02Leaflet ECPE S_S INT_02Leaflet ECPE S_S INT 07/08/2012 4:52 ΜΜ Page 18

3a
Lead-in 1 What is the purpose of this passage?
a to illustrate the importance of forest
“Of the total carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere each year,
conservation
deforestation accounts for 23-30%.” Use the pictures to explain the quote.
b to examine the reasons for forest
Plants take in CO2 Fires growth in different regions
c to assess the value of different
release research methods
carbon d to contrast the findings of two
different reports
2 What does the writer suggest about
1 2 environmental studies?
Less carbon absorbed a Any study’s practical use is limited.
b Differences of opinion are common.
c They are usually too late to be
effective.
d Statistics confuse the average
reader.
3 4
3 What led the first report to conclude
Why do you think it is important to conserve our forests? that reforestation had already started?
a It included data from half a century
ago.
b It decided that attitudes had
Reading changed.
c It counted the number of trees in a
Read the passage below, and answer the questions. Explain the words
certain area.
in bold. Then use each word in a sentence.
d It focused on a limited number of
countries.
varied and frequently contradictory, as
Where does the truth lie? The studies are
s to the environment. The widespread 4 What might have contributed to the
they are with most information when it come
the forest areas and trees that cleanse the reversal of forest decline?
perspective is that the ‘lungs of the Earth,’
iorating at unprecedented rates. The a an increase in popularity of online
atmosphere of carbon dioxide, are deter
e out by research, suggests that there has media
opposing view, less conventional but born
in many regions. b the increase of parks in urban centers
been a reversal of the overall forest decline
The findings of one recent repo rt claim that the transition from deforestation to c the decline in population of urban areas
team of researchers asserted that two of d the increase in available forest land
reforestation is already well underway. The
the worst
the countries most often accused of 5 What does the writer suggest about
the US, have
environmental abuses, China and governments’ attitudes to the
over the last
actually achieved forest expansion environment?
tree
fifteen years. The team took into account a They have neglected conservation
gave the
density as well as tree cover. They for too long.
example of Japan, where, although the size
b Their initiatives are not reducing
of forest land has remained unchanged carbon dioxide levels.
for the last fifty years, tree volume has c They are reluctant to invest in
achieved an average annual increase conservation programs.
of about 1.6%. d Their agreements only provide
A combination of factors is short-term solutions.
responsible, including the ongoing
n
migration from rural regions to urba
medi a with the subsequent decline of
centers as well as the rise of electronic
is less cause for optimism.
newsprint. Globally, however, there
nded wood land may not be enough
According to another report, expa
t land might look good on paper,
to avert environmental overload. New fores
ot compare with natural forests in
providing an impressive statistic, but cann
s that newly planted trees are not
terms of biodiversity. The report also state
n dioxide levels. If that is true,
growing quickly enough to deal with carbo
s that allow governments to
then international environmental agreement
e gas emissions would have little
plant trees rather than cut their greenhous
greenhouse gases.
short-term effect in combating the rise of
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3a
8 A Greenpeace spokesperson ............ that the
Vocabulary organization would try to avert any fishing in these
waters.
a asserted c contradicted
1 Fill in: expansion / annual / perspective /
conventional / unprecedented / reversal /
b accused d declined

density / transition / deteriorating 9 Protestors demanded that the government take

effective measures to ............ the region of all
1 Deforestation is the result of an escalating need for
pollutants.
.................................................. in residential areas.
a liberate b cleanse c spare d wash
2 It is widely accepted that forest areas around the
world are .................................. at an alarming rate. 10 The city has ............ so much that its surrounding
3 A less ......................... view is that forest cover has rural area has practically disappeared.
actually increased. a boosted c expanded
4 In 2007, Southern Greece suffered from a forest fire b inflated d escalated
...................................... in duration and magnitude.
11 There is ............ concern about the survival of plant
5 The heavy rains in March accounted for nearly 70%
and animal species that live in forests.
of the country’s ............................................ rainfall.
a widespread c overall
6 The ................................. to reforestation is already
b broad d thorough
taking place according to recent reports.
7 From an environmental ..........................................., 12 ............ areas are likely to suffer from the
reforestation is a long-term solution. consequences of global warming more severely
8 The ...................................... of the forest decline in than rural areas.
many areas is supported by research. a Regional c Urban
9 The ......................... of a tropical forest is such that b Pasture d Conventional
sunlight never penetrates all the way to the ground.

