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Yield Line Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Slabs: Almustaqbal University College

This document discusses yield line analysis of reinforced concrete slabs. It defines yield lines as the lines where cracking concentrates as the load increases, with steel reinforcement yielding across these lines. Idealization involves representing slab geometry and moment distributions. Axis of rotation and how to draw yield lines are also covered. The energy method approach to solve yield line problems is described, involving calculating external work from loads and internal work from resisting moments.

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57 views6 pages

Yield Line Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Slabs: Almustaqbal University College

This document discusses yield line analysis of reinforced concrete slabs. It defines yield lines as the lines where cracking concentrates as the load increases, with steel reinforcement yielding across these lines. Idealization involves representing slab geometry and moment distributions. Axis of rotation and how to draw yield lines are also covered. The energy method approach to solve yield line problems is described, involving calculating external work from loads and internal work from resisting moments.

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ALMUSTAQBAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF REINFORCED STRUCTURES II

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING &CONSTRUCTION TECH. 4TH CLASS

ALMUSTAQBAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE


DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES II

YIELD LINE ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED


CONCRETE SLABS

Dr. MOHAMMED ZUHEAR ALMULALI 2021


ALMUSTAQBAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF REINFORCED STRUCTURES II
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING &CONSTRUCTION TECH. 4TH CLASS

YIELD LINE ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS

• The YIELD LINE METHOD is a method used to analyse slabs, or in other words to determine the
moments.
• This method differs from the other methods for analysis that it does not have rules or restrictions
as the direct design method has.
• The yield line method which was developed by Johansen in 1940 is a great tool for estimating the
required bending resistance and hence, the required reinforcement especially for slabs of non-
regular geometry or loading.

WHAT IS A YIELD LINE?


Consider a reinforced concrete slab which supported from all edges and is progressively loaded to
failure,

• Prior to cracking, bending moments are distributed according to the linear elastic theory.
• After cracking, the bending moments are redistributed due to the decrease in flexural rigidity
of the cracked portions.

• With further loading, the steel reinforcement starts to yield, and the slab undergoes a
redistribution of the bending moment.

Dr. MOHAMMED ZUHEAR ALMULALI 2021


ALMUSTAQBAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF REINFORCED STRUCTURES II
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING &CONSTRUCTION TECH. 4TH CLASS

• As the load slowly increases further, the line where the cracking concentrates (across which
the steel reinforcement has yielded) will increase until a collapse mechanism is formed. These
lines are called yield lines.

• The yield line distribution is called a yield line pattern.

IDEALISATION
Idealisation means how are we going to represent the slabs when using the yield line theory.
• If we have a rectangular slab supported by two brick walls at two sides, the moment distribution
will follow the figure below. Where maximum positive moment will be located at mid span.
Therefore, the yield line will follow the position of maximum positive moment.

• Otherwise, if we have a rectangular slab that is supported by two concrete walls at two sides,
the moment distribution will follow the figure below.

Dr. MOHAMMED ZUHEAR ALMULALI 2021


ALMUSTAQBAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF REINFORCED STRUCTURES II
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING &CONSTRUCTION TECH. 4TH CLASS

In this case we have two types of moments, positive moment at mis span of the slab, and negative
moment at both sides where the slab meets the concrete supports. Therefore, we have three yield
lines here, one at mid span where the max. positive moment is and the other two are parallel to
the support where maximum negative moment is acting.

• Hence, we use the following notation to draw the yield line.

AXIS OF ROTATION:
• Axis of rotation are imaginary lines that the cracked portions of the slab rotate on.
• The slab supports will be considered as the rotation axis of the slab’s cracked portions.
• Number of cracked portions= number of axis of rotation.
• Column supports have several axes of rotation, the best axis of rotation that is the axis that
cuts the biggest number of other axis of rotation.

HOW TO DRAW A YIELD LINE:


• Draw the axis of rotation.
• Yield lines are drawn as straight lines because they represent the intersection of two planes.
• Yield lines start to form from the intersection of axes of rotation. If there were no intersection
points, yield lines are drawn parallel to the axes of rotation.
• After drawing the yield line, cracked portions of the slab are drawn as regular shapes such as
triangle, square, or rectangle. Every shape is then defined.
• Look at these examples.

Dr. MOHAMMED ZUHEAR ALMULALI 2021


ALMUSTAQBAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF REINFORCED STRUCTURES II
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING &CONSTRUCTION TECH. 4TH CLASS

Dr. MOHAMMED ZUHEAR ALMULALI 2021


ALMUSTAQBAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF REINFORCED STRUCTURES II
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING &CONSTRUCTION TECH. 4TH CLASS

APPROACHES FOR THE YIELD LINE THEORY


1. ENERGY METHOD: external work done by the loads during the small virtual displacement of the
collapse mechanism is equal to the internal work done by the resisting moments.
2. EQUILIBRIUM METHOD: equilibrium of the segment or parts of slab into which the slab is divided by
the yield line.
we will use the ENERGY METHOD in solving yield line questions, where:

𝑾𝑬 = 𝑾𝑰
STEPS TO SOLVE YIELD LINE QUESTIONS
• Assume that the maximum deflection at the point where the yield lines intersect (𝛿) is equal to 1.
𝜹=𝟏
• External work (WE) is calculated depending on the type of loading:
▪ the slab is subjected to a concentrated load.
𝑾𝑬 = 𝑷 × 𝜹
▪ the slab is subjected to a distributed load.
𝑾𝑬 = ∑ 𝒘 × 𝑨 × 𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 (𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏)
Where:
W=uniformly distributed load (kN/m2).
A= area of shape (m2)
1 1
𝛿= if it was a triangle (3 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 ), if it was a square or rectangle (2 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
▪ the slab is subjected to a distributed load and a concentrated load.
𝑾𝑬 = ∑ 𝒘 × 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 × 𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 (𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏) + 𝑷 × 𝜹(𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅)
• The internal work (WI) is calculated without partitions.
𝑾𝑰 = ∑ 𝒎+𝒗𝒆 × 𝜽 × 𝒍𝟏 + 𝒎−𝒗𝒆 × 𝜽 × 𝒍𝟐
Where:

𝑚+𝑣𝑒 : positive moment (always exists).


𝑙1: projection length of the yield line perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
𝜽: rotation angle and is calculated from:
𝛿
𝜃=
𝑦
𝒎−𝒗𝒆 : negative moment and it exists wherever a fixed support is used.
𝒍𝟐 : true length of the fixed support.
• Then we equate the external work to the internal work to find what is required in the question.

Dr. MOHAMMED ZUHEAR ALMULALI 2021

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