration with a more empowered directly elected administration. The Nav Nirman
movement in Gujarat, which took place between December 1973 and March 1974, was the
most prominent of the first such movements. Student protests against the state's education
minister eventually caused the national government to dissolve the state assembly, forcing
Chimanbhai Patel, the chief minister, to resign and President's rule to be imposed.
Meanwhile, assassination attempts against public officials occurred, including the bombing
of railway minister Lalit Narayan Mishra. All of this pointed to the country's increasing law
and order crisis, which Mrs Gandhi's advisers had been warning her about for months.
In March–April 1974, the Bihar Chatra Sangharsh Samiti conducted a student protest
against the Bihar administration, earning the backing of Gandhian socialist Jayaprakash
Narayan, often known as JP. JP called for a "complete revolution" at Patna in April 1974,
urging students, peasants, and labour unions to reform Indian society without violence. He
also urged that the state government be dissolved, but this was rejected by the federal
government. A month later, the country's largest union, the Railway Employees Union,
went on a statewide rail strike.
George Fernandes, the fiery trade union leader and President of the All-India Railwaymen's
Federation, spearheaded the strike. He was also the Socialist Party's President. The Indira
Gandhi administration ruthlessly repressed the walkout, arresting hundreds of workers and
evicting their families from their homes.

Detainees:
Some notable political leaders imprisoned under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act:

● Atal Bihari Vajpayee

● Chandra Shekhar
● Jayprakash Narayan
● Devi Lal
● George Fernandes
● M. Karunanidhi
● M. K. Stalin
● T. R. Baalu
● Jai Kishan Gupta (one of the longest MISA detainees from Delhi)
● Mulayam Singh Yadav
● Lalu Prasad Yadav
● Santosh Bharti, thrice (1973 - 74 - 75)
● Sharad Yadav, twice (1973–75)
● Vijay Rupani
● Charanjeet Bhatia
● Azu Newmai, one of the leaders of UDF, a regional political party of Nagaland
 AGENDA: Discussing and formulating
policies to curb the Naxalite Uprising in the
Red Corridor of India.
Freeze date: 1st March 1975

WHAT IS THE NAXALITE MOVEMENT?

Overview :

The Left Wing Extremism (LWE) insurgency, also known as the Naxalite–Maoist
insurgency, is a continuing battle between Maoist organizations known as Naxalites or
Naxals (a group of communists who follow Maoist political feeling and doctrine) and
the Indian government. The Red corridor, which has been steadily shrinking in terms of
geographical coverage and number of violent incidents, was confined to 25 "most
affected" locations (accounting for 85 percent of LWE violence) and 70 "total affected"
districts (down from 180 in 2009) across 10 states in two coal-rich, remote, forested hilly
clusters in and around the Dandakaranya-Chhattisgarh-Odisha region and the tri-
junction area of India in 2021.The Naxalites have frequently targeted tribal, police and
government workers in what they say is a fight for improved land rights and more jobs
for neglected agricultural laborers and the poor.

The People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (PLGA), the Naxalite–Maoists' armed branch,
is reported to have between 6,500 and 9,500 cadres in 2013, most of whom are armed
with small guns. The Naxalites claim to be pursuing a rural uprising tactic akin to a long-
running people's war against the government.After the 1967 Naxalbari rebellion headed
by Charu Majumdar, Kanu Sanyal, and Jangal Santhal, the insurgency began. Their
roots may be traced back to a schism in the Communist Party of India (Marxist) in
1967, which resulted in the formation of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–
Leninist). The CPI(ML) splintered into several smaller groups after internal strife and
government counter-measures, and terrorist acts were largely carried out in the Red
corridor areas.