2 Circle the correct answer.

Listening, Speaking & Writing
1 The main ............ responsible for soil erosion is
deforestation.
a account b factor c effect d reason ñ ≤Listen to some people talking about possible
ways to help reforestation efforts. What does each
2 Firefighting planes and helicopters were going to person suggest?
and fro in a desperate attempt to ............ a serious
educate community /
disaster.
start an “Adopt a Tree” campaign /
a assert b cleanse c decline d avert
organize fundraisers and tree-planting school trips
3 The mayor announced the new measures to ...........
future fires.
ñ Think! Which of the suggestions do you think
Think!
a combat c deteriorate
would be more effective? Why? Suggest other
b reverse d expand
possible ways to aid reforestation efforts.
4 Acid rain is one of the plethora of factors that cause ñ IT In groups collect information about the
the condition of a forest to ............ . adverse effects of deforestation and prepare an
a detract c decrease educational brochure. You can visit this website:
b decompose d deteriorate http://www.bcb.uwc.ac.za/Envfacts/facts/
5 Ornithologists tag birds to study their ............ deforestation.htm
patterns.
a emigration c immigration
b migration d integration

6 The persistence of global warming in ............ years

will have a disastrous impact on dry, forested areas.
a frequent c resulting
b repetitive d subsequent

7 Jill’s parents bought a cottage in a ............ area to

get away during the weekends.
a pastoral b rural c crude d rustic

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3b Grammar

Adjectives - Adverbs 2 This car is three times ............. mine.

a as expensive as
Grammar Appendix pp. 198-199 b the same expensive as
c more and more expensive than
er!
Rememb d more expensive as
ñ Adjectives describe nouns or pronouns. John is a 3 The weather is ............. today than it was yesterday.
hardworking student. a hotter c much hot
ñ Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives or other b more hotter d the hottest
adverbs. They cannot be used between a verb and
its objects. He always does his homework carefully. 4 I was ............. to receive your letter.
(NOT: He always does carefully his homework.) a more delighted c a lot delighted
ñ Certain adjectives can’t precede the noun they b most delighted d much delighted
describe. These are: alike, alive, alone, afraid,
asleep. The children were asleep when we got 5 Adam is a prospective employee who’s only ............
home. (NOT: The asleep children ... – In this Phillip.
position we could use sleeping.) a half as qualified as c as qualified half as
b qualified half as d qualified as half as

6 Can’t you work ............. faster than that?

a more b a lot c very d any
1 Identify the words in bold as adj (adjective) or adv
(adverb). Then, mark the sentences below as C 7 Each person’s fingerprints are different ...........
(correct) or I (incorrect). Give reasons. person.
a from another c from any other
1 He is an alone person. (adj) – I
b from those of any other d any other
2 They seemed certain they would win the race.
......... – ......... 8 The prices here are more expensive ............. at that
3 She’s afraid of the dark. ......... – ......... store.
4 They have recently taken up squash. ......... – ......... a than c than those
5 Can I see the weekly report? ......... – ......... b as that d from those
6 They decided to hold the reception at a restaurant
9 She always does ............. job she can.
expensive. ......... – .........
a better c the best
7 She was the first guest to arrive. ......... – .........
b much better d best
8 Could you speak clearly, please? ......... – .........
9 She types quite fast. ......... – .........
10 Obvious, she’s been through a lot. ......... – ......... Expressing Similarity
er!
Rememb
Comparisons We can use certain words to express similarity.
Study the examples.
Grammar Appendix pp. 199-200 AS – LIKE – ALIKE
ñ She works as a waitress. (She is a waitress.)
er! She works like a slave. (She isn’t a slave.)
Rememb ñ It was like flying. It feels like velvet.
When we compare two people, things, etc. we need She is regarded as an expert on Greek mythology.
to make logical comparisons. It is wrong to compare ñ This dress is like that one.
the population of New York with Los Angeles. We This dress and that one are alike.
must compare the population of New York with the SIMILAR – SAME
population of Los Angeles. Similarly, we cannot ñ Your glasses are similar to mine.
omit that, those when they are used instead of Our glasses are similar.
repeating a noun. Shops here are not like those at ñ Your glasses are the same as mine.
home. Our glasses are the same.

2 Circle the correct item.

3 Choose the correct item.

1 The greater the work experience you have, ............. 1 This bag is almost the ............. Tony’s.
the salary you get. a same c same as
a the most high c the higher b same to d same like
b the high d the highest 2 The two cars are almost ............. .
a same as c similar to
b like d the same

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Grammar 3b
3 This coat feels ............. velvet.
a alike c like
b as d same to

4 He really wanted to work ........... a graphic designer. Take notice of the position of the blank as it is often a
clue to the missing part of speech.
a like b as c same d similar

5 Peter is about ........... age as his cousin.

a the same c alike Review
b similar d like

6 The two sisters don’t look ........... .

5 Choose the correct answer.

1 We don’t need any ............ complications.

a the same as c like as
a far c bit
b alike d similar to
b further d farther

2 Wholesale costs are ............ than they were a year

Cleft Sentences ago.
a slight higher c slightly high
er!
Rememb b as higher d slightly higher

3 The band’s latest album went ............ in less than

It + be (+ not and/or adverb) + emphasized a week.
word/phrase + that/who clause a gold c golden
Wh-clause + be + emphasized word/phrase b more gold d most golden

4 No matter how ............ she tries, she can never

Study the examples.
John took Mary to the beach on Sunday. please her mother.
It was John who took ... (emphasis on the subject) a hardly c hard
It was Mary that John took ... (emphasis on the object) b more hard d more hardly
It was to the beach that John took ... (emphasis on
5 There’s a beautiful recreational park ............ .
prepositional phrase)
a nearly c near
It was on Sunday that John took ... (emphasis on
adverbial) b nearby d nearer
What John did was (to) take Mary to the beach on 6 It’s obvious that he’s ............ in love with her.
Sunday. (emphasis on action) a deeply c very deep
b deep d mostly deeply

4 Rewrite the following sentences, as in the example. 7 He is ............ teacher we have ever had.
a far the best c by far the best
1 Steven Spielberg directed Jurassic Park.
b far better d by far better
It was Steven Spielberg who/that directed Jurassic
Park. 8 I’m not sure when the committee ............ this long-
2 Andrew submitted the documents on Monday. term plan.
It was on ................................................................. . a implements c implementing
b shall implement d will implement
3 Daniel needs to follow a fiber-rich diet.
It is a ....................................................................... . 9 Mr. Simpson’s flight ……. later this evening.
4 Why did she resign from such a high-powered job? a due to arrive c is due to arriving
Why ever .................................................................? b is due to arrive d due to arriving

5 Craig assured me that there wouldn’t be any 10 She didn’t like living in New York City at first, but
complications. she eventually ……. .
What ....................................................................... . a got it used to c got used to it
6 Martha knocked over Mom’s favorite china vase b is used to it d used to it
from the mantelpiece. 11 ……. she’s interested in is making lots of money.
It was ...................................................................... . a All c That
7 Cory needs a relaxing vacation away from his hectic b Whatever d Always
lifestyle.
12 I ……. want to speak to them again!
What ....................................................................... .
a don’t never c will ever
b did never d don’t ever

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3c Exam Practice Speaking

STAGE 1 Giving personal information (3-5 minute conversation)

In pairs, answer the following questions.

ñ Do you live in or near this area? Do you like living in your area?
ñ Could you tell me a little bit about your job/studies?
Stage 1 is a 3-5 minute conversation between
Model Interview you, the other candidate, and the examiner.
Be sure to actively participate by asking the
≤ Listen to two candidates and an examiner doing Stage 1 and answer other candidate questions. Try to give
the questions. extended responses. Expand your answers
by giving reasons and examples. Relax and
ñ How do they expand their answers?
treat these first moments as a chance to get to
ñ Which candidate do you think did a better job? Why?
know one another.