Naxalism is mostly active in India's remote and underdeveloped tribal and rural areas,
and experts have pushed for ethical governance, development, and security as solutions.
History:
The LWE has three different phases: "Period 1 (1967–1973)" – the formative phase, "Phase
2 (1967–late 1990s)" – the age of LWE spread, and "Phase 3 (2004–Current)" – relative
decline following a brief fightback.
● "Phase 1 – the formative phase" (1967–1973):
● The LWE Movement sprang from the Naxalbari insurrection, which began in
Naxalbari in 1967 by the Communist Party of India (Marxist)'s wing (CPI-M).
● The Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (CPI (ML) was founded in 1969
by the radical left faction of the CPI-M. They recruited students and waged
widespread violence in West Bengal against "class enemies" (landlords,
businessmen, university teachers, police officers, politicians of both parties) and
others. As a result, during Indira Gandhi's presidency, she conducted Operation
Steeplechase, a large-scale anti-insurgency army operation against the Naxals in
which hundreds of Naxalites were murdered and 20,000 were imprisoned.
● "Phase 2 (1967–late 1990s) – spread of LWE": During this phase, LWE spread to
all of India except Western India, and the Communist Party of India (Marxist-
Leninist) People's War (People's War Group (PWG)) was founded in 1980, and
the government of Andhra Pradesh established the Greyhounds counterinsurgency
task force.
● "Phase 3 (2004–present) — relative decline after brief fightback": In 2004, the
Communist Party of India (Maoist) was formed by merging the PWG and the
Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCCI). Due to the Indian state's all-out
Operation Green Hunt, the death toll and violence increased during the brief
fightback by Naxals in 2009 and 2010. Since then, LWE's geographical spread,
cadre strength, and number of violent incidents have been steadily declining, while
government infrastructure development has accelerated.

First Phase Of The Naxalbari Movement

The Naxalbari rebellion began in 1967 in the West Bengal village of Naxalbari by a radical
branch of the CPI-M led by Charu Majumdar, Kanu Sanyal, and Jangal Santhal. Charu
Majumdar wished for a long-term people's war in India, akin to the Chinese revolution
(1949). In 1967, he published the Historic Eight Documents, which laid the groundwork
for the naxalite movement.
Similar protests arose in Orissa, Andhra Pradesh (Srikakulam peasant rebellion), and
Kerala as a result of the uprising.
Naxalbari uprising
The Siliguri Kishan Sabha, whose president was Jangal Santhal, expressed their support for
Kanu Sanyal's campaign and their willingness to use violent conflict to transfer land to the
landless on May 18, 1967. At the time, the revolt's leaders were members of the CPI (M),
which had just recently entered a coalition government in West Bengal. However, this
caused a schism within the CPM, since Charu Majumdar thought the CPM should adopt a
revolution-based theory similar to that of the People's Republic of China. Leaders like Hare
Krishna Konar, the land minister, had been "trumpeting revolutionary language, indicating
that forceful land expropriation was inherent to the party's policy" until recently.
The CPI (M) did not support the armed insurrection now that they were in control, and all
of the leaders as well as a number of Calcutta sympathizers were expelled from the party.
On May 25, the same year, the Naxalbari Uprising broke out, with Majumdar leading a
group of dissidents to mount a revolt.
A sharecropper from a tribal background (Adivasi) who had been allocated land by the
courts under the tenancy rules was attacked by the landlord's men on May 25, 1967 in
Naxalbari, Darjeeling district. Tribes began reclaiming their territory by force as a form of
retribution. A police squad was attacked by a gang of tribals commanded by Jangal Santhal
as they arrived, and a police inspector was slain in a hail of arrows.
Many Santhal tribals and other impoverished people were inspired by this incident to join
the movement and begin fighting local landlords. The CPI (M) coalition government put an
end to the uprising after 72 days of unrest. Following that, this group, led by Sushital Ray
Chowdhury, formed the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries
in November 1967. (AICCCR). Several violent uprisings, such as the Srikakulam peasant
rebellion, took place around the country.
The Naxalbari movement was inspired by Mao Zedong's ideology, which advocated for
Indian peasants and lower-class tribals to overturn the upper-class government by force.
The philosophy, which was promoted through Charu Majumdar's works, notably the
Historic Eight Documents, drew a considerable number of urban elites. These writings
were essays based on communist leaders and thinkers such as Mao Zedong, Karl Marx,
and Vladimir Lenin's viewpoints. Naxalites judge opponents in People's tribunals, which are
comparable to those founded by Mao, and execute them with axes or knives, beat them, or
banish them forever.

Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)

The AICCCR gave birth to the CPI on April 22, 1969. (ML). The CPI(M)-radicals, like as
Majumdar and Saroj Dutta, founded the party. Almost all Naxalite factions may trace their
roots back to the CPI (ML). Calcutta hosted the first party congress in 1970. There was an
election for a Central Committee. Satyanarayan Singh rose up in 1971 against Majumdar's
leadership, "individual killing of persons designated as class enemies," and sectarianism. As
a consequence, the CPI (ML) divided into two factions, one led by Satyanarayan Singh and
the other by Majumdar.
Majumdar died of several illnesses in police detention in 1972, likely as a consequence of
torture; his death hastened the movement's split. During the majority of the 1970s, a series
of splits occurred following his death. At the same time that the naxalite movement became
more fractured, it was subjected to a period of extraordinarily violent repression
comparable to the South American Dirty Wars. The CPI (ML) central committee split into
pro- and anti-Majumdar groups after Majumdar's death.In December 1972, the pro-Charu
Majumdar CPI (ML) Central Committee, led by Sharma and Mahadev Mukherjee,
adopted a resolution to follow Charu Majumdar's line unconditionally, which was rejected
by others. After a split in the pro-Charu Majumdar CPI (ML), pro- and anti-Lin Biao
groups emerged. The pro-Lin Biao faction became known as the Communist Party of
India (Marxist–Leninist) (Mahadev Mukherjee), while the anti-Lin Biao part became
known as the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation, led by Jauhar,
Vinod Mishra, and Swadesh Bhattacharya. The movement devolved into severe
sectarianism as a result of both external persecution and a failure to sustain internal unity.
Violence in West Bengal
Around 1971, the Naxalites had a major presence among Calcutta's radical student
movement. Students abandoned their studies to join the Naxalites. To persuade more
students to join his organisation, Majumdar stated that revolutionary fighting will henceforth
take place everywhere and spontaneously, rather than just in rural regions as before. As a
result, Majumdar issued a "annihilation line," a directive that Naxalites shoot specific "class
enemies" (landlords, merchants, university professors, police officials, politicians, and
others).
The Congress Party's Siddhartha Shankar Ray, the chief minister, took tough steps against
the Naxalites. To halt the Naxalites, the West Bengal police fought back. Somen Mitra's
residence in Sealdah, where he is a Congress MLA, was reportedly transformed into a
torture cell where Naxals were unlawfully detained by police and Congress cadres. In fights
with the Naxals, CPI(M) cadres were also involved. The Naxalites accused the West Bengal
police of human rights violations after suffering losses and public rejection of Majumdar's
"annihilation line." The police responded that the state was effectively fighting a civil war
and that democratic pleasantries had no place in a war, especially when the opponent did
not fight within the norms of democracy and civility.

Operation Steeplechase

Indira Gandhi took use of President's rule in July 1971 to mobilise the Indian Army against
the Naxalites and begin "Operation Steeplechase," a massive counter-insurgency operation
that killed hundreds of Naxalites and imprisoned over 20,000 suspects and militants,
including senior leaders. Operation Steeplechase also included paramilitary forces and a
battalion of para commandos. The operation was organised in October 1969, and Lt.
General J.F.R. Jacob was instructed by India's Home Secretary, Govind Narain, that "there
should be no publicity and no records," and Sam Manekshaw declined Jacob's plea for
written directives.

Naxalism during the early 1970s.

Naxalism extended to practically every state in India in the early 1970s, with the exception
of Western India. During the 1970s, the movement was split up into rival groups. Around
30 Naxalite factions were operating in 1980, with a collective membership of 30,000
people. Though India's first wave of insurgent violence ended tragically for this local left-
wing extremist organisation, it did not erase the conditions that inspired it or all of those
who were eager to fight for it. The insurgency this time took place in South India, namely in
the (undivided) state of Andhra Pradesh.

CAUSES FOR THE NAXAL UPRISING.