STAGE 2 Introducing the options/Recommending an option (5-7 minutes)

Imagine you are working for the city council. The council is seeking ideas on how to use a plot of land near an industrial
area in the city. The mayor would like to commission a private developer for an urban renewal project.
The information sheets in the Speaking Appendix show four proposals from private developers. Use the information sheets
to do the tasks below. While listening to your partner, you may take notes but you are not allowed to see your partner’s
information sheet.

Start your summary with a good opening sentence that introduces the topic. Then describe the information given in a well
organized manner, using appropriate linkers. Paraphrase the information or reverse phrasing whenever possible. You do not
have to present the information in the order that it is given.

Candidate A: Use your information sheet (p. 219) to Candidate B: Use your information sheet (p. 220) to
present a summary of your options to Candidate B. present a summary of your options to Candidate A.
Candidate B: Which one of those options do you Candidate A: Which one of those options do you
think is the best? Make a recommendation to think is the best? Make a recommendation to
Candidate A. Candidate B.

Introducing Information & Listing Points Recommending

ñ Firstly, …/Primarily, …/Most importantly, …/The first is a suggestion ñ I’d recommend that …/the following …
to/This option/proposal endeavors to ... ñ One way to look at the situation is to ...
ñ Secondly, .../Then, …/After that, …/On top of that, …/Additionally, ñ I prefer … to …
.../Moreover, .../What’s more, ... ñ Firstly, … would greatly improve the …
ñ The next important thing/issue is …/This seems to be a very ñ If we were to … it would/could/might …
attractive option/proposal/solution as it … ñ The government/city council should …
ñ This leads to … ñ I would (not) recommend ...
ñ Finally, this proposal/option also offers …
ñ If implemented, the plan/proposal would provide ...
ñ The downside/The only disadvantage/A possible drawback ...

Candidate A: Which one of your own options is the best? Tell Candidate B.
Candidate B: Which one of your own options is the best? Tell Candidate A.

Model Interview
≤ Listen to two candidates doing Stage 2 and answer the questions.
ñ Which option did each candidate recommend?
ñ What reasons did each give?
ñ Which one of his/her own options did each candidate choose?

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Exam Practice Speaking 3c

STAGE 3 Reaching a decision (5-7 minutes)

Now work in pairs. Compare and contrast the

options you have each chosen. What are the
advantages and disadvantages of each? Which is
It’s all right to disagree with your partner as long as you respect
the best option? Reach a decision.
his/her views. Also, make sure you give reasons for disagreeing.

Comparing/Contrasting – Expressing Advantages & Disadvantages Reaching a Decision

ñ From the two options, ... I believe ... is the better choice because ... . ñ It seems that we both
ñ … is far easier to implement. feel/agree that …
ñ … is considerably more feasible than … because ... ñ So, we’re in
agreement?

Justifying Viewpoints
ñ … on the grounds that … ñ The (main) reason for/ behind this is …
ñ This is (largely) due to the fact that … ñ I feel strongly about this because …
Giving Examples
ñ ... for example, ... ñ ... such as ... ñ Also ...

Model Interview
≤ Listen to two candidates doing Stage 3 and answer the questions.
ñ Which option did the candidates choose?
ñ What reasons did they give?

STAGE 4 Presenting an option (5-7 minutes)

In pairs, prepare a formal presentation of your chosen

option. At this stage you can look at the information sheet
together. Give two reasons each to support the option
Be sure to justify and support your reasons. You can use
and explain why these reasons are important. examples and/or your own experience to make your
presentation interesting. Remember Stages 4 and 5 require
the use of formal language.

Model Interview Presenting an Option

≤ Listen to two candidates doing Stage 4 and answer the questions. ñ Another reason why I support ...
ñ These activities would promote ...
ñ What are the reasons each candidate gives? ñ As I see it .../To my mind ...
ñ How do the candidates support each reason? ñ It is also worth mentioning that ...

STAGE 5 Defending a decision (5-7 minutes)

In pairs, take turns taking on the role of the mayor and express concerns about the chosen proposal while your partner
defends the decision. Then switch roles.

Defending your Decision

ñ What I am trying to say is that … ñ To be perfectly honest, … ñ It seems reasonable, therefore, to ... ñ In fact, …

Model Interview
≤ Listen to two candidates and an examiner doing Stage 5 and answer the questions.
ñ What concerns did the examiner express?
ñ How did the candidates defend their decision?

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