Access to land and resources

The Indian Constitution, according to Maoist sympathisers, "ratified colonial policies and
constituted the state custodian of tribal homelands," making tribal populations squatters on
their own land and denying them their customary rights to forest products. These Naxalite
conflicts began in the late 1960s, when the Indian government failed to pass constitutional
reforms that would allow for limited tribal autonomy over natural resources on their lands,
such as pharmaceuticals and mining, as well as pass 'land ceiling laws,' which would limit the
amount of land that landlords could own and distribute excess land to landless farmers and
labourers. The Naxalite movement arose in Scheduled Tribes [ST] regions as a result of
ongoing disputes over the unlawful transfer of ST land to non-tribal people.

Under-developed tribal areas

Naxalism is likely to be used by tribal communities to protest state-sanctioned structural
violence, such as land theft for resource exploitation. Poor regions that lack power, running
water, or state-provided healthcare may accept social assistance from Naxalite organisations
in exchange for their support of the Naxal cause. Some say that the absence of the state
allowed Naxalites to establish legal authority in these regions by executing state-like duties
such as adopting redistribution laws and constructing irrigation infrastructure. Malaria
immunisation efforts and medical units in places where there are no physicians or hospitals
have also been observed..Although Naxalite groups use force to increase membership, the
Adivasi experience of poverty, especially compared to the state's economic success, might
appeal to Naxal ideology and encourage tribal populations to join Naxal activities out of
"moral solidarity."
SUSTAINMENT OF THE NAXALITE MOVEMENT.

RECRUITMENT OF THE NAXALITE CADRES.

In terms of recruiting, the Naxalites place a strong emphasis on the concept of a
revolutionary personality, and Charu Majumdar stated in the early years of the movement
that this sort of persona is essential for preserving and developing loyalty among the
Naxalites. According to Majumdar, the main attributes of a recruit must be selflessness and
the ability to self-sacrifice, and the organisation began to recruit students and youngsters in
order to build such a unique personality.
Naxalites recruited the kids for a variety of reasons, including instilling loyalty and a
revolutionary personality in these new militants. The young were chosen because they
represented an educated portion of Indian society, and the Naxalites believed it was vital to
include educated rebels since these recruits would be crucial in propagating Mao Zedong's
communist doctrines.
The movement depended on these students to convey communist theory to illiterate rural
and working-class populations in order to grow their base. Majumdar thought it was vital to
recruit students and youngsters who could merge with the peasants and working classes,
and who could take Mao Zedong's communist ideas to villages and metropolitan areas by
living and working in comparable conditions to these lower-class populations.

Rape Cases
Shobha Mandi, a former Maoist fighter who led a group of roughly 30 armed Maoists,
recounts in her book Ek Maowadi Ki Diary that she surrendered her guns after being raped
and abused by her fellow commanders for more than seven years. She further alleges that
among the Maoists, wife-swapping and infidelity are commonplace.

Sterilization Programs
Male Maoist recruits are supposedly required to have a vasectomy since having children
would distract them from their duties. To assist reintegrate surrendered Maoists back into
society, the government has offered free vasectomy reversal procedures.

Financial Funding
There is a link between the insurgency's core region and locations with abundant coal
deposits. Before beginning operations in a particular region, Naxalites do extensive socio
economic assessments, and they extort an estimated 14 billion Indian rupees (more than
$US300 million) from the locals. According to a surrendered naxal, they used some of the
money to build schools and dams.
The Naxalites have a wide financial basis since they fund themselves through a variety of
means. The mining business is believed to be a lucrative cash source for the Naxalites, who
tax around 3% of the income from each mining firm operating in Naxal-controlled territory.
To keep mining operations going, these companies pay the Naxalites for "protection"
services that let miners operate without fear of Naxalite attacks. The organization also
makes money from the drug trade, cultivating narcotics in Orissa, Andhra Pradesh,
Jharkhand, and Bihar.] Middlemen who work for the Naxalites spread drugs such as
marijuana and opium around the country. The drug trade is extremely profitable for the
movement, as about 40% of Naxal funding comes through the cultivation and distribution
of opium.